外源甜菜碱影响葡萄幼苗抗高温胁迫能力

据《果树学报》2008年第4期报道石河子大学农学院园艺系和石河子121团26连的研究人员，以1年生酿酒葡萄品种赤霞珠扦插苗为试材，对提高葡萄幼苗抗热性的甜菜碱的适宜浓度及外源甜菜碱（GB）提高葡萄幼苗抗热性的机理和关系进行研究，从而为阐明葡萄幼苗抗热机制及温室栽培提供理论依据。     

外源甜菜碱对高温胁迫下菜豆幼苗的生理效应

以"地豆王"菜豆品种为材料,对2~3叶期幼苗叶面分别喷施0.5、1.0、1.5、2.0mmol/L的甜菜碱溶液,在喷施后将幼苗置于41℃高温下胁迫24 h,研究外源甜菜碱对菜豆幼苗高温胁迫的生理效应。结果表明:喷施适宜浓度的甜菜碱溶液,可以降低菜豆幼苗叶片中的丙二醛含量,提高可溶性蛋白含量与SOD、POD、CAT酶活性,从而缓解高温胁迫对菜豆幼苗的伤害,其中0.5 mmol/L处理效果最明显。     

高温胁迫下外源GABA对黄瓜幼苗生长的影响

以清白黄瓜为材料,在高温(40℃/35℃,昼/夜,各12 h)条件下研究了外源γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)对黄瓜幼苗形态生长、光合特性、生理代谢的影响。试验结果表明,高温胁迫下,外源GABA显著增加了黄瓜幼苗的株高、茎粗、叶面积,增强了壮苗指数、根冠比和根系活力,降低了叶片相对电导率(REC)和丙二醛(MDA)含量,减缓了叶绿素的分解,提高了渗透调节物质脯氨酸(Pro)和可溶性糖(SSC)含量,并有效增强了抗氧化酶(SOD、POD、CAT、APX)活性及光合作用,使Pn、Gs、Tr加强,Ci积累减少,缓解了高温对黄瓜幼苗的伤害,可维持植株正常生长,以10 mmol/L GABA处理效果最优。     

水杨酸与高温锻炼对高温胁迫下葡萄叶肉细胞质膜ATPase活性的影响

采用水性两相分配法对经水杨酸(SA)和高温锻炼处理过的葡萄幼苗叶肉细胞中ATPase进行了分离和测定.结果表明:高温下,细胞质膜ATPase活性随着胁迫程度的加深均呈下降趋势,经SA和高温锻炼预处理后再经高温胁迫,发现质膜ATPase的活性低于正常条件下的水平(CK1),但明显高于未经处理直接进行高温胁迫后ATPase活性水平,即高温锻炼和SA预处理的质膜酶活仍保持了较高的活性,并且后一种处理效果更明显.说明质膜上ATPase活性的变化对高温胁迫作出了一定的响应,SA和高温锻炼对提高葡萄幼苗叶片的抗热性与二者可以维持细胞质膜上ATPase活性的稳定有关.     

高温胁迫对藤稔葡萄生长结果的影响

供试葡萄用３２℃、３８℃和４２℃的温度处理后，幼果和叶片的相对电导率提高，在一定温度范围内高温处理使过氧化物酶（ＰＯＤ）活性与可溶性蛋白含量增加，过氧化氢酶（ＣＡＴ）和超氧化物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）活性下降；轻度的高温胁迫净光合速率略有提高，严重的高温胁迫叶片的净光合速率急剧下降，暗呼吸速率异常升高；轻度的高温胁迫主要影响果实的细胞分裂，严重的高温胁迫不但影响细胞分裂而且影响细胞膨大。     

外源物质对低温胁迫下番茄幼苗生理指标的影响

研究了外源物质ABA、SA、CaCl2对低温胁迫下番茄幼苗体内游离脯氨酸、MDA、叶绿素含量、POD活性以及电解质渗透率的影响。结果表明:3种外源物质均能有效的提高番茄幼苗的抗低温能力;均能降低番茄的相对电导率,缓解低温胁迫后叶绿素含量的下降,保持相对较高的POD活性,削弱丙二醛(MDA)积累,保持细胞膜的完整性;外源物质使番茄幼苗渗透调节物质(脯氨酸)含量极显著高于对照,提高了幼苗的抗冷性。     

外源褪黑素对高温胁迫下甘蓝幼苗生理特性的影响

以甘蓝品种"秦甘58"为试材,对甘蓝叶片喷施不同浓度褪黑素(MT),研究了外源褪黑素预处理对高温胁迫下甘蓝幼苗各项生理指标的影响。结果表明:外源MT预处理能够降低高温对甘蓝幼苗叶片中叶绿素含量的影响,外源MT预处理能显著降低高温胁迫下甘蓝幼苗叶片相对电导率、丙二醛(MDA)含量,增加可溶性蛋白质含量和增强叶片中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性。说明MT预处理能够减弱高温胁迫对甘蓝幼苗光合(叶绿素)的影响,减少电解质的外渗,保护脂膜的完整性,能降低高温胁迫条件下甘蓝幼苗叶片的细胞膜膜质过氧化水平,提高相关抗氧化酶的活性,缓解高温对甘蓝幼苗的伤害,提高甘蓝幼苗对高温胁迫的抵御能力。     

外源海藻糖对低温胁迫下哈密瓜幼苗光合作用的影响

以“西州密25号”幼苗为试材,采用0、5、10、20 mmol·L^-1外源海藻糖预处理3 d,在昼/夜温度分别为15℃/10℃、10℃/5℃、5℃/1℃低温胁迫1 d和3 d时测定幼苗叶片的光合色素含量、净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)和胞间CO₂浓度(Ci),研究了在低温条件下外源海藻糖对哈密瓜(Cucumis melon var.saccharins)幼苗光合作用的影响,明确其耐寒调控机理,以期为缓解倒春寒气候对哈密瓜幼苗造成的伤害提供参考依据。结果表明：在未喷施外源海藻糖情况下,低温胁迫显著抑制了叶片的光合能力,且叶绿素b(Chl b)含量显著增加,随着温度的降低,其它光合色素含量与Pn、Gs、Ci和Tr均显著下降;与未喷施外源海藻糖相比,外源海藻糖可对低温胁迫下哈密瓜幼苗的一系列光合指标产生影响,适宜浓度的海藻糖可明显提高光合色素含量,增强哈密瓜叶片Pn、Gs和Tr。通过隶属函数综合评价可知,低温胁迫下5、10 mmol·L^-1外源海藻糖明显促进了叶绿素a(Chl a)、Chl b、类胡萝卜...     

高温胁迫对黄瓜幼苗根系生长的影响

试验在东北农业大学蔬菜组培室完成。将30个黄瓜(Cucumis sativus L.)品种种子用琼脂无菌培养的方法室温萌发后置于光照培养箱中,38/28℃(昼/夜)高温处理为12 d。对照为28/18℃(昼/夜),每品种8瓶,每瓶3株。试验表明,高温使黄瓜主根变长,变细,一级侧根数、二级侧根数增多,根系趋于须根化。多数耐热品种高温下须根化程度较低,而非耐热性品种须根化程度较高。相关性分析表明,主根长变化率与一级侧根数变化率呈极显著正相关(0.5411**,与根鲜质量变化率、根干质量变化率、子叶叶面积变化率呈显著负相关(分别为-0.3948*,-0.3900*,-0.4980*,数据略)。这说明,高温下黄瓜主根生长的好坏对其根系的发育及地上部叶面积的大小起着重要的作用。     

水杨酸对番茄幼苗抗高温胁迫能力的影响

以"辽园多丽"番茄品种为试材,在高温(35℃/25℃)胁迫下研究了30、60、90、120mg/L水杨酸(SA)处理对番茄叶片叶绿素、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白质,脯氨酸及丙二醛含量和对番茄幼苗抗高温胁迫能力的影响。结果表明:番茄幼苗叶片叶绿素、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白质及脯氨酸含量均随着SA处理浓度的增大而增加,而丙二醛(MDA)含量则表现为先降低后增高。SA对高温胁迫的缓解作用受其浓度的影响,以90mg/L效果最好。     

Salicylic acid or heat acclimation pre-treatment enhances the plasma membrane-associated ATPase activities in young grape plants under heat shock

Proton pumps play an important role in the physiological activities of plants. Changes in membrane-associated H⁺- and Ca²⁺-ATPase activities in heat-shocked plants after heat acclimation (HA) or salicylic acid (SA) pre-treatment in annual young grape plants (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Jingxiu) were investigated. ATPase activity was assayed through biochemical analysis in which two-phase partitioning was used to purify plasma membranes and cerium trichloride was precipitated with an electromicroscopic cytochemical method. The plasmalemma H⁺- and Ca²⁺-ATPase activities were higher in HA- or SA-pre-treated plants than in controls. The stability of H⁺- and Ca²⁺-ATPase activities in pre-treated plants always remained at higher levels during subsequent heat shock treatment, which was consistent with the observations made using an electromicroscope. A number of cerium phosphate grains representing enzyme activity in HA- or SA-pre-treated plants were observed 6 h following heat shock, whereas no grains were found in control plants under the same conditions. These results suggest that the changes in the activities of plasma membrane H⁺- and Ca²⁺-ATPase contributed to the thermotolerance induced by either HA or SA pre-treatment in young grape plants and the two pre-treatments may have had the some same regulatory mechanism.     

水杨酸对高温胁迫下及恢复期间葡萄幼苗叶片光合机构PSⅡ的影响

以葡萄京秀(Vitisvinifera L.cv.Jingxiu)幼苗为试材,用0.1mmol·L-1水杨酸喷施葡萄幼苗,进行高温胁迫(43℃,5h),然后进行恢复处理(25℃,4d),在此处理过程中利用便携式脉冲调制式荧光仪(FMS-2型)和植物效率分析仪测定葡萄叶片光合机构PSⅡ的荧光参数,探讨了水杨酸能否减轻高温胁迫对葡萄叶片PSⅡ的抑制或伤害。结果表明,一定程度的高温胁迫抑制了葡萄叶片光合机构PSII(包括供体侧和受体侧以及反应中心)的功能,外施水杨酸不能减轻PSⅡ受到的直接高温伤害,但是能够使PSII功能恢复的更快,从而最终减轻了高温伤害。     

Effects of high salinity and the exogenous application of an osmolyte on growth,photosynthesis, and mineral composition in two ornamental shrubs

A greenhouse experiment was carried out to determine the growth, photosynthetic activity, and mineral composition in two ornamental shrubs [Viburnum lucidum L. (arrow-wood) and Callistemon citrinus (Curtis) Stapf. (red bottlebrush)] that had been treated or not treated with 2.5 mM glycine betaine (GB) or 5.0 mM proline (Pro). Plants were supplied with a non-salinised or salinised nutrient solution containing 200 mM NaCl. Salinity caused reductions in plant growth parameters, shoot biomass production, and net CO₂ assimilation in both species. Neither Pro nor GB were able to mitigate the adverse effects of salinity in bottlebrush, whereas GB reduced the deleterious effects of salt stress on arrow-wood, indicating a differential species-specific response to these osmolytes. The application of GB to salt-stressed arrow-wood increased apical and lateral shoot lengths, the number of leaves per plant, and shoot dry biomass by 222%, 113%, 238%, and 49%, respectively, compared to untreated or Pro-treated plants. The improved performance of salt-stressed arrow-wood plants whose roots were treated with 2.5 mM GB was attributed to partial suppression of Na uptake, higher chlorophyll concentrations, and the better nutritional status (higher K) of shoots.     

抗病抗寒无核葡萄胚挽救研究

【目的】为了培育抗病抗寒无核葡萄新品种,【方法】以2个种子败育型无核品种‘波尔莱特’、‘红无籽露’作母本,以抗病抗寒的中国野生山葡萄株系‘黑龙江实生’、‘双优’及欧山杂种‘北醇’、‘00-1-10’(‘玫瑰香’ב黑龙江实生’)分别作父本杂交,授粉51 d后将胚珠分别接种于ER和MM4培养基上进行胚挽救,培养60 d后在WPM+BA 0.2 mg.L-1培养基上诱导成苗。【结果】结果表明,2个母本品种胚挽救的适宜培养基不同,‘波尔莱特’作母本适合于ER培养基,‘红无籽露’作母本适合于MM4培养基。2个母本基因型对胚珠的发育率和成苗率的影响差异不大,‘波尔莱特’略优于‘红无籽露’;但4个父本基因型对胚挽救效果影响较大,以欧山杂种‘00-1-10’和‘北醇’作父本的杂交组合胚株的发育率和成苗率明显高于山葡萄‘黑龙江实生’、‘双优’作父本的杂交组合。共获得无核葡萄胚挽救新种质50个株系。【结论】在胚挽救过程中,不同基因型的无核葡萄适宜于不同的基本培养基,欧山杂种比山葡萄更适宜于作杂交的父本。     

外源6-BA对‘美乐’葡萄花色苷合成的影响

【目的】探究6-BA对葡萄花色苷合成的影响。【方法】以酿酒葡萄’美乐’为试材,喷施不同浓度的6-BA,以喷施清水为对照,研究6-BA对花色苷含量、组分及其生物合成途径相关基因表达的影响。【结果】100和200 mg·L^-16-BA处理提高了果实着色百分率和内源激素ABA的含量,其中200 mg·L^-1处理促进了花青素的积累,其含量是对照组的4.82倍,相关性分析表明200 mg·L^-1处理组的蔗糖与花色苷含量呈显著正相关。100和200 mg·L^-16-BA处理组的葡萄果实CHS1、F3’H、F3’5’H和UFGT基因的表达量在花后90 d显著提高,6-BA处理组通过影响F3’H和F3’5’H基因的表达量来影响不同花色苷的含量,从而影响果皮色泽。【结论】在果实着色后期,低质量浓度的6-BA通过提高内源激素ABA、可溶性总糖的含量以及相关基因的表达量,促进了花色苷的积累,其中200 mg·L^-16-BA处理效果更佳。     

Glycine betaine counteracts the inhibitory effects of waterlogging on growth,photosynthetic pigments,oxidative defence system,nutrient composition,and fruit quality in tomato

Glycine betaine (GB) is an important organic compound mediating plant responses to environmental stresses. However, despite ample research on this biomolecule, the potential of GB in mitigating the effects of waterlogging in plants has not been established. Therefore, we studied the influence of GB on growth and physiology of tomato plants under waterlogged conditions. Waterlogging reduced plant growth, degraded chlorophyll, and increased concentration of malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide that deteriorated membrane integrity. Waterlogging increased catalase and peroxidase activities. Waterlogging increased the concentration of Na and reduced concentrations of K. Reductions in root Ca were also recorded. GB enhanced growth, concentration of chlorophyll and activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase that in turn protected the plants from oxidative damage. GB decreased Na while increasing leaf and root K and stem and fruit Ca under waterlogging. Waterlogging reduced fruit quality. There was decrease in protein, fat, and total dissolved solids and an increase in fruit moisture, P, and Na in plants under waterlogging. GB enhanced fruit quality largely by improving fruit protein, ash, fat, TDS, and Ca, while it decreased fruit Na. The results of this study suggest the use of GB for commercial production of tomato where waterlogging is likely.     

Prediction of the root anchorage of native young plants using Bayesian inference

The maximum vertical uproot resistance (P_max) of a plant can be used to indicate its stability. Attempts were made to predict the P_max of a plant empirically from some of its size parameters. In practice, an infinite number of empirical models with different complexities can be formulated. This study presents a Bayesian model class selection method to evaluate the plausibility of each empirical model among a list of model candidates. The models were ranked to identify the most plausible one. A database of vertical uproot resistance of four shrubs and trees native to Hong Kong was first compiled by performing field uproot tests. The plant size parameters including height, basal diameter, canopy size, and above-ground dry weight, were measured before the uprooting. Second, the mathematical formulation of the Bayesian model class selection method was presented. Using this method the most plausible model for each studied species or plant type was identified. The uncertainty of the model coefficients and therefore the credibility of the predictions were quantified. The selected models were used to predict the P_max of the studied plants in some additional tests. It was found that the P_max of the studied species could be reliably predicted from the established simple empirical formulas containing only the height and/or basal diameter of the plant as the dependent variables. The study paves the way for nondestructive and reliable prediction of plant anchorage.     

中国野生葡萄抗葡萄根瘤蚜的特性鉴定

采用离体根系接种鉴定法对12份中国野生葡萄、4份砧木品种、2份栽培品种和1份葡萄属近缘植物进行了抗性鉴定,结果表明,供试的中国野生葡萄,仅有燕山葡萄与砧木品种沙地葡萄、SO4、5BB相同,对葡萄根瘤蚜表现为高抗,接种后葡萄根瘤蚜迅速死亡或停滞在1、2龄幼虫阶段;复叶葡萄对葡萄根瘤蚜表现为低抗,接种28 d时其平均单雌产卵量为6.5粒,种群增殖倍数为1.1;而其他中国野生葡萄与栽培品种赤霞珠、巨峰相同,对葡萄根瘤蚜均表现为易感,并且刺葡萄、葛藟、华东葡萄万县株系、华东葡萄福建株系更容易感染葡萄根瘤蚜,在接种28 d时总产卵量均超过293粒,平均单雌产卵量在15.0粒以上,种群增殖超过15.8倍。研究结果表明,多数原产中国的野生葡萄不抗葡萄根瘤蚜,但不同种类之间的抗性存在一定的差异,燕山葡萄表现为高抗,在抗葡萄根瘤蚜砧木育种中应重视使用原产美国的野生种和燕山葡萄。     

外源水杨酸和甜菜碱对NaCl胁迫下茶花凤仙种子萌发的影响

以茶花凤仙(Impatiens balsamena)种子为试材,采用双层滤纸法,研究了100 mmol·L^-1NaCl胁迫条件下,外源SA(0.5、1.0、1.5、2.0 mmol·L^-1)和GB(0.4、0.8、1.2、1.6 mmol·L^-1)浸种预处理对茶花凤仙种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响,以期明确茶花凤仙种子萌发期2种外源物质对NaCl胁迫的缓解效应,降低NaCl胁迫对茶花凤仙的伤害。结果表明:NaCl胁迫显著抑制了茶花凤仙种子的萌发,发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数、胚芽长、胚根长和苗鲜质量均显著下降,平均发芽时间显著延长;1.5 mmol·L^-1SA和0.8、1.2 mmol·L^-1GB对NaCl胁迫下茶花凤仙种子萌发和幼苗生长具有明显促进作用,而SA和GB浓度过高或过低则对NaCl胁迫的缓解效应下降,甚至加重盐害。利用隶属函数综合评价得出,100 mmol·L^-1NaCl胁迫下,1.5 mmol·L^-1SA和0.8 mmol·L^-1GB对茶花凤仙种子萌发及幼苗生长的综合调控效果较好,且0.8 mmol·L^-1GB对NaCl胁迫的缓解效果优于1.5 mmol·L^-1SA。