毛白杨窄冠无性系的研究

在全国毛白杨基因资源收集和保存的基础上选出三个窄冠无性系,通过生长节律、叶性状测定、生物量、抗病性和农田防护林林木生长调查,系统分析了窄冠无性系的生长规律及其生产价值。结果表明,南毛新、中27是农田林网较好的窄冠品系,具有生长快、抗性强、单位面积蓄积量大和易繁殖等优点,建议在我省平川农区农田林网中推广。     

辽宁省乡土青杨派杨树基因资源的调查

通过对辽宁省乡土青杨派杨树基因资源的广泛调查,共调查到小叶杨、小青杨、青杨、香杨、马氏杨和大青杨6个树种基因资源,并对其种群分布的概况进行描述;同时收集了小叶杨和小青杨各6个种源共35株优树的种质资源,收集了青杨、香杨、马氏杨和大青杨共16株优树的种质资源,进行繁殖和保存。根据调查的结果提出了辽宁省乡土杨树基因资源存在的问题和对下一步研究、利用的建议。     

白榆优良基因资源的收集保存和利用的研究

山东省济宁市林业局从1984年在全国完成对白榆种源试验、优树选择和部分省市开展良种选育工作的基础上,进行了白榆优良基因资源收集、保存和利用工作。采用“人工林易地保存”法汇集白榆优良基因资源,并相继开展了无性系测定、子代测定、杂交育种和种子园建设的研究。5年来共汇集榆属树种14个、杂种4个、变种1个,优良种源36个、优良单株61株、优良类型25个。建立基因库8.6公顷,保存基因材料113个。至1990年已生产良种苗18万株,营造试验林和示范林共66.7公顷,已取得了显著的经济和社会效益。     

林木种质基因资源的收集与保存

一、林木种质基因资源保存的由来 　　森林基因资源保存 (它比林木种质基因保存的含义广 )，是当代全球性关切的问题之一，主要因为全球性过度采伐森林，使森林资源锐减，生态环境恶化和物种消失，水、旱、风沙等自然灾害极为严重，人类赖以生存的主要森林生态环境有毁灭的危险，因此引起了联合国的重视。联合国有 8个组织敦促各国政府开展森林基因资源保存，并颁布了《森林基因保存方法学》一文，作为全球性的指导纲要。第一次提出原境保存和异境保存，作为森林基因资源保存的基本方式。 　　为了进一步开展工作，国际林联还专门成立了种源…     

山西省关帝山暴马丁香种质资源调查

对山西省关帝山暴马丁香种质资源及其优良单株进行调查,了解了暴马丁香的形态特征、分布特征和优良单株的生长情况等。提出原地保存、植物园保存、建立种质资源圃等暴马丁香种质资源的保存方法,并对其研究利用提出了建议,以期为今后暴马丁香种质资源的保存与利用提供理论参考。     

杉木种质资源保存利用现状及发展策略

在介绍我国杉木种质资源保存利用现状的基础上,综合分析了杉木种质资源收集、保存、利用和评价各个环节之间相互制约、相互影响的关系,论述了“方法多样化、滚动式发展、保存与利用相结合”的保存方法和发展模式。并针对杉木种质资源保存与利用的现状,提出了今后研究利用的思路及发展对策。     

几个黑杨杂交无性系的材质测定及其评价

杨树是我国重要的速生树种,也是作为造纸等工业原料的重要树种。生长量是杨树的重要性状指标,但除此之外,容积密度和纤维长等在材性上表现较佳的优良品种的培育也越来越受到社会的关注。中国的杨树材质研究过去大多都只一味地注重和研究与材性有关的性状,此次我们利用多个性状求出了选择指数,然后初步选择了生长量较好,且容积密度等材性性状也表现良好的无性系。调查对象为湖北省石首市原种场内栽植的13a生中天1号、中天4号、中潜1号、中监1号等13个无性系。调查项目为胸径及容积密度、纤维长、弹性模量等材性性状.参试株数为每个无性系16株(1个小区4株,重复4次)共208株。采用“日本林木育种中心”开发的方差分析软件Lsab02和Lsab21求出了最小二乘推定值,对无性系进行了评估,并利用胸径、容积密度、纤维长等性状求出了选择指数,初步选择出了生长和材质上均表现较佳的优良无性系。     

建立黑杨派无性系引进种基因库的研究

森林基因资源的保存,不仅对育种学家具有特殊的重要性,更重要的是对长期开发利用的一种保险和投资。许多国家的专家对此都给予足够的重视。F、A、O,在《森林基因资源保存方法》的研究报告中,称基因资源的保存为“明智的利用”(Wise use)。国际资源和自然保护联合会(IU CN)提供的“世界自然资源保护大纲”中,将遗传多样性的保存列为是用来支持、改进生产、维持将来选择机会所必要的措施,是发挥生物的遗传潜能、不断改进产量、品质、持久力、抗性     

油茶良种高接换冠采穗圃营建及效果分析

介绍了良种油茶高接换冠采穗圃营建技术,对高接换冠采穗圃不同品种的保存及生长情况进行了调查分析,初步筛选出了成活率高,新梢生长好,抽枝多的几个品种资源,为铜仁地区甚至贵州省油茶产业发展提供优良繁殖材料。     

黔南州食用菌发展现状及木质菌材的保护与利用

通过问卷与实地走访的调查方式,开展黔南地区食用菌发展情况与木质菌材利用现状的调查.对食用菌的食用价值、药用价值、保健功能以及市场发展等进行分析,对木质菌材加工利用、流通管理、采伐监管、资源保护、资源培育等进行调查,针对性地提出木质菌材保护管理利用对策.     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.