饲粮中锌与维生素A水平对肉仔鸡生产性能的影响

选用1日龄艾维茵肉仔鸡480只为试验动物,随机分为16组,以玉米和大豆粕为主要原料配制基础日粮,采用二因子(Zn×VA)5×3试验设计,通过饲粮中添加不同水平锌和维生素A来初步探讨肉仔鸡体内锌与维生素A代谢的相互关系及其对肉仔鸡生产性能的影响。结果表明:基础日粮中维生素A水平在3000～12000IU/kg范围内,对肉仔鸡生产性能无明显影响。锌水平为22.61mg/kg、维生素A水平为3000IU/kg的对照组在试验期内无缺乏症状,死亡率低,采食量、体重和饲料效率均与锌正常组相似。锌水平在47.61～87.61mg/kg、维生素A水平在3000～12000IU/kg范围内,肉仔鸡各项生产指标较好,尤以锌47.61mg/kg、维生素A3000～6000IU/kg时的效果最佳。锌水平在167.61mg/kg时生产性能下降,在327.61mg/kg以上时各项生产指标均较差,且有典型症状。     

日粮中锌水平对肉仔鸡体组织中铁和铜的影响

试验选择180只1日龄艾维茵肉仔鸡,随机分为6组,每组30只,公母各半。对照组饲喂锌水平为22.61mg/kg的基础日粮,5个处理组分别在基础日粮中添加25、65、145、305和625mg/kg的锌,锌源为硫酸锌,旨在研究日粮中锌水平对鸡组织铁和铜浓度的影响。试验结果表明,日粮中锌水平较低时,肉仔鸡肝脏、胫骨、肾脏、胸肌和羽毛各组织铁浓度呈不同程度的增加;而锌水平较高时,各组织铁浓度均呈不同程度的降低。由此可见,锌和铁之间存在颉颃作用。此外,随日粮中锌水平的升高,胸肌和肾脏中铜的浓度均有升高的趋势,而胰腺中铜的浓度显著降低。     

饲料铜水平对雏鸡组织器官中铜、铁、锌含量的影响

将80只1日龄艾维菌肉仔鸡随机分成4组,每组4个重复,每个重复5只鸡,对照组喂基础日粮,试验组在基础日粮中分别添加硫酸铜10、50 mg/kg和100 mg/kg,试验期21 d.试验结果表明:随日粮铜添加水平的增加,肝脏、胫骨中铜含量有所增加,尤其是铜添加量为100 mg/kg时,肝脏、胫骨中铜含量都显著高于对照组(P＜0.05).肝脏、胫骨中铁含量随铜添加水平的升高而逐渐下降.肝脏、胫骨中锌含量也随铜添加水平的变化而变化.     

肉仔鸡体内锌和维生素A互作效应及其对锌表观存留率的影响

本研究采用二因素多水平有重复实验设计 ,研究了日粮中不同锌和维生素A水平对肉仔鸡体内维生素A代谢、锌在肝脏和胫骨中的沉积及锌表观存留率的影响。锌的添加水平为40、80、120、160、200、320mg/kg;维生素A的添加水平为2700和8800IU/kg。结果表明 ,在相同的维生素A水平下 ,血清维生素A浓度随日粮锌水平的提高而提高 ,肝脏的维生素A浓度则相应下降 ,说明锌对动员肝脏维生素A入血有重要作用。但当锌的添加量为320mg/kg 时 ,血清、肝脏和肾脏的维生素A浓度均较高 ,说明日粮较高的锌水平在动员肝脏维生素A入血的同时 ,可能也促进了肠道对维生素A的吸收。日粮较高水平的维生素A(8800IU/kg)有促进肝脏和胫骨锌沉积的趋势。日粮锌水平对锌的表观存留率有显著影响 ,表观存留率随锌水平的提高先提高 ,而后又下降     

日粮中不同锌及维生素A水平对肉仔鸡生产性能、免疫性能和有关酶及激素的影响

以AA肉仔鸡为试验动物 ,采用6×2(Zn×VA)重复实验设计 ,研究了日粮添加不同水平的锌(Zn)(40 ,80 ,120 ,160 ,200和320mg/kg)和维生素A(VA)(2700和8800IU/kg)对生产性能、免疫性能、7周龄血清和肝脏CuZn -SOD活性、血清碱性磷酸酶活性及血清胰岛素浓度的影响。结果表明 ,肉仔鸡对Zn的需要量有阶段性区别 ,前期添加320mg/kg,后期添加80～120mg/kg能获得较好的生产性能和免疫性能。VA的添加量为2700IU/kg 时前后期的生产性能均较佳。日粮Zn水平对血清CuZn -SOD的影响极显著(P<0.01) ,Zn水平为80～160mg/kg 时活性最大 ;日粮Zn水平对肝脏CuZn -SOD的影响接近显著水平 ,Zn水平为160～200mg/kg 时活性最大 ;日粮Zn水平、VA水平及二者的交互作用对血清碱性磷酸酶活性的影响均极显著(P<0.01) ,Zn的添加水平为80mg/kg时 ,酶活性最大 ,日粮高水平VA(8800IU/kg)使酶活性显著增加(P<0.01)。日粮Zn及VA水平对血清胰岛素浓度均有极显著影响(P<0.01)。高Zn(320mg/kg)使胰岛素浓度明显升高 ,高VA明显抑制了胰岛素浓度     

维生素A、D及其相互作用对肉仔鸡生长性能及组织维生素A、E浓度的影响

本试验旨在研究维生素A、D及其相互作用对肉仔鸡生长及组织维生素A、E浓度的影响。试验采用4×4完全随机试验设计,将384只8日龄健康艾维茵雄性肉仔鸡称重后随机分为16个处理组,每个处理组3个重复,每个重复8只。其中,VA设4个添加水平,分别为1500、3000、15000和45000 IU/kg日粮;VD设4个添加水平,分别为500、1 250、2500和5000 IU/kg日粮,共构成16个处理组。结果表明,日粮VA水平为3000 IU/kg时,血清VA浓度趋于稳定,生长速度最快;日粮VA水平为45000 IU/kg时,肝脏、肾脏VA浓度显著升高,VE浓度显著下降,生长速度有明显下降的趋势;日粮VA水平为15000 IU/kg时,肝脏、肾脏VA浓度显著上升,同时对VE产生明显的拮抗作用,引起血清、肾脏的VE浓度显著下降;日粮VA水平为1 500 IU/kg时,血清、肝脏、肾脏VA浓度及生长速度均呈明显的降低趋势。日粮VD水平在500~5000 IU/kg内增加,对肉仔鸡生长性能无显著影响(P>0.05)。日粮VA为15000 IU/kg时,肉仔鸡VA有过量的可能;日粮VA为45000 IU/kg时,肉仔鸡VA过量;日粮VA为1500 IU/kg时,肉仔鸡VA有临界缺乏的可能。日粮VA与VD在对血清、肝脏VA浓度的影响方面存在一定互作效应,主要表现在高剂量VD对过量VA有一定拮抗作用。     

饲粮锌水平对肉鸡组织锌含量的影响

以肉仔鸡(9～27日龄)为试验动物,采用大豆分离蛋白、蔗糖、玉米淀粉及去皮去胚玉米为主的半纯合饲粮,锌水平为10.5 mg/kg,在此基础上,分别添加20,40,60及80 mg/kg 锌,观察饲粮锌水平对肉仔鸡生长发育和组织锌含量的影响。18天的试验结果表明,低锌组(10 mg/kg)除肝脏较重外(P<0.05),其它组织器官发育及体增重均不受饲粮锌水平的影响。促使全鸡及血液锌含量明显增加的饲粮锌水平分别为30及50 mg/kg(P<0.05)。当饲粮锌水平从10 mg/kg 增至30 mg/kg 时,胰脏、肝脏和胫骨锌含量分别增加63%、92%及63%;随着锌水平的继续增加,肝脏及胫骨的锌含量增加的幅度较小,二者(y)与饲粮锌水平(x)呈指数曲线变化,y 肝=61.54e~(-8.67/x)(r=0.95,P<0.01);y 胫骨=53.19e~(-6.92/x)(r=0.88,P<0.01);胰脏锌含量与饲粮锌水平呈正向变化,直线相关:y=37.97±0.34x,(r=0.78,P<0.01)和幂曲线相关:y=18.81x~(0.284),(r=0.82,P<0.01)。胰脏沉积锌的能力远大于肝脏和胫骨。根据上述结果认为,胰、肝和胫骨锌是评价饲料锌效价的良好指标。     

黄芩黄酮锌对肉仔鸡生产性能及免疫功能的影响

为研究黄酮锌对肉仔鸡生产性能及免疫功能的影响.本试验采用单因子完全随机设计,将630羽1日龄AA肉公鸡,随机分为7个处理,每个处理6个重复,每个重复15羽鸡,分别饲喂基础饲粮及添加60、120、180、240 mg/kg黄酮锌、180 mg/kg黄芩黄酮,5 mg/kg抗生素（杆菌肽锌）的日粮,试验期42 d.结果表明：肉仔鸡日粮中添加不同水平的黄酮锌不影响其生产性能（P＞0.05）,但180mg/kg的添加量下肉仔鸡的胸腺、脾脏和法氏囊器官指数及T淋巴细胞刺激指数显著增加,高于其它添加量组、黄酮组及抗生素组（P＜0.05）.1～ 42日龄肉仔鸡日粮中添加60 ～ 240mg/kg的黄酮锌不影响其生产性能（P＞0.05）,但适宜的添加量可促进肉鸡的免疫功能,其适宜添加水平为180 mg/kg.     

日粮蛋氨酸螯合锌和硫酸锌水平对肉仔鸡生产性能的影响

试验探讨了日粮中不同硫酸锌和蛋氨酸螯合锌水平对肉用仔鸡生产性能、血液生化指标和胫骨锌及铁浓度的影响.选用1日龄岭南黄肉鸡720只,按体重和性别随机分为6组,每组4个重复,每个重复30只鸡.在玉米豆粕型基础日粮中分别以硫酸锌和蛋氨酸螯合锌形式添加40、80和120mg/kg锌饲喂试验鸡,预饲10d,正式试验期为21 d.结果表明,日粮锌源和锌水平对肉仔鸡平均日增重、平均日采食量、血清碱性磷酸酶活性、血清葡萄糖和总蛋白浓度以及胫骨锌和铁含量无明显影响,在锌添加水平为40mg/kg时,蛋氨酸螯合锌处理组耗料增重比显著低于硫酸锌组(P<0.05).     

日粮锌与维生素A水平及其相互作用对肉仔鸡生产性能的影响

本试验选用艾维茵肉仔鸡作为试验动物,以玉米和大豆粕为主要原料配制基础日粮,采用二因子多水平试验设计,探讨在实用日粮条件下锌缺乏和锌过量对肉仔鸡维生素A代谢的影响,从而进一步研究影响维生素A代谢的临界低锌和高锌浓度,揭示肉仔鸡体内锌与维生素A代谢的相互关系,进而探讨锌与维生素A对肉仔鸡生产性能的影响.     

Bioavailability of zinc in several sources of zinc oxide, zinc sulfate, and zinc metal.

Three zinc depletion-repletion assays were carried out with chicks to determine Zn bioavailability in five sources of ZnO, three sources of ZnSO4.H2O, and two sources of Zn metal. A standard 23% CP corn-soybean meal diet was fed during the first 3 d posthatching, after which it was replaced with a Zn-deficient soy concentrate diet (13.5 mg Zn/kg) until d 7. On d 8 after an overnight period of feed withdrawal, chicks were fed for 12 d the Zn-deficient basal diet containing 0, 4.76, and 9.90 (Assay 1); 0, 5.06, or 10.12 (Assay 2); or 0, 4.73, or 9.13 (Assay 3) mg/kg supplemental Zn from analytical grade (AG) ZnSO4.7H2O (22.7% Zn) to generate a standard response curve. The AG and feed-grade (FG) Zn sources being evaluated were then provided at a level that would fall within the standard curve. Weight gain (Assays 1, 2, and 3) and total tibia Zn (Assay 1) responded linearly (P<.01) to Zn supplementation from ZnSO4.7H2O. Weight gain regressed on supplemental Zn intake gave standard-curve equations with fits (r2) ranging from .94 to .97. In Assay 1, regression of total tibia Zn (Y, in micrograms) on supplemental Zn intake (X, in milligrams/12 d) gave the equation Y = 13.2+6.74X (r2 = .90). Standard-curve methodology was used to estimate relative Zn bioavailability (RBV), with RBV of Zn in the ZnSO4.7H2O standard set at 100%. Four sources of FG ZnO were evaluated: Source 1 (78.1% Zn, hydrosulfide process, U.S.), Source 2 (74.1% Zn, Waelz process, Mexico), Source 3 (69.4% Zn, China), and Source 4 (78.0% Zn, French process, Mexico). Analytical-grade ZnO (80.3% Zn) was also evaluated. Feed-grade ZnO Sources 1 and 4 as well as AG ZnO produced average RBV values that were not different (P>.10) from the standard, but average RBV values for FG Source 2 and FG Source 3 were only 34 (P<.05) and 46% (P<.05), respectively. All sources of ZnSO4.H2O, which included two FG sources (source 1, 36.5% Zn; source 2, 35.3% Zn) and one food-grade source (36.5% Zn), were not different (P>.10) in RBV from the ZnSO4.7H2O standard. Two Zn metal products, Zn metal dust (100% Zn) and Zn metal fume (91.5% Zn), were also evaluated, and they were found to have Zn RBV values of 67 (P<.05) and 36% (P<.05), respectively. Feed-grade sources of ZnO vary widely in color, texture, Zn content, and Zn bioavailability.     

Uptake of zinc from zinc sulfate and zinc proteinate by ovine ruminal and omasal epithelia

Uptake and transport of Zn from (65)Zn-labeled ZnSO(4) and Zn proteinate (ZnProt) by ruminal and omasal epithelia were examined by using a parabiotic chamber system. Uptake was measured during a 4-h incubation with 10, 20, or 200 microM Zn as ZnSO(4) or ZnProt in the mucosal buffer (pH 6.0, Krebs-Ringer phosphate). Zinc uptake and transport were also evaluated after simulated ruminal digestion. Buffered ruminal fluid contained a feed substrate and 10 or 200 microM added Zn as ZnSO(4) or ZnProt. In a preliminary experiment, uptake of Zn by omasal tissue was low; thus, the remaining experiments were conducted solely with ruminal epithelium. Incubations to determine the effect of time on Zn uptake from mucosal buffer containing 20 microM added Zn as ZnSO(4) or ZnProt resulted in increased (P < 0.01) Zn uptake as incubation time increased from 30 to 240 min. Zinc uptake was also greater (P = 0.02) from mucosal buffer containing ZnProt compared with ZnSO(4). Zinc uptake from incubations containing 10 or 200 microM was affected by source x concentration (P = 0.05) and concentration x time (P < 0.01) interactions. With 10 microM Zn, uptake was not influenced by Zn source, whereas when 200 microM Zn was added, Zn uptake from ZnProt was greater than from ZnSO(4). Increasing incubation time resulted in increased Zn uptake with 200 microM Zn in the mucosal buffer; however, with 10 microM Zn, uptake did not change after 30 min. After simulated ruminal fermentation, the proportion of Zn in a soluble form was influenced by a source x concentration interaction (P = 0.03). After 18 h of incubation, the proportion of Zn that was soluble was not different between ZnProt and ZnSO(4) in buffered ruminal fluid that contained 10 microM added Zn, but was greater for ZnProt compared with ZnSO(4) with 200 microM Zn in the incubation. Zinc uptake from the aqueous fractions of simulated ruminal digestions containing 200 microM added Zn was greater (P < 0.01) than from those containing 10 microM added Zn. Zinc transport, based on detection of (65)Zn in serosal buffer, did not occur in any of the experiments. The results of the current experiments suggest that absorption of Zn into the bloodstream does not occur from the ruminant foresto-mach; however, Zn uptake occurs in ruminal tissue and is greater from ZnProt than from ZnSO(4).     

锌的生物学功能及有机锌的应用研究

锌是动物的必需元素,在动物机体代谢过程中起着重要的作用.本文综述了锌的生物学功能及有机锌的应用研究,包括有机锌的种类及在动物营养中的应用,并预测了今后有机锌的研究方向.     

饲粮锌水平对肉鸡血锌、组织锌及含锌酶含量的影响

为研究饲粮中不同锌水平对某些含锌酶活性及血、胰和胫骨锌含量的影响,试验选择1日龄健康AA肉鸡公雏300只,随机分为5个处理组,各处理组锌的含量分别为30、60、90、120、150 mg/kg。结果表明:(1)21日龄时,120、150 mg/kg锌组血锌含量显著增加(P<0.05),与对照组相比,分别提高了56.75%和91.45%;150 mg/kg锌组胰锌含量显著增加(P<0.05),与对照组相比,提高了130.77%;90、120、150 mg/kg锌组胫骨锌含量显著增加(P<0.05),分别比对照组提高14.16%、19.50%和26.61%。42日龄时,150 mg/kg锌组血锌含量显著增加(P<0.05),比对照组提高77.25%;60、90、120 mg/kg锌组胰锌含量显著增加(P<0.05),分别比对照组提高194%、198%和212%;120、150 mg/kg锌组胫骨锌含量显著增加(P<0.05),分别比对照组提高37.80%和43.29%。(2)21日龄时,120、150 mg/kg锌组心肌金属硫蛋白(MT)含量显著增加,分别比对照组提高9.79%和32.17%;90、120、150 mg/kg锌组骨骼肌MT含量显著增加,分别比对照组提高54.55%、57.02%和90.91%。42日龄时,心肌和骨骼肌中的MT含量没有表现出显著的差异。(3)21日龄时,150 mg/kg锌组肝脏铜锌超氧化物歧化酶(CuZn-SOD)活性显著提高,42日龄时,150 mg/kg锌处理组肝脏CuZn-SOD活性显著低于其他处理组。在本试验条件下,饲粮中添加硫酸锌可以显著提高肉鸡血清、胰脏、胫骨组织中的锌沉积,并对肝脏CuZn-SOD活性有一定的影响。     

锌的营养作用及鸡对锌需要量的研究

<正>锌是动物机体所必需的微量元素之一,是迄今为止发现的动物必需微量元素中功能最多的一种。近年来,锌的重要性进一步被认识,并以饲料添加剂的形     

Effects of dietary supplementation with tribasic zinc sulfate or zinc sulfate on growth performance,zinc content and expression of zinc transporters in young pigs

An experiment was conducted to compare the effects of zinc sulfate (ZS) and tribasic zinc sulfate (TBZ) as sources of supplemental zinc on growth performance, serum zinc (Zn) content and messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of Zn transporters (ZnT1/ZnT2/ZnT5/ZIP4/DMT1) of young growing pigs. A total of 96 Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire pigs were randomly allotted to two treatments and were fed a basal diet supplemented with 100 mg/kg Zn from either ZS or TBZ for 28 days. Feed : gain ratio in pigs fed TBZ were lower (P < 0.05) than pigs fed ZS, and average daily weight gain tended to increase (0.05 ≤ P ≤ 0.10) in pigs fed TBZ. Compared with pigs fed ZS, pigs fed TBZ had a higher CuZn‐superoxide dismutase and Zn content in serum (P < 0.05) while they had a lower Zn content in feces (P < 0.05). In addition, ZIP4 mRNA expression of zinc transporter in either duodenum or jejunum of pigs fed TBZ were higher (P < 0.05) than pigs fed ZS. These results indicate that TBZ is more effective in serum Zn accumulation and intestinal Zn absorption, and might be a potential substitute for ZS in young growing pigs.     

Effect of bis-glycinate bound zinc or zinc sulfate on zinc metabolism in growing lambs

To assess the efficacy of bis-glycinate bound Zn, 36 crossbred wethers (34 ± 2 kg) were sorted by body weight into three groups and stagger started on a Zn-deficient diet (18 mg Zn/kg dry matter [DM]; 22.5% neutral detergent fiber [NDF]) for 45 d prior to a 15-d metabolism period (10 d adaptation and 5 d collection). On day 46, lambs were randomly assigned to dietary treatments (four lambs treatment⁻¹group⁻¹): no supplemental Zn (CON) or 15 mg supplemental Zn/kg DM (ZINC) as Zn sulfate (ZS) or bis-glycinate (GLY; Plexomin Zn, Phytobiotics). Blood was collected from all lambs on days 1, 44, 56, and 61. Liver, jejunum, and longissimus dorsi samples were collected after euthanasia on day 61. Gene expression was determined via quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Data were analyzed using ProcMixed of SAS (experimental unit = lamb; fixed effects = treatment, group, and breed) and contrast statements assessed the effects of supplemental Zn concentration (ZINC vs. CON) and source (GLY vs. ZS). After 15 d of Zn supplementation, plasma Zn concentrations were greater for ZINC vs. CON and GLY vs. ZS (P ≤ 0.01); tissue Zn concentrations were unaffected (P ≥ 0.27). Liver Cu concentrations were lesser for ZINC vs. CON (P = 0.03). Longissimus dorsi Mn concentrations were greater for ZINC vs. CON (P = 0.05) and tended to be lesser for GLY vs. ZS (P = 0.09). Digestibility of DM, organic matter (OM), and NDF was lesser for ZINC vs. CON (P ≤ 0.05); acid detergent fiber digestibility tended to be greater for GLY vs. ZS (P = 0.06). Nitrogen retention (g/d) tended to be greater for GLY vs. ZS (P = 0.10), and N apparent absorption was lesser for ZINC vs. CON (P = 0.02). Zinc intake, fecal output, retention, and apparent absorption were greater for ZINC vs. CON (P ≤ 0.01). Apparent absorption of Zn was −5.1%, 12.8%, and 15.0% for CON, ZS, and GLY, respectively. Nitrogen and Zn retention and apparent absorption were not correlated for CON (P ≥ 0.14) but were positively correlated for ZINC (retention: P = 0.02, r = 0.52; apparent absorption: P < 0.01, r = 0.73). Intestinal expression of Zn transporter ZIP4 was lesser for ZINC vs. CON (P = 0.02). Liver expression of metallothionein-1 (MT1) tended to be greater for GLY vs. ZS (P = 0.07). Although Zn apparent absorption did not differ between sources (P = 0.71), differences in post-absorptive metabolism may be responsible for greater plasma Zn concentrations and liver MT1 expression for GLY-supplemented lambs, suggesting improved bioavailability of GLY relative to ZS.     

氧化锌和氨基酸螯合锌在断奶仔猪上的应用研究

综述了20世纪60年代以来在断奶仔猪上添加氧化锌和氨基酸螯合锌的研究。锌是动物的必需微量元素,由于其在体内广泛的生理生化功能而被称为“生命元素”。传统上,动物日粮中的锌是以无机盐的形式供应的。近年来,人们对动物日粮中氨基酸螯合锌应用广为重视,因为许多报道证实,添加氨基酸螯合锌可以改进动物生长、繁殖和健康状况。