Pollution control via a dredged pool at the inlet of a reservoir

We investigated the applicability of a dredged pool formed at the inlet of a reservoir for pollution control. To quantify the effect of a dredged pool on the water quality of a reservoir, we monitored the water quality of the Masan Reservoir, located in the city of Asan, Choongnam Province, Korea, before and after dredging. In addition, a completely mixed box model was applied to simulate the water quality of the dredged pool and reservoir. The model included a water balance equation and chemical mass balance equation, into which several interactions among water quality components, such as phytoplankton, total nitrogen (T-N), total phosphorus (T-P), dissolved oxygen, and chemical oxygen demand (COD), were incorporated. The water quality monitoring and modeling results indicated that reservoir water quality was greatly affected by the dredged pool. The loads of T-N and T-P into the reservoir were reduced by the dredged pool, which may have induced the removal of nutrients by settling. However, the dredged pool may have had a negative effect on the reservoir in terms of COD and chlorophyll-a because of the internal production of organic matter and/or algae with water detention. Therefore, a dredged pool may be used for pollution control in a reservoir, as long as it is combined with measures to reduce concentrations of organic matter and/or algae.     

Shelter effect evaluation of the willow works bank protection method: a case study for Beinan River Reach 2009 Typhoon Morakot event

Beinan River is one of the rivers with perfect ecology and full of culture values in Taiwan. It is also the habitat of many freshwater fish species. Besides, the local agricultural crops are famous for exports due to its natural environment, too. Therefore, for these reasons, the hydraulic associations set a series of ecological constructions for waterfowl and fish species around the agricultural water intake areas. For instance, the river bank protection designs the willow works and the fascine mattress by the 8th River Management Bureau for ecological function and hydraulic protection in flood season. In this study, the concept and the methodology of the fish protection habitat predicted model is revealed. Beside the simulated hydraulic models, the indoor experiments of the willow works were conducted to gain the roughness. The hydraulic methods by one- and two-dimensional are used for simulation in flood season (2009 Typhoon Morakot event) to bring up the habitat protection locations. The experimental results showed that for the Manning’s n of the willow works is between 0.1322 and 0.1333 which corresponding height to the real field is about 144–176 cm. Therefore, it provided the revetment roughness data during the shelter effect evaluation. From the velocity distribution, it proves that the vegetated revetment can reduce the flow velocity. Fulfilling previous two main steps in experiment and model calibration, the shelter effect is made good going on discussion. Most of references indicated that the vegetated revetment provided suitable and excellent habitat condition, but rare of them provided the proof in data. This study presents that the WUA is 34,939.94 m² and PUA is 1.53% at the highest discharge of Typhoon Morakot. The whole protection concepts, simulation methods, and results can be utilized for future plan and design of river engineering.     

Dissolved nitrogen model for paddy field ponded water during irrigation period

Based on an experimental field study in Japan, a model was developed to simulate dissolved nitrogen in water ponded in a paddy field. As input data, the model uses meteorological data, water balance in the field, nitrogen concentration in inlet water, and the nitrogen contribution of applied fertilizer. Five model parameters need calibration. A practical application of the model is the simulation of NH₄-N and NO₂₊₃-N concentrations in water ponded in a paddy field. The model improves our understanding of the interactions between forms of dissolved nitrogen in ponded water and can explain the complex changes in dissolved nitrogen concentrations in water ponded on a paddy field.     

Assessment of the water quality of two rivers in Hanoi City and its suitability for irrigation water

The To Lich and Kim Nguu Rivers in Hanoi City are the main sources of irrigation water for suburban agricultural land and fish farm. Wastewater from the industrial plants located along these rivers has been discharged, and has degraded the water quality of the rivers. This study describes the chemical properties of water from the rivers, focusing on heavy metal pollution and the suitability of water quality for irrigation water. Water from the rivers was heavily polluted with organic matter and heavy metals such as Pb, Cu, Zn, Cr, Cd and Ni. Dissolved oxygen, chemical oxygen deman, and total suspended solids, and the concentrations of all heavy metals exceeded the Vietnamese standard for surface water quality in all investigated sites. The concentrations of some heavy metals such as Cu, Cd, Cr and Ni were above the internationally recommended WHO maximum level for irrigation water. A wide variation in the heavy metal concentration of water due to metal types is the result of wastewater discharged from different industrial sources.     

Seasonal characteristics of surface water quality in the wastewater catchment system of an urbanizing basin

Vientiane, Lao PDR, has been subject to extensive and ongoing urbanization plans, including development of natural marshes and residentialization of paddy fields into suburban areas, despite natural marshes playing a vital role in treating wastewater from urban areas. Therefore, it is important to understand the current situation regarding the nutrient balance in these natural wastewater treatment systems to predict future conditions and design appropriate measures against water quality deterioration. However, limited data are available in Vientiane on the hydrological characteristics of water and nutrient runoff that flow into marshes through drainage canals. In this study, we conducted a periodic survey of drainage canals and Mak Hiao River in the wastewater catchment system surrounding Vientiane during the rainy and dry seasons. We monitored the discharge of surface water at 21 observation sites and analyzed water quality of nitrogen, phosphorus, and total organic carbon. These observations revealed that the concentrations of dissolved nitrogen and phosphorus were significantly higher at sites in urban areas, followed by sites in the main river basin and those in agricultural areas. Dissolved nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations varied with runoff discharge, especially in urban and river basin sites, with lower concentrations in the rainy season and higher concentrations in the dry season. On the other hand, we found no significant differences between the rainy and dry seasons in nutrient concentrations in the agricultural basin. Finally, we proposed measures to counteract the deterioration of water quality during dry seasons and simulated the impact of these measures.     

增氧灌溉对水稻生理特性和后期衰老的影响

以常规粳稻秀水09、杂交籼稻国稻6号和两优培九为试材,于2007-2008年采用大田试验,研究了增氧灌溉对水稻生理特性和后期衰老的影响。结果表明,与常规灌溉水相比,超微气泡水的溶氧量明显提高而且下降速率慢。增氧灌溉处理土壤氧化还原电位显著或极显著提高,有效穗数、结实率和产量显著提高。进一步分析表明,增氧灌溉处理下秀水09和两优培九叶片光合速率分别较对照提高了4.13%和3.78%;而且增氧灌溉显著提高叶片叶绿素和可溶性蛋白质含量,气孔导度也有较大的增加;此外,增氧灌溉处理还增强了水稻生育后期的根系功能,提高了叶片超氧化物歧化酶活性,降低了叶片丙二醛含量,延缓叶片衰老,延长了叶片功能期从而促进籽粒灌浆结实。     

Integrated field- and model-based study of hydro-environmental aspects of a small, endangered wetland in eastern Hokkaido, Japan

The hydro-environmental aspects of a small, endangered wetland (Totsuru wetland), located in eastern Hokkaido, Japan, are investigated, and the efficacy of a proposed engineering strategy for restoring the wetland is examined. Taking ²²²Rn as a target tracer and building a static ²²²Rn mass balance equation, the share of groundwater-genetic surface water in yielding the entire surface water in the wetland is appraised. The share is also appraised by using a different approach based on a non-static, site-specific water balance model. Both approaches yielded nearly the same percentage share, and therefore, it is concluded that 70% or more of the surface water entering the Totsuru swamp through the natural rivers is groundwater genetic. Using the water balance model, it is deduced that the reverse flow from the Uenbetsu drainage river is not less than 30% of the entire surface water flow entering the swamp, and therefore contributes considerably to mitigating the shrinkage of the swamp. Finally, through numerical experiments, it is shown that raising the water level of the Uenbetsu drainage river with a constructed weir to enhance the reverse flow is efficacious for restoring the wetland.     

基于CERES-Maize的黄淮平原夏玉米阶段缺水模拟分析

利用1991～2004年黄淮夏播玉米区8个试验站的气象、土壤、田间管理等基础数据对DSSAT 4.0中的CERES-Maize模型进行参数调整和检验。使用调参后的模型模拟黄淮夏播玉米区不同生育期缺水对玉米产量的影响。模拟结果表明,在营养生长阶段,拔节期为水分对玉米产量影响关键期;生殖生长阶段,灌浆期为水分关键期,其中灌浆前期水分对产量影响最大。7叶期和拔节期缺水时最大叶面积指数显著降低,阻碍植株干物质积累,茎叶干重显著降低;灌浆前期缺水穗粒数显著减少;灌浆中期缺水显著降低百粒重。     

The effects of spatial variability of land use on stream water quality in a costal watershed

Researchers generally accept that land use types within a watershed closely relate with the water quality characteristics of streams. Despite numerous studies investigating the relationships between water quality and land use, there are increasing concerns about the geographical variation and lack of spatial integration in previous studies. We investigated the relationships between land use and water quality characteristics including biological oxygen demand (BOD₅), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), and Escherichia coli in the Wha-Ong estuarine reservoir watershed in Korea, which has spatially integrated land uses. Residential and paddy areas appear to be positively and negatively correlated, respectively, with degraded water quality. The spatial variations of these relationships were also examined using zonal analysis. Some results contrasted with those of previous studies that were conducted mostly in developed Western countries and may reflect the different land use intensities and agricultural practices in Korea. Relationships across zones, distinguished by distances from streams, were inconsistent and erratic, suggesting that the relationships between remote land uses and water quality may be affected more significantly by sub-basin characteristics than by the land use itself. The geographical differences and spatial variations found in this study indicate that caution must be taken in generalizing the relationship between land use and water quality.     

Estimation of water quality dynamics under long-term anoxic state in organically polluted reservoir by field observations and improved ecosystem model

In closed water bodies with significant organic pollution, anoxification due to thermal stratification leads to the elution of nitrogen and phosphorus from the bottom sediment and the generation of sulfide, resulting in further degradation of the water environment. This study focuses on the water quality dynamics in an organically polluted reservoir exhibiting long-term anoxification using two approaches: (1) field observations of seasonal changes in vertical profiles of dissolved oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfide and (2) construction of a water quality prediction model based on an ecosystem model incorporated with anaerobic biochemical processes. Iron and sulfate reduction occurred simultaneously because nitrate–nitrogen was reduced by denitrifying bacteria after the anoxification, and iron reduction became the main factor of the increase in ammonium–nitrogen and phosphate–phosphorus. The redox state of the bottom sediment surface, when anoxification began to occur, greatly affected the water quality dynamics caused by gradual reductive reactions under anaerobic conditions. Furthermore, the calculation accuracy of ammonium–nitrogen, phosphate–phosphorus, and sulfide was highly improved by modifying the conventional model based on the field observations. The characteristics of water quality under anaerobic conditions were sufficiently reflected in the upgraded ecosystem model. The proposed water quality prediction model could be used to quantitatively estimate the water environment dynamics in organically polluted water bodies. The model could be developed further in the future to solve the problems caused by long-term anoxification.     

Evaluation of the water-quality dynamics in a eutrophic agricultural pond by using a one-box ecosystem model considering several algal groups

The Okubo pond is an agricultural pond located in the Itoshima area of Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan. It was constructed for irrigating a nearby cultivated area. A monitoring program from August 11 to November 26, 2008, suggested the risk of eutrophication in the water body. The high total nitrogen concentration (1.34 mg/l), high total phosphorus concentration (0.06 mg/l) and extreme oxygen depletion (2 mg/l on 5 November 2008) exceeded the Japanese standards for paddy irrigation water. Furthermore, luxuriant algal blooming in October indicated a hypereutrophic status according to the OECD (1982) criteria. In this study, a one-box ecosystem model was developed to obtain an insight into the seasonal variations in the algal concentrations and chemical components of the Okubo pond with the aims of protecting its aquatic ecosystem and maintaining its water quality. The model was based on a completely mixed system and included 12 water-quality indices: green algae, blue-green algae, diatoms and dinoflagellates, cryptophytes, zooplankton, particulate organic matter, dissolved organic matter, phosphate–phosphorus, ammonia–nitrogen, nitrite–nitrogen, nitrate–nitrogen, and dissolved oxygen. The monitoring data were used to verify the model simulation. Model evaluation suggested good agreement between the predicted and the observed data for the seasonal variations in the algal, nutrient, and dissolved oxygen concentrations. To determine the sensitivity of the model parameters, a sensitivity analysis was conducted leading to the conclusion that the optimal temperature, growth rate, and respiratory rate of the four algal groups, especially the ideal temperature for blue-green and green algae are the most influential factors determining the variability affecting the model inference. From the model simulation, the water temperature and nutrient concentration were considered to be the key limiting factors controlling alternative algal blooms in this period.     

Modeling of continental-scale crop water requirement and available water resources

The relationship between agricultural water demand and supply has been of interest to government decision makers and scientists because of its importance in water resources management. We developed a water cycle model for eastern Eurasia that can estimate water requirements for crop growth and evaluate the demand–supply relationships of agricultural water use on a continental scale. To produce an appropriate water cycle, the model was constructed based on small drainage basins. To validate the model performance with respect to simulated runoff, which is here considered as the available water resource, we compared our outputs with those of other models and with observed river discharges. The results show that this model is comparable to other models and that it is applicable for the evaluation of water cycles at continental scale. We defined two types of crop water deficits (CWDs) as indicators of agricultural water demand. These were formulated by considering the physical processes of crop water use; we did not include water consumption that is dependent on cultivation management practices, such as water losses in irrigation systems. We assessed the reliability of our indicators by comparison with indicators from other studies and with published statistics related to agricultural water use. These comparisons suggest that our indicators are consistent with independent data and can provide a reasonable representation of water requirements for crop growth.     

基于称重式蒸渗仪的鲜食玉米耗水规律及影响因素研究

以鲜食玉米主导品种农科玉(NKY368)与农科糯(NKN336)为研究对象，开展基于称重式蒸渗仪的不同品种鲜食玉米耗水特征研究。结果表明，NKN336全生育期耗水量为358.99 mm，日均耗水量为4.79 mm/d，作物系数为0.272～1.611；NKY368全生育期耗水量为370.88 mm，日均耗水量为4.95 mm/d，作物系数变化范围为0.269～1.559。NKY368与NKN336均在抽雄吐丝期达到耗水高峰，耗水模数占比在52%左右。通过分析农田气象因素发现，太阳辐射、空气湿度与风速是影响鲜食玉米耗水的关键因素。综合产量、水分生产效率和品质多因素评价，NKN336产量、水分生产效率分别为9 052.80 kg/hm²、2.52 kg/m³，子粒中含有更高的可溶性总糖、可溶性蛋白及还原型VC。     

百色干热河谷地区降雨氢氧稳定同位素特征及芒果树水分来源研究

百色市右江河谷是我国著名的干热河谷之一，干旱是该地区最严重的气象灾害。芒果是该地区地理标志农产品，但其水分利用策略尚不清楚。本文基于氢氧稳定同位素示踪技术研究该地区降雨同位素特征及影响因素，利用多元线性混合模型方法量化不同来源水分对芒果树根系吸水的贡献比例，揭示芒果树生育期内水分利用策略。结果表明：（1）研究区氢氧稳定同位素具有明显的季节变化，δ值和氘盈余（d）具有旱季富集、雨季贫化的规律，建立了研究区的大气降水线方程：δD=8.2587δ18O+12.308,δD和δ18O值有极显著相关性（r=0.9968, n=35, P<0.001）;(2)季风气候影响下大气降水稳定同位素值具有显著的降雨量效应和反温度效应（P<0.05）;(3)在芒果花期、幼果期、果实膨大期和成熟期，土壤水氢氧稳定同位素总体上随土壤深度的增加而变贫；在花期和幼果期，芒果树对各层次土壤水分及地下水利用比例较为均匀，果树膨大期和成熟期则主要利用深层次土壤水及地下水，表明该地区芒果树主要以深层次土壤水及地下水为水源，说明芒果树更接近于保守型水分利用策略。降雨氢氧稳定同位素特征反映了该地区干热的气候特征，芒...     

A mixture neural methodology for computing rice consumptive water requirements in Fada N’Gourma Region, Eastern Burkina Faso

Crop consumptive water requirement (Crop-ET) is a key variable for developing management plans to optimize the efficiency of water use for crop production particularly in semiarid zone. In Burkina Faso, the unfavorable climatic conditions characterized by the low and unevenly distribution of rainfall have pushed water resources management to the forefront of the crop production issue. Crop-ET is extremely required in rainwater effective management for mitigating the impact of water deficit on the crops. Basically, Crop-ET determination involves reference evapotranspiration (ETo) and crop coefficient (Kc) which required complete climatic data and specific site crop information, respectively. ETo estimation with the recommended FAO56 Penman–Monteith (PM) equation is limited in Burkina Faso due to the numerous meteorological data required which are not always available in many production sites. In such circumstances, research to compute directly Crop-ET as an alternative to the two-step approach of calculating ETo and determining site specific Kc, seems desirable. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the performance of a mixture principal component analysis neural network (PCANN) model for computing rice Crop-ET directly from temperatures data in Fada N’Gourma region located in Eastern Burkina Faso, Africa. From the statistical results, rice Crop-ET can be successfully computed by using PCANN methodology, when only temperatures data are available in this African semiarid environment. Thus, in poor data situation, Crop-ET direct computation can be rapidly addressed through PCANN model for agricultural water management in African semiarid regions.     

A two-dimensional numerical model of wind-induced flow and water quality in closed water bodies

In closed water bodies, such as reservoirs and lakes, where the exchange with external waters is usually small, the wind-induced flow significantly affects their water quality by mixing the surface waters and transfering heat down through the water column. However, the circulation caused by wind acting on the water surface can be influenced by the excessive growth of aquatic plants in summer, which may make their water quality to become worse. Therefore, understanding the response of the closed water bodies to winds acting on the water surface is of great significance in examining and maintaining their water quality in good condition. With that significance, this research has been done to build a two-dimensional, unsteady, laterally averaged model for simulating the circulation and water quality in closed water bodies. To verify the model, the Tabiishidani reservoir located in Sasaguri town, Fukuoka prefecture, Japan, was chosen as a case study. To illustrate the methodology of the research, water temperature of the reservoir was chosen to calibrate the model. After calibration, the model was applied to simulate water temperature in the Tabiishidani reservoir under different patterns of meteorology. The results of simulation clarified the change in water temperature distribution along the depth of the reservoir under the different patterns of meteorology. This research shows that the model can be a suitable tool for simulating the circulation and water temperature in closed water bodies. Moreover, the model can be extended to simulate the circulation and any variable of water quality in closed water bodies with the coverage of aquatic plants on the water surface.     

稻虾共作对稻田水体环境的影响

为探明稻虾共作对水体环境的理化性质和物质含量的影响,选择湖南省南县实施稻虾共作模式和中稻单作模式的稻田,分析稻虾共作前后的稻田水体物质变化和不同稻作模式下稻田水体环境变化差异.结果表明,相较于自然水体和中稻单作田间水体,稻虾共作田间水体的pH值提高了1.88%和1.37%,色度提高了42.19%和10.98%,TDS提高了1.66%和1.14%,电导率提高了13.08%和10.31%,氧化还原电位提高了14.15%和6.03%,溶解氧降低了17.20%和9.41%.稻虾共作改变了自然水体理化性质,对水体环境的影响程度比中稻单作模式更大,创造了适宜稻虾共同生长的水体环境,在抑制潜水蒸发、提高水体自净能力方面有积极作用.但水体溶氧量的降低,不利于水生植物的生长和部分物质的分解消化,影响稻田水质.在稻虾共作过程中,需充分利用水体环境变化的有利因素,合理人工增氧,以规避水体溶氧降低带来的影响.     

Effect on water quality in irrigation reservoir due to application reduction of nitrogen fertilizer

Until 1997, tea farmers in the Makinohara district of Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan, applied around 1.2 ton/ha of nitrogen fertilizer per year to their tea fields. In general, uptake amount of nitrogen by tea plants is around 300–350 kg/ha. Then some part of the remainder of nitrogen fertilizer leach into ground water and flow out into the river. The other part of remainder of nitrogen fertilizer is accumulated in the soil layer. Following a recommendation by the local government, this amount was then gradually decreased to 660 kg/ha in 1999 and 540 kg/ha in 2000. Although nitrate nitrogen concentrations in local ground and river water have decreased, they remain high today. The river water runs off from a watershed in the Makinohara area and enters a small irrigation reservoir called Tanno Reservoir, where it has caused deterioration of the water quality, that is, acidification of the reservoir. In Japan, environmental standard for nitrate nitrogen is 10 mg/L in public water body and ground water. Here, the author developed the Water Quality Tank Model, and applied this model to investigate the nitrate nitrogen concentrations in the rivers and an irrigation reservoir called Tanno. The author applies these findings to demonstrate that nitrogen concentrations continue to remain high due to nitrogen accumulation in the soil layer, and that the amount accumulated would be reduced by a reduction in application. The simulation results demonstrate a small decrease in accumulation in the soil layer, and thus that the present high nitrate nitrogen concentrations will continue in ground, river and reservoir water will decrease only gradually.     

Impacts of baseflow contribution on the streamflow variability of major river systems in Korea

High streamflow variability is a potential risk factor in river management in Korea because the use of water resources in Korea depends primarily on surface water. In this regard, analysis of streamflow variability is critical for efficient water resources management. Because streamflow variability is mainly influenced by the contributions of direct runoff and baseflow, the relationship between baseflow and streamflow is an important hydrological indicator that reflects river characteristics. Accordingly, this study was conducted to estimate the effect of baseflow on streamflow variability. For this purpose, a number of streamflow variability indices (SVIs), such as the Richard–Baker flashiness index, the coefficient of variation, the ratio of high flow to low flow (Q5:Q95), and the coefficient of flow regime, were calculated for Korea’s major river systems to determine which SVI best reflects the characteristics of Korean rivers. In addition, baseflow separation was performed to calculate the relationship between SVIs and the baseflow index. The results of this study show that the baseflow index is inversely proportional to streamflow variability. In particular, the impact of baseflow on streamflow variability was highest in the Yeongsan–Sumjin River system. These results are valuable information expected to be used in river management to better secure water resources.