国际食品法典加工农产品中农药最大残留限量现状分析

加工农产品中的农药残留信息对于国际贸易及进行更精确的膳食摄入风险评估均非常重要.本文重点介绍了国际食品法典关于制定加工农产品中农药最大残留限量(MRL)和开展膳食摄入风险评估所遵循的一般原则、数据要求、评估方法以及加工农产品分类等信息.国际食品法典委员会目前共制定了586项加工农产品中的农药MRL标准,其中针对谷物碾磨...     

FAO/WHO微生物农药标准概述

本文概述了《粮农组织和世卫组织农药标准制订和使用手册》中第9章关于微生物农药标准的基本内容,包括微生物农药标准的说明、基本内容、不同剂型标准的异同等。作者认为《粮农组织和世卫组织农药标准制订和使用手册》中文版的出版发行,将有利于改善目前我国生物农药缺乏国家标准的状况,为我国生物农药标准的制订提供重要参考。     

微生物农药常见术语及释义

本文参照FAO、WHO及国内有关微生物农药的准则和标准,并结合微生物分类、鉴定等方面的研究进展,归纳、总结了微生物农药常见的术语及释义,为科学认识微生物农药和推进产业规范化发展提供参考。     

International plant protection; the role of FAO

Plant protection has many international aspects; it is also quickly changing, especially in relation to sustainability. FAO’s activities in plant protection are grouped in four major thrusts: plant quarantine, pesticide management, integrated pest management and migratory pest control. The International Plant Protection Convention defines the FAO’s activities in plant quarantine, while, in response to the GATT Uruguay Round, harmonization of plant quarantine is also being undertaken. Pesticide management activities address the International Code of Conduct on the Distribution and Use of Pesticides and standard setting on pesticide residues. Integrated Pest Management is the core of the plant protection programme, together with international coordination of migratory pest control. All these activities are complemented by technical assistance programmes, including assistance with the establishment of plant protection services.FAO’s activities remain a compromise between what member countries see as desirable and what is affordable. Long term commitment is required to achieve result. New functions in quarantine and pesticide management have been taken up, but the international assessment of pesticides needs urgent attention. The paradigm change away from pesticide use will require further international cooperation. Substantial research and a new control system is needed for locust control.     

关于JMPR植物源产品残留定义中含有代谢产物的农药在进行膳食风险评估时残留数据计算的介绍

联合国粮农组织和世界卫生组织农药残留联席会议(JMPR)将农药残留定义分为2类,即植物源产品残留定义和动物源产品残留定义;同时根据使用目的不同,又将农药残留定义分为风险评估残留定义和监测残留定义。JMPR在植物源产品农药风险评估残留定义中包含的代谢产物类型主要分4种情况:一是残留定义包含母体和代谢产物,代谢产物是农药;二是残留定义包含母体和代谢产物,代谢产物不是农药;三是残留物定义只包括代谢产物,且代谢产物不是农药;四是二硫代氨基甲酸酯类农药。本文综述了JMPR关于植物源产品残留定义中含有代谢产物的农药进行农药残留膳食风险评估时残留数据的计算,旨在为我国制定农药最大残留限量标准进行农药残留膳食风险评估时提供借鉴和参考。     

Biopesticides – towards increased consumer safety in the European Union

The introduction of new food safety regulations in the European Union has resulted in the withdrawal of many synthetic active substances used in plant protection products, in light of their potential or actual harmful effect on human and animal health, as well as on the environment. Alternatives to these compounds are being developed – naturally occurring pesticides, also referred to as biopesticides. The use of biopesticides in crop protection leads to decreased levels of pesticide residues in foods, and as a result to lower risk levels for the consumer. Biologically active agents defined as biopesticides are varied, and therefore application of the same environmental and consumer safety criteria to all of them is impossible. This presents serious complications in the approval of these pesticides as active plant protection products and in their registration. It needs to be stressed that, in the registration procedure of the European Union, biopesticides are subject to the same regulations as synthetic active substances. This situation has resulted in the need to introduce numerous new provisions in the legislation, as well as the preparation of new guidelines facilitating the registration of biopesticides. These activities aim to promote naturally originating pesticides. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry     

国内外农药最大残留限量标准现状与发展趋势

介绍了国际食品法典委员会、欧盟、美国、日本、加拿大、澳大利亚、新西兰和中国的食品及农产品中农药最大残留限量(MRLs)标准的现状,评述了制定MRLs的最新进展、各国MRLs标准体系的组成及发展趋势,通过对比分析,指出了我国在此领域存在的差距,主要表现在标准数量少、协调性差、风险评估及其基础研究工作薄弱、标准制定及修订机制不健全、标准更新不及时等。 建议针对我国农药残留标准体系存在的问题,制定长远规划,加强农药MRLs标准制定及修订所需基础性数据的研究和调查工作,理顺相关标准制定与农药登记管理部门间的关系,加强国际合作和交流,及时掌握相关国际组织和其他发达国家在MRLs标准及食品安全管理方面的最新动态。     

A simplified method for measuring dilute emulsion stability

A simple and rapid method for the assessment of the stability of diluted pesticide emulsifiable concentrates has been developed for use in China. It gives results comparable to those obtained with FAO and WHO methods. The importance of some other physical characteristics such as contact angle, surface tension and wetted area in pesticide application are also discussed.     

Quantitative and qualitative analysis of accidental insect pest introduction into Switzerland and its implications for plant protection1

The purpose of this study is to assess the characteristics of accidental introduction of pest organisms into Switzerland by means of international plant trade, and to discuss its consequences for the development of plant protection strategies. We found substantial levels of infestation in samples of all producing countries included in the study. Since the use of synthetic pesticides is the main basis of pest control in the ornamental industry, the results of this study indicate that chemical pest control has reached a limit above which no further reduction of pest population levels is possible. The increased pesticide tolerance of many arthropod pests is mainly due to increased levels of resistance to pesticides caused by their excessive use. Therefore, alternative methods supplementing pesticide use are required to develop an optimal pest management strategy for the future. It is proposed that, in the Swiss ornamental production industry, pest monitoring should be the first step in this direction.     

国外食品中农药残留监测概况

本文简要介绍了近年世界卫生组织和联合国粮农组织在保证食品安全中对农药残留的管理情况、各国农药多残留分析方法进展 ,以及欧美和日本等国对食品中农药残留监测的概况 ,并对我国开展农药残留监测和加强管理提出建议     

国际农药管理的现状及趋势(下)

在世界农药管理日趋严格,公众参与度日益增加,新产品和新技术不断涌现的大背景下,本文借笔者一年在联合国粮农组织作物生产和保护司病虫害和农药管理组做访问学者的经历,结合工作实际,从国际组织广泛参与、区域间加强协调、统一标准和准则等方面,对当今世界农药管理现状进行了总结分析。同时以《国际农药管理守则》倡导的对农药实行“全生命周期”管理方式为起点,对未来农药管理的趋势进行了分析。农药不尊重国界,未来世界农药管理势必越来越突破区域和国家的界限,以地球村为视角,实现全球可持续发展的目标。     

European Union policy on pesticides: implications for agriculture in Ireland

European Community (EC) legislation has limited the availability of pesticide active substances used in effective plant protection products. The Pesticide Authorisation Directive 91/414/EEC introduced the principle of risk assessment for approval of pesticide active substances. This principle was modified by the introduction of Regulation (EC) 1107/2009, which applies hazard, the intrinsic toxicity of the active substance, rather than risk, the potential for hazard to occur, as the approval criterion. Potential impacts of EC pesticide legislation on agriculture in Ireland are summarised. While these will significantly impact on pesticide availability in the medium to long term, regulations associated with water quality (Water Framework Directive 2000/60/EC and Drinking Water Directive 1998/83/EC) have the potential to restrict pesticide use more immediately, as concerns regarding public health and economic costs associated with removing pesticides from water increase. This rationale will further reduce the availability of effective pesticide active substances, directly affecting crop protection and increasing pesticide resistance within pest and disease populations. In addition, water quality requirements may also impact on important active substances used in plant protection in Ireland. The future challenge for agriculture in Ireland is to sustain production and profitability using reduced pesticide inputs within a framework of integrated pest management. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry     

比例推算法在国际食品法典农药最大残留限量评估中的应用

比例推算是指农药使用剂量与收获后农产品中的农药残留量之间具有一定的比例关系。假定该施药剂量与残留量的比例推算关系独立于作物类型、农药种类和施药方式,则超过临界良好农业规范(cGAP)标签范围±25%的施药剂量所导致的农药残留量将可以按比例进行归一化调整,从而增加了可用于评估农药最大残留限量(MRL)的残留数据。对国际食品法典农药残留委员会(CCPR)将比例推算应用于评估农药MRL的历史背景、制定过程以及最终提交给国际食品法典委员会(CAC)审议的比例推算应用指导原则的具体内容进行了综述,总结了采用比例推算法评估MRL的10项指导原则。使用比例推算法有利于增加评估农药MRL时的残留数据,推进农药MRL标准的制定进程。     

The Plant Protection Service in the Netherlands

A survey is given of the history, the tasks and the organization of the Plant Protection Service in the Netherlands. Its activities encompass two major fields, concerning phytosanitary and phytopharmaceutical aspects. In the phytosanitary field, a distinction can be made between long-term and short-term phytosanitary policy, depending on whether one has to deal with existing and established pests or diseases, or with a suddenly arising plant health problem. Two examples are given as illustrations, viz. the approach followed in designing new regulations for controlling potato root eelworm, and the campaign against the recent outbreak of fireblight. A further outline is given on the activities of the Plant Protection Service in the pesticides field, on the responsibilities of the different Ministries concerned, and on the basic elements of pesticides legislation. The restrictions imposed on the use of persistent organochlorine insecticides and organomercury fungicides are summarized. Finally, it is emphasized that the problems of plant protection are becoming increasingly complex as a result of a developing antagonism between phytosanitary and phytopharmaceutical requirements, and of a potential antagonism between these two on the one hand and environmental demands on the other. This situation calls for an integrated approach in plant protection matters, and for an intensified international collaboration.     

国际食品法典2015至2019年农药评估优先列表评介

为了解国际食品法典委员会(CAC)农药最大残留限量(MRLs)制定最新动向,文章介绍了2015—2019年CAC的农药评估优先列表,就未来5年内CAC将评估的新化合物、新用途及再评估的化合物进行了总结评述,并对这些化合物在我国的登记情况进行了分析,以供有意向国际食品法典委员会农药残留专家联席会议(JMPR)提交数据的政府或相关企业、以及国内关注国际农药残留限量标准制定进展的相关科研机构参考。同时,文章对我国应如何参与国际残留限量标准制定工作提出了建议,认为我国可通过提交扩大农药使用范围数据,加强我国农药在小作物上的登记,从而促进农产品的出口。     

食品中植物生长调节剂残留限量标准比较与分析

食品中植物生长调节剂的使用和限量标准一直广受公众和各方关注.文章总结了《食品安全国家标准食品中农药最大残留限量》(GB 2763—2019)中针对植物生长调节剂的相关规定及其变化,就现有最大残留限量(MRL)要求与国内农药产品的登记和应用现状进行了匹配性分析,并与主要的相关国际标准[国际食品法典委员会(CAC)、美国、...     

Pesticide Legislation and Industry

Pesticides are an essential part of modern agricultural technology required to provide high quality and high yields of food, feed and fibres. The pesticide industry faces widespread environmental concern, rising costs for research and development and increasingly stringent regulations. These pressures demand a highly critical appraisal of all stages of product evaluation, product development and of capital investment. The safe use of pesticides is the joint responsibility of government and industry; their effective cooperation can only be assured by ready dialogue combined with willingness to compromise on legislation and registration procedures, nationally and internationally, for the benefit of improved technology.     

British and European community regulations and registration requirements for non-pesticidal co-formulants in pesticides and for adjuvants

Pesticides in Great Britain are subject to legislation that requires them to be approved by Ministers. Specific data for non-pesticidal co-formulants are not generally required but are encompassed within the requirements for the formulated pesticide in which they are present. Adjuvants, substances without significant pesticidal properties which enhance the effectiveness of a pesticide when added to that pesticide, can be used with pesticides only in accordance with the approval of that pesticide or as varied by lists of authorised adjuvants published by Ministers. Data must be supplied for adjuvants to appear on this list. National legislation on pesticides is soon to be amended to take account of a European Community Directive which seeks to harmonise registration requirements throughout the Community. It is as yet unclear how this will affect registration of co-formulants and adjuvants.     

A review of pesticide policies and regulations for urban amenity areas in seven European countries

An analysis of the regulations of herbicide use for weed control in non-agricultural/urban amenity areas, including actual pesticide use, was carried out as a joint survey of seven European countries: Denmark, Finland, Germany, Latvia, the Netherlands, Sweden and United Kingdom. Herbicides constitute the major part of the pesticides used in urban amenity areas. Herbicide use on hard surfaces is the largest in terms of volume and potential contamination of surface and groundwater. The aim of the study was to investigate the differences in political interest and public debate on the 'use of pesticides in public urban amenity areas', regulations within each country at national, regional and local levels, possible use of alternative weed control methods and the amounts of pesticides used on urban amenity areas. A comparative analysis revealed major differences in political interest, regulations and availability of statistics on pesticide use. Denmark, Sweden, the Netherlands and Germany have, or have had, a strong public and political interest for reducing the use of herbicides to control weeds in urban amenity areas and also have very strict regulations. The UK is currently undergoing a period of increasing awareness and strengthening regulation, while Latvia and Finland do not have specific regulations for weed control in urban amenity areas or on hard surfaces. Statistics on pesticide/herbicide use on urban amenity areas were only available in Denmark and the Netherlands. Developing this kind of information base reveals the differences in herbicide use, regulations and policies in European countries and may enhance the transfer of knowledge on sustainable weed control across countries.     

Pesticides in cereal production

A cereal grower will normally attempt to maximise his returns from resources used without prejudicing the future. Historically, for the control of weeds, pests and diseases growers have preferred husbandry methods and the use of ‘resistant’ varieties. Economic pressures, technical developments and subsequent changes in farming systems demand more reliance on pesticides. The adoption of the Common Agricultural Policy and the relatively higher cereal prices improve the cost: benefit ratio from their more extensive use. Additionally, quality standards arising directly or indirectly from EEC legislation, where these can be influenced by pesticide application, will further encourage their routine application. In the longer term, increased fixed costs will encourage the grower to insure against crop losses by the use of prophylactic pesticide applications where appropriate. New systems of production to reduce fixed costs will be adopted, probably involving further use of pesticides. Growers will always wish to contain variable costs as far as is possible: as better forecasting of disease and pest epidemics is developed prophylactic treatments will be discarded. Examples of the economic benefits or penalties of adopting alternatives to pesticides are given.