海水和淡水药用珍珠的无损鉴别

采用X荧光光谱仪对海水和淡水药用珍珠进行元素检测,通过比较其锶钙计数比,建立无损鉴别海水和淡水药用珍珠的方法.结果 显示:海水和淡水药用珍珠的锶钙计数比差异明显,海水药用珍珠的锶钙计数比均在0.2以上,淡水药用珍珠的锶钙计数比均在0.2以下,锶钙计数比可以作为快速地无损鉴别海水和淡水药用珍珠的依据.     

人工环境饲养大麻哈鱼初步试验研究

大麻哈鱼（Oncorhynchus keta Walbaum）是典型的淡水繁殖、海水生长,溯河生殖洄游的冷水性鱼类。为了提高增殖放流回归效果和恢复与利用其资源,该文在人工调控环境条件下,进行了在淡水中由鱼苗饲养至幼鱼之后再移入海水中饲养至成鱼的试验研究。结果表明,从刚孵出的大麻哈鱼苗饲养至成鱼的技术是可行的。在淡水中大麻哈鱼苗饲养成活率显著提高,达到85%以上,能够正常发育生长至入海前的幼鱼。根据幼鱼的降河洄游习性,在适宜的时间,将大麻哈幼鱼由淡水中过渡到海水中,经人工饲养能够生长至成鱼。以工程技术手段创造大麻哈鱼的生长条件,是研究其生长发育特性和养殖的有效途径。该研究可为进一步开发工程化饲养大麻哈鱼技术提供参考。     

海水胁迫对5种生态型菊芋生理生化的影响

Three treatments consisting of 0%, 15%, and 30% seawater were investigated to analyse the ecotypic variabilities among five populations of Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus)regarding their responses to seawater stress under a hydroponic culture system. Analyses were done 2, 4, and 6 days after treatments. The 15% and 30% seawater treatments reduced the growth rates of roots and shoots of H. tuberosus populations. The activities of superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and catalase majored in the leaves were stimulated under the seawater stress. The electrolyte leakage and malondialdehyde contents of the leaves were also stimulated owing to seawater stress. The contents of proline and soluble-sugars in the leaves increased significantly with increasing seawater concentrations. The concentrations of Na⁺, K⁺, and Cl^- in the aerial parts and roots increased with an increase in the seawater concentration throughout the experimental period. There were ecotypic differences among the five populations of H. tuberosus as evidenced by the analyses of the above items in both aerial parts and roots under seawater treatment. The magnitude of the ecotypic variance components indicated that a substantial proportion of the total variation for these physiological and biochemical responses were owing to ecotype, indicating the possibility of improvement through hybridization and selection.     

黄河三角洲海水灌溉对土壤性质的影响研究

通过2年在黄河三角洲进行海水灌溉对土壤性质的影响研究．结果表明：海水灌溉后土壤剖面中盐分含量有所上升,并在0～100cm土层中有盐分积累现象;土壤中存在的盐分主要以NaCI为主,Na^ 和Cl^-与土壤全盐含量呈直线线性相关,且达到极显著水平;海水灌溉后土壤的钠吸附比(SAR)在0～60crn土层内有所升高;土壤的pH值在海水灌溉前后基本没有什么变化;残余碳酸钠(RSC)都为负值。因此,在黄河三角洲地区运用海水灌溉不会引起土壤的碱化,并使土壤性质变差,但在海水灌溉过程中必须防治次生盐渍化的发生。     

海涂海水灌溉对鲁梅克斯植物生长的影响

为高效持续利用海水与滨海盐土资源,缓解海水养殖废水直接排放对海洋的污染,课题组从1995年开始,收集、引进和筛选了一些具有经济开发前景的耐盐植物,对其生物学、生态学特性进行了研究[1],并在我国海南乐东、江苏大丰、山东莱州三个典型气候带海涂进行海水灌溉试验,探索海水灌溉对耐盐植物生长发育、滨海盐土演变的影响及其对海水养殖废水的净化能力.本文仅就山东莱州田间小区海水灌溉鲁梅克斯(Rumex patientiax R. Tianschanicus, cv. Rumex K-1)的试验结果进行讨论.     

华北平原海水灌溉对土壤性质和菊芋产量的影响

Irrigation with various dilutions of seawater can act as an alternate water resource and thus plays an important role in saving freshwater resources as well as promoting agriculture in the coastal semi-arid areas of the North China Plain. Jerusalem artichoke （Helianthus tuberosus L.） grown in a field experiment was irrigated with seawater diluted with freshwater from 2001 to 2003 to determine the feasibility of seawater irrigation in the Laizhou area. For treatments of CK （non-irrigation） along with seawater concentrations of 25%, 50%, and 75%, total dissolved solid （TDS） in the non-irrigated soil significantly increased （P ≤ 0.05） in both 2002 and 2003 and was 1.3 times higher in 2003 than in 2001. In the 25% and 50% seawater concentration treatments, TDS in 2001 was significantly greater （P ≤ 0.05） than CK; however, TDS in these two treatments decreased by 34.9% and 40.1%, respectively, in 2003 compared with 2001. The sodium adsorption ratio （SAR） remained below 10 mmol^1/2 L^-1/2, indicating that alkalization was low with seawater irrigation. In 2001 and 2002, compared to CK and the irrigation treatment with 75% seawater, irrigation with 25% and 50% seawater increased the yields of Jerusalem .artichoke. This meant that Jerusalem artichoke could be safely grown in salt-affected land of Laizhou area with 25% and 50% seawater irrigation.     

降水变化对红砂和珍珠叶片碳氮磷生态化学计量特征的影响

为探明降水变化对荒漠植物化学计量特征的影响,以甘肃典型荒漠植物红砂和珍珠为研究对象,沿自然降水梯度测定红砂和珍珠的C、N和P质量分数,探讨C、N和P元素在2种植物叶片中的分配规律.结果 表明:随干旱胁迫增加,红砂和珍珠叶片C质量分数增加7.64和6.69 g/kg,N质量分数降低0.50和1.22 g/kg,P质量分数...     

基于动力学模型的人口与淡水资源问题研究

世界淡水资源正面临着空前的危机,研究人口、经济和淡水资源的关系是世界面临的重大课题.从系统动力学出发,建立了人口与淡水资源二元非线性动力模式,并进行了平衡态分析,研究结果表明:(1)淡水资源承载力的提高将使淡水资源总量保持在较低水平上,平衡态人口数量线性增加;在保持淡水资源承载力不变的情况下,将迫使人口总量非线性减少;(2)无节制的灌溉面积扩张、工业盲目发展以及持续加速的水污染,都将导致平衡态淡水资源和人口总量的减少,并对全球淡水生态系统造成无法估量的影响;(3)人口-淡水资源系统的可持续发展,必须建立在     

黄河三角洲海水灌溉对土壤盐碱化和导水率的影响

为研究海水灌溉对土壤盐碱化和导水率的影响,该文在黄河三角洲滨海盐渍土上采用75%的海水于田间小区进行3年灌溉试验,分析了海水灌溉前后土壤含盐量、土壤盐碱化的各项指标、土壤中各种离子和饱和导水率的变化,结果表明：采用75%的海水灌溉后土壤剖面中盐分含量明显升高,在土层80 cm以下有盐分积累的现象;而饱和导水率减小;土壤的pH值在海水灌溉前后变化不大;残余碳酸钠(RSC)的变化也较小;土壤的钠吸附比(SAR)和碱化度(ESP)在3年海水灌溉后上升较大,已经超过了碱化土壤的临界值,并均与土壤中的盐分含量呈对数曲线变化。在黄河三角洲地区运用海水灌溉可能会对土壤资源安全产生影响,海水灌溉必须防治次生盐渍化和土壤碱化的发生。     

高温胁迫对4种珍珠菜属植物抗性生理生化指标的影响

为探明珍珠菜属植物高温致伤的生理特性,为其园林推广提供依据,以4种珍珠菜属植物为材料,通过盆栽在人工气候箱内进行高温胁迫,研究了不同程度高温胁迫对4种珍珠菜属植物叶片的质膜透性、保护酶活性和渗透调节物质的影响.结果表明:随高温胁迫的加强,叶片的质膜透性上升;超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性先上升,后下降;叶绿素总量、脯氨酸含量、可溶性蛋白含量在一定程度内均增加,只是变化的幅度和进程不同.经几项生理指标的综合分析,得出广西过路黄(Lyaimachia alfredii)和花叶过路黄(L.christinae var huaye)的耐高温能力较强,金叶过路黄(L.nummularia ‘Aurea')与聚花过路黄(L.congestiflora)的耐高温能力较弱.     

基于主成分分析和物元模型的河南省城市土地集约利用对比研究

提高城市土地集约利用水平对缓解人地矛盾、提高土地利用效率等具有重要意义。以河南省17个省辖市的城市土地利用为研究对象,根据城市土地集约利用的内涵,构建一套衡量城市土地利用集约度的指标体系,并采用主成分分析法和物元模型2种方法对各城市土地利用的集约度进行了对比分析。研究结果表明,2种方法测评的城市土地利用集约度,在测评结果排序、集约利用等级划分和空间分布等方面虽有差异,但存在较大的相似性。豫北、豫西南和豫西的城市土地集约利用程度较高,而位于豫东和豫东南的城市土地集约利用程度则相对较低。2种方法在分析影响城市土地集约利用程度的内部因素时差异较大。研究结论认为,未来河南省各城市要加大土地投入力度,改善土地生态环境质量,以促进城市土地集约利用程度的提高。     

4种重金属离子对淡水石斑胚胎及仔鱼的毒性试验

淡水石斑鱼属于鲈形目,鲈形亚目,丽鱼科,体色鲜艳,肉质细嫩,耐低温,抗病能力强,生长快[1].既可作观赏鱼又可作食用鱼养殖,因而倍受养殖者和消费者青睐[2].为对淡水石斑的安全养殖提供参考,笔者开展了Hg2 、Cd2 、Cu2 和Pb2 等4种重金属元素对其胚胎和仔鱼的毒性实验,现将结果总结如下.     

大连市地下水海水污染对土壤生态影响研究初报

大连沿海地区地下水受海水入侵影响较为严重.在金州大魏家镇,按照离海远近不同选择4个样点,采集地下水样及土样进行分析评价,证明在长期使用海水污染的地下水灌溉地带,土壤已经发生盐渍化现象,必须引起注意加以防治.     

稀释海水灌溉的芦荟中矿质营养与有效成分分布情况研究

With increasing demand for irrigation water, agricultural scientists and planners pay more attention to the utilization of diluted seawater as an alternative source for irrigation of crops. A greenhouse pot experiment was conducted to study how seawater stress（SS） affects growth, water content, cationic accumulation, and active ingredients in leaves of Aloe vera after 30 d of growth in nutrient media with 0%（control）, 22%（22% SS）, and 42%（42% SS） seawater stress. Results indicated the SS did not change dry biomass of leaves and stems, but gradually decreased biomass allocation to roots with increasing seawater stress. Na^＋ and Cl^- in A. vera plant did not increase obviously with a big increase in seawater percentage due to low transpiration of Aloe vera. 42% SS decreased N concentration in most plant organs, but did not change or increased P concentration. Seawater stress tended to decrease concentrations of K^＋ and Ca^2＋ in A. vera. However, seawater salinity tended to increase the concentrations of aloin concentration in top（young） and middle leaves, and there was no significant effect of both stresses on aloin concentration in base（old） leaves. The 42% SS treatment decreased polysaccharide concentrations only in the base leaves, but not in top and middle leaves. In summary, supplying suitably diluted seawater for 30 d could increase the qualities and value of A. vera, without substantial effects on shoot dry biomass production.     

天津近郊地区淡水养殖水体的表层水及沉积物中典型抗生素的残留分析

利用固相萃取-高效液相色谱-串联质谱联用技术（SPE-HPLC-MS/MS）分析了天津近郊养殖水体的表层水及沉积物中喹诺酮类、四环素类及磺胺类3类共18种抗生素的残留,同时考察3类抗生素在不同季节的变化分布特征。结果表明,在淡水养殖水体的表层水中环丙沙星、恩诺沙星和土霉素等检出率较高,浓度范围在10.5～26.8μg·L-1之间;相对地,在养殖水体的沉积物中磺胺甲基异噁唑、磺胺甲噻二唑、磺胺二甲氧嘧啶、诺氟沙星的检出率较高,浓度范围在1.5～30.1μg·kg-1之间。研究同时发现,冬季3类抗生素在表层水和沉积物中的检出率和检出浓度普遍高于夏季。说明在我国部分淡水养殖地区的养殖水体中已经有一定量的磺胺类和喹诺酮类抗生素的残留,并可能威胁到水生生物的安全,进一步对人体健康产生危害,因此应加强对淡水养殖环境中抗生素残留的监测与管理。     

海水连续4年灌溉对库拉索芦荟生长、糖和芦荟甙含量的效应研究

研究不同比例海淡混合水4年灌溉对库拉索芦荟全叶鲜重、叶片含水量和叶片中可溶性糖、多糖和芦荟甙含量的影响。结果表明:10%、25%海水灌溉下,芦荟的全叶鲜重与对照(淡水)差异不显著,50%、75%和100%海水灌溉下的全叶鲜重显著下降,分别较对照降低11%、28%和46%。10%、25%、50%、75%海水灌溉下,芦荟的全叶干重与对照(淡水)差异不显著,100%海水灌溉下的全叶干重显著下降,较对照降低14%。CK、10%、25%、50%海水处理的地上部含水量之间差异不显著,75%、100%海水处理下,其地上部含水量显著下降。在地上部不同叶位的叶片中,老叶随着海水胁迫强度的增加,其含水量下降幅度较大,而幼叶和中部叶含水量下降幅度较小。海水灌溉处理下叶片可溶性糖含量显著高于淡水灌溉处理,在海水灌溉各处理间,随海水比例增大,芦荟叶片中可溶性糖含量呈逐渐显著增加趋势,经过4年比例海淡混合水连续灌溉,芦荟叶片中多糖含量与淡水灌溉处理没有显著差异,但芦荟甙含量随海水灌溉强度的增加而增加,75%海水处理达最大值。不同比例海淡混合水灌溉芦荟的试验是可行的,可以节约淡水,并在一定的海水稀释配比下(75%海水)可以提高芦荟的主要药用功效成份芦荟甙的含量。     

外源硝态氮对菊芋耐海水胁迫的影响

A hydroponic experiment with six treatments, i.e., 0% seawater （control）, 10% seawater, 25% seawater, 0% seawater ＋ N （7.5 mmol L-1 NaNO3）, 10% seawater ＋ N （7.5 mmol L-1 NaO3）, and 25% seawater ＋ N （7.5 mmol L-1 NaNO3）, was carried out to study the effect of nitrogen addition on the growth and physiological and biochemical characteristics of Jerusalem artichoke （Helianthus tuberosus） seedlings under seawater stress. The 10% seawater stress treatment had the least effect on plant growth while at 25% seawater growth was significantly inhibited. The malondialdehyde content and electrolyte leakage in leaves under 10% seawater were similar to those of the control, but significantly higher under the 25% seawater stress. The activities of superoxide dismutase, peroxidase and catalase in the leaves increased concomitantly with increasing seawater concentration and time. Proline and soluble-sugars in the leaves and Na^＋, K^＋, and Cl- contents in shoots and roots increased significantly with the concentration of seawater increasing. Nitrogen addition resulted in increasing fresh and dry weights of shoots and roots compared with seawater treatment without N. Nitrogen supplementation also significantly enhanced the activities of antioxidant enzymes in leaves. Addition of N to seawater enhanced the contents of proline and soluble-sugars in the leaves and K^＋ and total-N in the aerial parts and roots of H. tuberosus, but it resulted in declined concentrations of Na^＋ and Cl- in the aerial parts and roots. Nitrogen addition ameliorated the toxicity of seawater by improving the antioxidative enzymes, accumulating of proiine and soluble-sugars, and altering the distribution of inorganic ions in H. tuberosus.     

硝态氮缓解长春花幼苗海水胁迫效应的研究

长春花[Catharanthus roseus(L.)G.Don]为夹竹桃科长春花属,多年生草本或亚灌木花卉,原产非洲东部及美洲热带地区,喜温暖、阳光充足的环境,现在我国广为栽培[1]。长春花全草均可入药,目前已从长春花植株的不同部位分离出100多种生物碱,其中长春碱和长春新碱经临床验证具有明显的抗癌作用,是国际上研究和应用最多的抗癌植物药源[2]。海水灌溉农业是以海水资源、沿海滩涂资源和耐盐植物为劳动对象的特殊农业,它是大农业的一个新分支[3]。发展海水灌溉农业对社会经济和生态环境具有重要作用,同时对于加快我国农业经济可持续发展,拓展农业发展空间具有重要的战略意义。施氮是最常用的缓解海水胁迫     

莱州湾海涂海水灌溉菊芋的磷肥效应的研究

在连续3年莱州湾海涂海水灌溉试验的基础上,2003年就不同浓度海水灌溉菊芋的磷肥效应进行了田间试验研究。结果表明,在海水灌溉下,磷肥对菊芋的增加产量与增产幅度均高于淡水灌溉,在50%海水浓度范围内,随着灌溉海水浓度增加磷肥的增产效应也逐渐提高,以50%浓度海水灌溉磷肥增产效应最大;海水灌溉下,施磷肥能显著促进菊芋对K+、Ca2+和Mg2+等有益离子的吸收与运输,尤其是明显提高菊芋在海水灌溉下的SK,Na,而抑制菊芋对Na+及Cl-等有害离子的吸收;在75%的海水浓度范围内,灌溉的海水浓度越高,磷肥对上述离子的影响强度越大;海水灌溉下,施用磷肥明显促进菊芋根部氮的含量,P3(P2O560kg/hm2)与P1(P2O50kg/hm2)处理相比较,在淡水、25%海水、50%海水、75%海水灌溉处理下,菊芋根部含氮量增加0.43、0.64、0.64、0.51个百分点。     

半干旱区海涂海水灌溉菊芋氮肥效应的研究

在连续3年半干旱区海涂海水灌溉试验的基础上,2 0 0 3年在莱州湾海涂进行了不同浓度海水灌溉菊芋氮肥效应的田间试验。结果表明:①在海水灌溉下氮肥对菊芋的增产与增幅均大大高于淡水灌溉,在5 0 %海水浓度范围内,随着灌溉海水浓度增加氮肥的增产效应也逐渐提高,以5 0 %浓度海水灌溉氮肥增产效应最大。②海水灌溉下,施用氮肥能显著促进菊芋对K ,Ca2 和Mg2 等有益离子的吸收与运输,尤其是明显提高菊芋在海水灌溉下的SK ,Na　(根/茎)与SK ,Na　(茎叶) ,而抑制菊芋对Na 及Cl-等有害离子的吸收。③海水灌溉下,施用氮肥明显促进菊芋根部磷的含量,以N3 (15 0kg/hm2 )水平与N1(不施氮)水平相比较,在用淡水、2 5 %海水、5 0 %海水、75 %海水灌溉处理下,菊芋根部含磷量增加的百分数为35 .9% ,4 7.4 % ,30 .6 %和38 0 %。