关于发展奶牛饲料的几点建议

本文介绍了我国奶牛饲料业基本情况,提出了主要存在的饲料生产与奶牛饲养模式不相适应的问题,着重提出了“饲料配合”建设的意义,内容及可操作性,提出了当前发展我国奶牛业的策略。     

青海省预混料生产现状与展望

在分析青海省畜牧业，特别是养猪业生产的基础上，结合全国预混料生产情况，指出当前发展青海省预混料生产现有技术和市场基础，应引起有关部门和生产厂家重视。     

试论青海养猪业的饲料保障体系建设

本文论述了青海省的饲料工业现状，饲料供需现状及饲料开发应用前景。指出，首先要注重浓缩料和预混料的研制与生产，其次要合理利用优势资源如菜籽饼粕等，此外还要加强和改善饲料工业行业管理，建立健全质量保证体系；深化体制改革；加大饲料工业科研投入；建立区域性的饲料综合市场等。     

霉菌毒素对奶牛的影响及其控制措施

饲料霉变已成为全球关注的问题,而饲料的安全性将直接影响到动物产品的质量。本文主要概述了3类霉菌毒素对奶牛的危害及饲料、乳的限量标准;同时根据霉菌生活习性并结合生产实际总结霉菌污染控制措施,为合理控制饲料霉菌的污染提供依据。     

Effect of Feed Segregation on the Commercial Hen and Egg Quality

Mash feed preparation is the widely practiced method of preparing and presenting feed to laying hens in the egg industry due to its economics, flexibility, and simplicity. However, this form of feed presents a wide range of particle sizes that are likely to segregate (i.e., large particles may separate from the small particles during feed delivery through either auger or drag-chain delivery systems). Two predominant segregation patterns were observed, including sieving and side-to-side segregation, during feed delivery. These segregation patterns promoted ingredient selection activities by the hens (mainly larger particles) that modified the nutrients in the feed and influenced the hens’ ability to meet their daily nutrient requirements. This observation was quantified through a systematic study of the relationship of feed nutrients, feed particle size distribution, and hen performance, including BW and egg quality analysis. To minimize the feed segregation effect on hen performance and egg quality, 3 recommendations are proposed to improve feed fabrication and the feed delivery system.     

狐配合饲料的研制与应用

采用干配合料与鲜料进行饲养对比试验及饲料成本的经济效益分析 ,结果表明 ,饲喂鲜料与饲喂干配合料对公狐的体增重影响差异不显著 ,对母狐的影响差异显著 (P <0 0 5 ) ,饲喂配合料组的日增重比对照组高 18 7% ,而饲喂配合料要比饲喂鲜料每日每只狐节约饲料成本。     

Effects of oils on feed mildew and quality

This study was performed to determine the effects of oils on feed mildew and feed quality. Under different moisture content conditions (10%, 13% and 16%), the basal feeds were supplemented with 4%, 6%, 8%, 10% and 12% soybean oil. In addition, at different moisture content levels (10%, 13% and 16%), the basal feed was supplemented with 12% of various types of oil (soybean, peanut, corn and fish). Subsequently, a mixed mold spore suspension was added. The feed samples were incubated at 28°C, and the total mold, water activity (Aw), moisture, acid value, crude protein (CP), crude lipid (CL), crude ash (CA) and nitrogen‐free extract (NFE) levels were determined at 15, 30, 45 and 60 days. The results showed no significant variations in the feed moisture, CP, CL, CA and NEF contents. However, the acid value gradually increased in the feed samples with an extended incubation time and increasing initial moisture. The feed moisture content was a critical factor controlling feed mildew, and high levels of oil supplementation caused an elevated Aw. Additionally, peanut oil promoted mold growth in feed. These results provide a reference for the production and scientific management of formulated feed.     

用“增肉灵浓缩料”育肥生产优质牛肉的试验

选用沈阳市奶牛服务中心研制的“增肉灵浓缩料”（又称“雪花牌浓缩料”），进行优质牛肉的育肥生产试验，结果表明，使用该料的肉牛强度育肥，不仅能生产出可被用户接受的优质牛肉，而且具有饲料报酬较高，肉牛消化良好，方便用户的特点。     

Bacteriological quality of raw materials used in Finnish mink feed.

Mink feed raw materials were analyzed for total bacterial count, the number of faecal streptococci, the coliform count, the number of haemolytic bacteria and the number of sulphite reducing bacteria. The investigation comprised samples from the following raw materials: four slaughter-house offal products, preserved and unpreserved slaughter blood, Baltic herring, cod filletting offal, fish silage, blood meal, fish meal, meat-bone meal, protein concentrate, brewer’s yeast and cereal feed.The slaughter-house offals and unpreserved slaughter blood had the poorest quality, in terms of all the bacterial types for which the samples were analyzed. There were statistically significant differences in bacterial contents between slaughter-house offals from different sources. The preserved slaughter blood had significantly lower bacterial contents as compared to the unpreserved slaughter blood. Single samples of the cod filletting offal, Baltic herring and the blood meal had relatively high total bacterial counts, but the specified mean bacterial counts were relatively low. The bacterial counts for the rest of the investigated raw materials were relatively low.     

Bacteriological Quality of Ready-Mixed Mink Feed in Finland

Frozen samples of Finnish ready-mixed mink feed were analyzed for total bacterial count, the number of faecal streptococci, the coliform count, the number of haemolytic bacteria and the number of sulphite-reducing bacteria. The investigation comprised 242 feed samples from 38 central kitchens and larger private farm kitchens, the combined feed production of which is about 85 % of the yearly feed production of Finland.Of all samples 48.3 % had a total bacterial count of 10⁶ … 6} × 106 bacteria per g of feed. The total bacterial count was relatively constant during the first four production periods of the year (December-August) and was elevated during the last period (September-November). The percentage of samples containing less than 2.5 × 10⁴ faecal streptococci per g of feed was 49.8 %; 62 % of the samples contained less than 2.5 × 10⁴ coliform bacteria per g. The content of coliform bacteria was lowest during the third production period (May); 48.5 % of the samples contained 5 × 10³ … 10⁵ haemolytic bacteria per g, and 4.6 % were negative. The content of haemolytic bacteria was relatively constant during the whole production year; 52.6 % of the feed samples contained 5 × 10³ … 10⁵ sulphite-reducing bacteria per g, and 17.2 % were negative. The mean content of sulphite-reducing bacteria was lowest during the second production period (March-April).The results are discussed and compared with corresponding results from Norway and Denmark.     

我国饲料安全现状及其法律监督

我国饲料业从20世纪70年代发展伊始,由于养殖业、畜牧业蓬勃发展,刺激了饲料加工行业的生产效能,大量需求缺口也对饲料业的生产能力提出了更高的要求。目前我国饲料业已历经了40余年的发展变革,我国饲料业正向着正规化、科技化、自动化迈进,如今的饲料加工业已成为我国主要的生产加工行业之一,饲料生产加工质量直接影响畜牧业、养殖业的发展壮大,而饲料质量安全更关乎畜牧养殖业的命脉。现行的饲料法律已不能满足新经济环境下的饲料生产监督,我国亟需在立法、监督、执行等方面开拓饲料法律监管的新局面。     

功能饵料添加剂在水产养殖中的应用

本文综述了功能饵料添加剂的主要类型、基本性质、特殊功能和主要来源,并分析了功能饵料的发展趋势。     

提高猪饲料效率的测定与选择

为提高猪饲料效率的选择,本试验测定一些与猪饲料效率相关的生产性状并进行遗传评估。方法：测定60头军牧1号白猪后备公猪的采食量、体增重、背膘厚等生产性状,用猪剩余采食量（RFI）和饲料转化率（FCR）作为评价饲料效率的两个指标,并对其遗传参数进行评估。结果：测定期内军牧1号公猪群体FCR均值为2．61,RFI的标准差为77．52。RFI与FCR的遗传力分别是0．35、0．33,RFI与ADFI（日采食量）、ADG（日增重）、BF（背膘厚）的遗传相关分别是0．89、0．12、-0．05,FCR与ADFI、ADG、BF的遗传相关分别是0．55、-0．65、-0．11。结论：军牧1号白猪品种内饲料效率存在较大的遗传差异,由于RFI与ADG遗传相关很低,因此用RFI作为选择性状可有效提高猪的饲料效率。     

世界绿色饲料产业发展趋势与我国绿色饲料产业建设战略认识

讨论了绿色饲料的概念。然后对世界绿色饲料产业发展趋势 ,绿色饲料产业建设动力 ,影响中国绿色饲料产业发展基本因素进行了分析。在此基础上提出了我国绿色饲料产业建设建议     

饲料的不同形态与状态对早期断奶仔猪生产性能的影响

试验采用2×2因子设计,共分4个处理,即粉料和颗粒料2种类型,每种类型2种状态(液态和固态)。试验选用96头(21±1)d断奶的三元(D×L×Y)杂交仔猪,试验期21 d。其中液态料按12∶.5的料水比进行浸泡。试验期间考察仔猪的耗料量、增重、腹泻情况、粪便pH值及木糖吸收情况等,并测定饲料的pH值和淀粉糊化度。结果表明:①与粉料组相比,颗粒料组仔猪平均日增重提高了9.7%(P<0.05),平均日采食量提高了13.5%(P<0.10)。②颗粒料的淀粉糊化度比粉料高15%-16%。③液态组仔猪全期平均日采食量和日增重均高于固态组(P<0.05),分别提高了10.3%和12.9%。④液态料组仔猪血清木糖含量比固态料组高52%(P<0.05),且腹泻程度显著(P<0.05)降低。     

肉牛剩余采食量的概念和实践应用

剩余采食量(RFI)是实际采食量与预测采食量的差值,是衡量肉牛饲料效率的新指标。文章简要介绍了RFI的概念、测定方法、应用RFI的益处,以及影响肉牛RFI的一些生理因素,包括采食量、消化率、体组织代谢、活动量、体温调节等。最后,文章讨论了RFI在肉牛生产实践中的应用。