不同种源红松生长、结实及光合生理特征

【目的】揭示不同种源红松在同一试验地生长、结实、光合生理特征的差异,为红松良种选育提供理论依据。【方法】以16年生的辽宁省、吉林省、黑龙江省3个有代表性的种源红松为试验材料,测定其生长、结实、光合色素含量、光合生理和叶绿素荧光等指标。【结果】1)不同种源红松在总生长量、当年生长量、当年结实量、种长、种宽和百粒质量上差异显著(P <0.05),均表现为辽宁种源>黑龙江种源>吉林种源,辽宁和黑龙江种源种子含水率显著大于吉林种源,各种源种子生活力差异不显著,均在95%以上;2)不同种源红松间光合色素含量差异不显著,其中,辽宁种源叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量最大,叶绿素a/b最小。除胞间CO₂浓度外的其他光合指标在不同种源间差异显著(P <0.05),辽宁种源的净光合速率(P_n)、气孔导度(G_s)、蒸腾速率(T_r)、羧化效率(CE)均大于其他2个种源,水分利用率(WUE)表现为黑龙江种源>辽宁种源>吉林种源。3)辽宁和黑龙江种源红松的初始荧光(F_o)、PS...     

两个种源罗布麻叶片解剖学比较研究

以吉林、新疆两个种源野生罗布麻种子培育的幼苗为试验材料,并对其叶片进行比较解剖学研究,结果表明:在7项指标中,新疆种源叶片厚度、叶片上表皮厚度、主脉厚度、栅栏组织厚度、栅栏组织与海绵组织比值5项指标均大于吉林种源,且差异达到显著水平。二者叶片已形成特有的旱生植物形态结构,均具有适应干旱环境的能力,新疆种源的能力强于吉林种源。     

栓皮栎不同种源苗期变异与初步选择

收集了栓皮栎分布区内25个种源种子,在肥西县花岗镇蔡冲村进行播种育苗试验,对其苗期生长性状、生物量进行测定分析。结果表明,栓皮栎苗高、地径生长均表现"S"形曲线,7—9月中旬为速生期;不同种源栓皮栎除根长存在显著差异外,苗高、地径、高径比、生物量均存在极显著差异;苗高与地径、茎、叶、总生物量呈极显著正相关,地径与根、茎、叶、总生物量也呈极显著正相关,根与茎、叶、总生物量同样呈极显著正相关。主成分分析表明,种源间的差异主要是由生物量和地径决定的。初步筛选出云南勐海、安徽东至、河南信阳、重庆酉阳、浙江杭州、安徽金寨2号、安徽绩溪7个优良种源。     

橡胶树无性系光合特性及叶片解剖结构比较

以7个橡胶树优良无性系为材料,采用Li-6400便携式光合仪、石蜡切片法和光学显微镜对无性系叶片进行光合指标和解剖指标等进行测定。结果表明,7个无性系叶片的解剖结构指标和光合生理指标之间差异显著(P0.05),叶片解剖结构与光合生理指标之间存在一定的相关性。其中,胞间CO2浓度(Ci)与角质层厚度呈极显著负相关(P0.01),相关系数为-0.913,与叶片厚度呈显著负相关(P0.05),相关系数为-0.755。胞间CO2浓度(Ci)与上表皮厚度、栅栏组织厚度、海绵组织厚度、下表皮厚度、水分利用效率相关性均没有达到显著水平(P0.05)。净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率、水分利用效率,与角质层厚度、上下表皮厚度、栅栏组织厚度、海绵组织厚度、叶厚相关性均未达到显著水平(P0.05)。初步认为,橡胶树叶片解剖结构能够影响其生理活动。     

桂东地区6个种源火力楠生长及光合特征比较

以桂东6个地理种源火力楠(Michelia macclurei)为研究对象,了解不同种源火力楠的生长及光合差异,为火力楠优良种源的选择提供理论依据。结果表明:浦北、容县、北流、苍梧、兴业和玉林6个种源火力楠树高、胸径、材积、叶片的净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、潜在水分利用效率(WUEi)、瞬间水分利用效率(WUE)和光能利用效率(LUE)种源间均存在显著差异(P<0.05),表明不同种源间的火力楠光合特性及水分利用能力有较大差别,容县、苍梧、玉林3种源的火力楠是具有较高光合生产潜力的品种。相关分析表明:Pn与Gs、Gs与Tr呈极显著正相关,但Pn与Tr无显著相关关系;LUE与Pn、Gs均呈极显著正相关,说明若火力楠有高光合能力将有较强的光能利用效率。Pn与胸径、树高、材积均存在显著正相关,说明具有较高Pn的火力楠种源可获得较大的生长量。综合比较后发现,容县、苍梧、玉林种源火力楠对南宁地区立地环境具有较强的适应能力和生长潜力。     

鲁中采煤沉陷区不同竹种根系功能性状及与土壤理化特性的相关性

为揭示不同竹种对采煤沉陷区土壤环境的适应能力,研究了山东省肥城市石横镇采煤沉陷区百竹园4个竹种的根系功能性状及其与土壤理化特性的关系。结果表明：(1)土壤含水率和速效钾含量均与根长密度、根表面密度存在显著正相关,与根组织密度呈显著负相关(P<0.05);pH值、有机质含量与比根长、比表面积存在显著正相关,与根组织密度、平均根直径呈显著负相关(P<0.05)。(2)淡竹竹根系总根长密度(737.784 m·m^-3)、根表面积密度(1.121 m²·m^-3)均为最大,表明淡竹吸收养分与水分的能力最强;金镶玉竹根系的比根长(5.213 m·g^-1)与比表面积(66.214 cm²·g^-1)最大,表明其资源获取速率最强;其中淡竹通过高根组织密度和低比根长获取资源的策略适应土壤环境。(3)根系生物量与根长密度、根表面密度呈显著正相关(P<0.05),淡竹根系总生物量显著大于其他竹种,可见淡竹通过增加根系生物量和密集鞭根网络系统可抑制采煤沉陷区土壤侵...     

不同蒙古栎种源苗期生长差异及优良种源选择

蒙古栎是东北林区的主要次生林树种.为筛选适合辽宁地区优良种源,以收集的12个蒙古栎种源为材料,对其苗高、地径进行测量,结果表明:蒙古栎不同种源的苗高16.77～37.60 cm,地径0.25～0.42 cm,方差分析表明苗高和地径差异均达到极显著水平(P<0.01),这为优良种源选择提供了可能.按照20％的入选率,筛选...     

干旱对不同种源喜树苗木生长及叶片喜树碱产量的影响

以长江以南8个不同种源的1年生喜树实生苗为研究对象,采用温室土培盆栽模拟干旱环境,研究干旱对不同种源喜树苗期生长的影响,同时利用超高效液相色谱测定干旱胁迫下各种源叶片喜树碱含量,计算单株叶片喜树碱产量。结果表明:干旱胁迫限制喜树苗期的生长,不同喜树种源地径和苗高的生长以及总生物量的积累均受到抑制,不同干旱处理间和种源间喜树的地径增粗、苗高增长、总生物量及叶产量等均存在显著差异(P<0.05);干旱对叶片喜树碱含量有显著影响(P<0.05),且不同种源之间存在显著差异(P<0.05),随干旱处理程度加深,叶片喜树碱含量呈先升高后降低的变化趋势;干旱导致大部分种源的单株叶片喜树碱产量降低,仅有桂林种源和南京种源的单株叶片喜树碱产量在轻度干旱胁迫下有所升高,不同种源之间存在显著差异(P<0.05),轻度干旱下种源桂林的喜树碱产量最高,达到27.904mg。轻度干旱可以提高喜树苗木叶片喜树碱含量,同时种源桂林在所有受试种源中均有较高的叶片喜树碱含量和产量。     

5种观赏桃F1代叶片解剖结构与光合性能研究

以5种观赏桃F1代当年生苗为实验材料,比较不同杂交组合叶片解剖结构、光合特性的差异,为杂交育种F1代的选择提供实际对比.结果表明5种F1代的叶片结构存在差异:JJ的叶肉结构指标均为最大,BM的主叶脉结构指标均为最大;气孔密度与主脉厚度均显著正相关,表明叶片气孔越多,运输系统越发达;净光合速率与主脉厚度、栅栏组织厚度、气孔密度都显著正相关,表明叶片结构对光合作用有很大的影响.     

干旱胁迫下油茶叶片结构特征的变化

[目的]研究不同程度干旱胁迫对油茶叶片结构的影响,了解其干旱适应机理。[方法]以7年生‘长林4号’油茶为试验材料,设置土壤含水率分别为15%20%(重度干旱胁迫)、20%25%(中度干旱胁迫)、25%30%(轻度干旱胁迫)和自然状况(对照),通过制作石蜡切片、临时切片、光学显微镜观察及测定叶片外部形态特征、叶片下表皮气孔特征、叶肉和叶脉显微结构。[结果]表明:干旱胁迫下,油茶单叶鲜质量、单叶干质量和单叶饱和质量均随着胁迫程度的增加呈下降趋势,叶片厚度、叶片大小显著降低;叶片下表皮气孔面积、气孔周长、气孔开度、气孔器大小均显著减小,气孔密度先减小后增大;随着干旱程度的增强,叶片上表皮、下表皮厚度显著减小,上角质层厚度、下角质层厚度显著增加,栅栏组织厚度、栅海比显著降低,海绵组织厚度变化差异不显著;叶片主脉厚度与主脉突起度随着胁迫程度的加强而显著增加,木质部厚度在中度干旱胁迫下及维管束短径在中度干旱胁迫、重度干旱胁迫下显著低于对照,不同干旱处理对韧皮部厚度的影响差异不显著。[结论]油茶叶片结构的变化均是油茶应对干旱胁迫的适应特征,油茶植株能够根据水分亏缺程度调整叶片结构以维持生存和生长,对干旱胁迫具有较强的适应性。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.