基于离散元的不同轴截面形状下沙柳颗粒致密成型研究

为研究模具的结构形状对沙柳颗粒致密成型的影响,用离散元软件EDEM建立了沙柳颗粒模型,并将预先用Pro/E创建的3种不同结构的模具先后导入其中,在初始参数、条件设定完成后分别做了匀速压缩模拟。对比研究了3种模具下压缩力的做功,颗粒在竖直和水平方向的形变特征、受力过程,并通过后处理所得数据分析计算了各模具下成型燃料最终获得的密度和能量。结果表明:双弧度、双锥度、单锥度3种模具下压缩过程做功依次为48.86、56.93、66.02 J,燃料总能量分别是40.06、41.54、46.81 J,对应密度为1.23、1.19、1.17 g/cm3;竖直方向双弧度下燃料内部颗粒受到的接触力和发生的形变远大于其他两种模具,水平方向三者颗粒所受的接触力和发生的形变无太大差异;颗粒在3种模具下受到的粘接力均无明显不同,但各自所受的法向粘接力远大于切向粘接力。     

MFLB构成机理及孔穴压缩变化率对其力学性能的影响

介绍木材微米加工技术新产品MFLB的微观构成机理,指出孔穴是MFLB的重要微观结构特征;并引入孔穴压缩变化率(η)参数,通过设置一系列热压压力以产生不同水平的孔穴压缩变化率,采用显微镜分析MFLB板材横断面图像,选取均匀部位进行孔穴压缩变化率对板材性能影响的分析.结果表明:热压压力采用1.6～2.2MPa,均能压制出符合标准的密度为0.3 g·cm-3的MFLB板材,η≤0,在-0.048 7～-0.068 0之间,热压压力与孔穴压缩变化率η呈非线性关系;获得密度为0.3 g·cm-3MFLB性能下降的孔穴压缩变化率临界值;分析比较不同孔穴含量、孔穴压缩变化率下孔穴的分布、尺寸和形状;讨论对于某一密度、一定纤维化的木纤维原料,孔穴含量、孔穴压缩变化率对MFLB板材的弹性模量和静曲强度的影响.     

人造板热压应力研究

在不同的制板工艺条件下压制纤维板和刨花板,并在线记录热压过程中的油压力.通过比较分析不同板材密度和厚度、板坯含水率及热压温度时,试板在热压过程中的油压力-时间曲线,总结人造板在热压过程中热压应力的变化规律.     

南方林下饲用植物压缩蠕变研究

近年来,我国南方林下经济产业取得了蓬勃的发展,提供了大量绿色林产品、农副产品。通过研究南方林下饲用植物在加载阶段和保压阶段的蠕变特性,可以揭示林下饲草在受压时的变化规律。分析压缩力对保压阶段草物料蠕变特性的影响,可以得出产品密度的变化趋势。本文对不同压块压强及不同压块温度下的南方林下红薯藤与百喜草压缩蠕变过程进行了研究,发现[M]|[N]流变模型能较好的拟合蠕变过程,利用Origin7.5进行拟合,拟合曲线与实验曲线的决定系数(R2)均在0.95以上,得到了不同压块压强和不同压块温度下红薯藤与百喜草的压缩蠕变本构方程。并进一步推导出了红薯藤与百喜草在一定应变条件下的松弛曲线。     

竹材液化树脂发泡材料发泡工艺的研究北大核心

利用竹材液化产物树脂发泡,制备新型墙体材料。在已进行竹化液化和树脂化优化工艺试验的基础上,通过单因素试验,筛选出发泡剂为正戊烷;再通过正交试验,分析发泡剂、填料和固化剂等用量,对发泡材料表观密度和压缩强度的影响。在试验得出优化工艺的条件下,制得发泡材料的表观密度约0.14g/cm3,压缩强度达454.5kPa。     

竹材液化树脂发泡材料发泡工艺的研究

利用竹材液化产物树脂发泡,制备新型墙体材料。在已进行竹化液化和树脂化优化工艺试验的基础上,通过单因素试验,筛选出发泡剂为正戊烷;再通过正交试验,分析发泡剂、填料和固化剂等用量,对发泡材料表观密度和压缩强度的影响。在试验得出优化工艺的条件下,制得发泡材料的表观密度约0.14g/cm3,压缩强度达454.5kPa。     

平模成型机结构参数对成型过程的影响

为了研究生物质材料在平模成型机制粒过程中的塑性变形情况,针对平模成型机制粒过程中呈现出几何非线性、材料非线性和边界条件非线性的问题,采用连续介质力学方法建立生物质材料的力学模型并确定其本构关系,应用非线性有限元分析软件ABAQUS及其内置的Drucker-Prager Cap粉体物料本构模型,对生物质材料在平模成型机的挤压成型过程进行有限元数值模拟。结果表明:平模模孔锥角处的生物质物料挤压应力较大,由此造成物料在该处的塑性变形较为明显;减小模辊间隙和压辊直径可以促进物料的塑性变形,减小模辊间隙、增加压辊直径可以提高物料的压进量。由此得出:在平模模孔锥角处应加固模具防止损伤,模具应尽量减小模辊间隙和压辊直径以促进物料成型,而当模辊间隙一定时加大模辊直径有利于提高物料的压进量。研究结果可为平模成型机的制粒工艺及模具结构的优化设计提供借鉴和参考。     

林分密度与平均直径关系的初步研究

<正> 众所周知,人工林林分密度直接影响到林分平均直径。在相同的立地条件下,林木平均营养面积和林分平均直径随着密度的增加而呈现递减的趋势。密度超过一定限度的林分,其平均胸径最终将保持在一个相似的水平上。上述这种规律,在天然林中或同一树种在不同立地条件下的林分内是否也存在呢?研究一个树种在各种立地条件下的林分平均直径与林分密度之间的变化规律,对森林经营是有极大益处的。因为一个林业经营单位所辖森林地     

林间释放松毛虫赤眼蜂防治微红梢斑螟试验

比较了火炬松林和湿地松林内松毛虫赤眼蜂释放密度对微红梢斑螟的防治效果,结果表明:松毛虫赤眼蜂对微红梢斑螟虫口密度具有一定的控制作用,随着松毛虫赤眼蜂放蜂密度的增加,防治效果明显增加;不同树种松林防治效果有显著差异,在同一释放密度下,火炬松林分的防治效果明显高于湿地松林分.同时,分析了影响防治效果的各种因素,对林间释放松...     

热压压力及板材密度对竹木复合层积材顺纹抗压强度的影响

通过单因变量两因素重复试验,以毛竹竹篾和桦木单板为原料,使用酚醛树脂胶黏剂压制竹木复合层积材,分析热压压力及板材密度对竹木复合层积材顺纹抗压强度的影响,并利用扫描电子显微镜对竹木复合层积材的微观构造进行了观察.结果表明,在试验选定因素水平范围内,热压压力和板材密度对竹木复合层积材顺纹抗压强度影响显著,板材顺纹抗压强度随热压压力的升高先增大而后减小,且各水平间差异显著;不同密度对板材顺纹抗压强度的影响差异显著,板材的顺纹抗压强度随板材密度的增大而增大;在其他工艺参数相对不变的情况下,热压压力与板材密度的交互作用对板材顺纹抗压强度的影响并无显著的影响.扫描电镜照片显示,热压压力升至一定水平,板材内部结构受到一定程度的损伤.     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.