Comparative Effects of NaCl and Polyethylene Glycol on Germination, Emergence and Seedling Growth of Cowpea

Seeds of Paceño and Cuarenteño cultivars of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.) were tested for salt and drought tolerance at germination, seedling emergence and early seedling growth in NaCl and PEG‐8000 solutions of different osmotic potentials (0, ?0.2, ?0.4, ?0.6, and ?0.8 MPa). Daily and final germination and emergence percentage, as well as germination and seedling emergence rate, and seedling growth were recorded under controlled conditions. Results showed that germination and emergence rate were delayed by both solutions in both cultivars, with differences between cultivars among growth stages, given that cultivar Cuarenteño, showed a higher germination rate than Paceño in NaCl, but Paceño was less affected by NaCl and PEG solutions at the emergence stage. Sodium chloride had a lesser effect on both cultivars in terms of germination rate, emergence rate and the final germination and emergence percentage than did PEG‐8000. This conclusively proves that the adverse effect of PEG‐8000 on germination, emergence and early seedling growth was due to the osmotic effect rather than the specific ion. Seedling growth was reduced by both stresses, but NaCl usually caused less damage than PEG to cowpea seedlings, suggesting that NaCl and PEG acted through different mechanisms.     

Influence of High Shoot and Root-Zone Temperatures on Growth of Three Wheat Genotypes during Early Vegetative Stages

High temperatures, whether of shoot or root, are reported to affect shoot and root growth of various plant species. The scanty information available on the differential response of wheat genotypes to high shoot and root‐zone temperatures triggered this investigation to study the response and adaptation of shoot and root growth of three wheat genotypes to high shoot and root‐zone temperatures during early growth stages. Three wheat genotypes; Fang (heat tolerant), Siete Cerros (heat sensitive) and Imam (recent cultivar adapted to a hot irrigated environment) were grown in soil and hydroponically. Three shoot/root‐zone temperatures (23/23, 23/35 and 35/35 °C for the soil experiment and 22/22, 22/38 and 38/38 °C for the hydroponic experiment) were applied at three‐leaf growth stage. High root‐zone temperature alone or combined with high shoot temperature reduced xylem sap flow rate, root dry weight, root length and root/shoot ratio. Unexpectedly, shoot fresh and dry weights and relative growth rate (RGR) were not significantly affected by the high root‐zone temperature except for the susceptible genotype, Siete Cerros, after prolonged exposure in the hydroponic experiment. In contrast, high shoot/root‐zone temperature significantly reduced shoot fresh and dry weights from as early as the first week of the hydroponic experiment. The 38/38 °C treatment also caused significant reduction in RGR and net assimilation rate during the first 2 weeks, but no significant differences were found during the last 2 weeks compared with 22/22 °C. Interesting responses were observed among genotypes in terms of shoot and root dry weights and root/shoot ratio at 38/38 °C treatment. The heat‐sensitive Siete Cerros showed the least reduction in these traits during the first 2 weeks while the heat‐tolerant Fang and Imam responded by greatly reducing their shoot and root weights. The situation was almost reversed with the duration of treatments such that Siete Cerros became the most affected genotype while Fang and Imam were better adapted to high shoot/root‐zone temperature. Specific root weight was the exceptional trait that increased under high temperature treatments. Results indicate that despite the reduction in root length and weight observed under high root‐zone temperature, shoot growth was not much affected suggesting that the use of suitable cultivar coupled with proper management could alleviate most of high root‐zone temperature effects during early growth stages.     

Analysis of Growth and Productivity of Indian Mustard (Brassica juncea) in Relation to FYM, Nitrogen and Source of Fertilizer

A field experiment was conducted during the winter seasons of 1992–93 and 1993–94 at Anand to study the effect of FYM, nitrogen and source of fertilizer on growth and yield of mustard [ Brassica juncea (L.) Czernj & Cosson]. The results showed significant variation in leaf area index (LAI), crop growth rate (CGR), dry matter production and seed yield. The direct effect of farmyard manure (FYM) was conspicuous in improving the growth of mustard. FYM application at 10 tonnes ha⁻¹ significantly increased the LAI, CGR and dry matter accumulation per plant at almost all the stages during first year study (1992–93) and in pooled analysis. Similarly, nitrogen application registered maximum LAI, CGR at 75 kg level and RGR and NAR at 50 kg level at almost all the during both years. Sulphur carrying source (Ammonium sulphate plus single super phosphate) increased all stages growth characters. Maximum dry matter accumulation per plant and seed yield were recorded with highest levels of FYM (20 tonnes ha⁻¹), N (75 kg ha⁻¹) and source having S. Seed yield was strongly associated with LAI and dry matter accumulation per plant at all the stages.     

Growth Analysis Using Classical and Functional Techniques in Relation to Soil Moisture in Mustard

A Reid experiment was conducted to study the effect of soil moisture on growth of two mustard cultivars using classical and functional techniques of growth analysis. Two soil moisture levels were irrigated at 10-day intervals and a rainfed control was included. Total dry matter (TDM), leaf area index (LAI) and leaf area duration (LAD) were significantly increased by irrigation at most of stages of growth. Starting from a lower value, LAI and LAD reached a peak and then gradually declined. Among the growth attributes, crop growth rate (CGR), leaf area ratio (LAR) and leaf weight ratio (LWR) increased significantly under irrigation. Net assimilation rate (NAR) decreased more in the irrigated plants than the rainfed plants at the later stages of growth. LAR and LWR declined throughout with increasing time and plant weight. Seed yield of the irrigated plants was positively correlated with the pre-flowering LAI and the post-flowering CGR and NAR. In the rainfed plants, seed yield was positively correlated with LAI and CGR at the post-flowering stage and negatively with the post-flowering NAR and pre-flowering LAR.     

种植密度对高粱群体生理指标及产量影响

为明确种植密度与高粱产量和产量构成因素以及群体光合生理指标的关系,以极早熟高粱杂交种‘通早2’为试验作物,采用大田试验方法,研究了不同种植密度对高粱生长、产量及其构成因素、及群体光合生理指标的影响。试验采用随机区组设计,3次重复。试验设15万株/hm2、18万株/hm2、21万株/hm2、24万株/hm2和27万株/hm25个种植密度,结果表明：随种植密度的增加,株高增高,茎粗变细。单株干物质量、群体净同化率、群体生长率显著下降。叶面积指数、叶片光合势及总光合势随种植密度的增加而显著上升;种植密度在15万~21万株/hm2时,籽粒产量随种植密度的增加而增加,种植密度持续增加,籽粒产量呈下降趋势,且各处理之间籽粒产量差异显著。随着种植密度增加,单位面积穗数相应增加,单株穗粒重、千粒重随种植密度的增加而逐渐降低,且各处理之间达到显著水平。本试验研究结果表明,‘通早2’种植密度为21万株/hm2,株行距9.5 cm×60 cm时,能更好地协调群体结构,使籽粒产量达到较高水平。     

Dynamics of Growth and Water Relations of Fodderbeet and Seabeet in Response to Salinity

A pot experiment was conducted under greenhouse conditions with two subspecies of beet, fodderbeet ( Beta vulgaris cv. Majoral) and seabeet ( Beta maritima ), under saline conditions. Growth and physiological parameters (dry weight, leaf area, water relations and net photosynthesis) were recorded. The two subspecies responded differently in terms of growth parameters. Plant growth was significantly reduced at 400 m m NaCl, while no significant growth reduction occurred at 200 m m NaCl. Fairly high values of relative growth rate were associated with the leaf area of the cultivars. The water content of the shoot decreased with plant age. The fodderbeet cultivar Majoral showed a significant increase in dry matter at 200 m m NaCl after 5 weeks. This growth improvement may be related to the better adaptation of the plants under saline conditions.     

修枝对毛白杨无性系生长、净光合速率和蒸腾速率的影响

以4年生毛白杨（Populus tomentosa Carr.）人工林为试验对象,在河北省威县苗圃（试验地I）和河北省霸州市万达林场（试验地II）开展修枝梯度为轻度修枝P1,中度修枝P2,强度修枝P3,以不修枝为对照的修枝试验,调查不同修枝强度毛白杨生长指标和不同冠层阳面叶片光合指标的变化,从生理机制解释修枝对毛白杨人工林生长的影响。结果表明：1）修枝第一年会影响胸径生长,随修枝强度增大影响增强,但轻度修枝和中度修枝与对照差异不显著,试验地I强度修枝与对照差异显著,试验地II强度修枝与对照差异不显著（P＞0.05）;2）修枝对毛白杨树高生长有一定促进作用,且轻度修枝和中度修枝与对照差异显著（P＜0.05）;3）修枝前后叶面积指数（LAI）变化较大,叶量随时间变化增多,在对照叶面积指数下降时修枝处理叶面积指数仍在增加,修枝能够延长树木生长期;4）修枝能提高毛白杨中上部叶片净光合速率（Pn）和蒸腾速率（E）,有利于提高光合和物质合成能力,而对照的下部叶片净光合速率和蒸腾速率都处于比较低的水平。因此从生长和光合生理综合分析,毛白杨人工林郁闭后树冠下部需要适度修枝。     

Effects of NaCl on Root Growth and Cell Wall Composition of Two Soya bean Cultivars with Contrasting Salt Tolerance

Our objectives were to determine the influence of salinity on root cell wall composition in soya beans and the possible mechanism of salt tolerance. Two soya bean cultivars, Touzan 69 (salt sensitive) and Dare (salt tolerant), were selected as experimental material for comparison. Root growth was clearly inhibited by salinity in both cultivars, but Touzan 69 showed more severe reductions in root length than Dare. In the 0–5 mm root segment (from root tip), the total cell wall sugar content of Touzan 69 decreased considerably due to salinity as were the pectin, hemicellulose and cellulose fractions. In Dare, NaCl treatments only caused a slight decrease in the pectin fraction and no marked change in hemicellulose and cellulose fractions. Without salt treatment, the pectin fraction accounted for about 40 % and cellulose for 30 % of cell wall composition in the 0–5 mm root segment; in the 5–10 segment (from root tip), pectin and cellulose accounted for 27 % and 45 % in Touzan 69, and 34 % and 38 % in Dare. The percentage of pectin decreased and that of cellulose increased in the 5–10 mm root segment compared with the 0–5 mm segment. This indicates that pectin largely regulates cell growth, as the 0–5 mm region is considered the elongation zone of soya bean roots. Salt treatment decreased the percentage of pectin, but increased that of cellulose across root zones of the two cultivars, suggesting that salt presence may increase cell wall rigidity, and thus, inhibits root growth. Dare was able to maintain its main root cell wall substances, an apparent advantage for root cell growth that may overall improve its salt tolerance. Also, the less reduction in cell wall uronic acid was of some benefit in the positive regulation of root cell growth in Dare. The changes in cell wall composition, especially the pectin content had a close relation with the regulation of root growth. The difference in salt tolerance between the two tested cultivars can partly be explained on the basis of these changes in response to salinity. Sugar compounds in each cell wall constituent and their functions in ion transport as well as the relationship between root cell wall and soya bean salt tolerance need to be further investigated.     

Root Growth of a Salt Susceptible and a Salt Resistant Rice (Oryza sativa L.) During Seedling Establishment Under NaCl Salinity

The salt susceptible rice ( Oryza sativa L.) cv. Jaya and salt resistant cv. Damodar seed germination and seedling growth rates were studied in laboratory and field conditions. The effect of salinity on seed germination, shoot and root length, seedling vigour index (SVI) and increase in the root: shoot length ratio in the laboratory was relatively more in cv. Jaya than in cv. Damodar. The relative susceptibility to salinity was more in cv. Jaya than in cv. Damodar in the field also. However, their responses varied with growth period. The root: shoot length and fresh and dry weight ratios increased with salinity at 15 days in cv. Jaya. The root: shoot fresh and dry weight ratio decreased with salinity at 15 days in cv. Damodar. However, the root: shoot fresh weight ratio decreased with salinity at 25 days in the susceptible cv. Jaya. The root and shoot length fresh and dry weight of cv. Damodar was enhanced at 0.5% (w/v) NaCl treatment compared to the control seedlings at 25 days. SVI in cv. Jaya decreased with salinity in the laboratory and field conditions. SVI in cv. Damodar, SVI showed little change at 15 days but decreased with salinity of 1–3% NaCl with an enhancement at 0.5% NaCl level in the laboratory and at 25 days in field conditions.     

水涝胁迫对不同土壤盐碱度下甜菜幼苗生长及光合特性的影响

为探究水涝胁迫对不同土壤盐碱度下甜菜幼苗生长的影响,验证甜菜在水涝逆境中的生长规律,评估水涝胁迫对盐碱地甜菜种植的影响,以甜菜‘SV1433’为供试品种,以微酸性黑土为基础利用NaCl、Na₂SO₄、Na₂CO₃、NaOH调节土壤盐碱度,采用室内土培法,设置微酸土、盐渍土、盐碱土3个土壤盐碱梯度下对照及水涝胁迫共6组处理。结果发现,播种9天后出苗结束,微酸土中甜菜出苗较快,优于盐渍土及盐碱土;播种26天后收苗,在微酸土、盐渍土、盐碱土3种土壤盐碱度下,水涝胁迫比对照植株鲜重分别降低40.7%、26.9%、25.2%,干重分别降低41.1%、29.9%、24.8%,株高分别下降20.4%、19.1%、16.3%,表明随土壤盐碱度升高水涝胁迫对甜菜幼苗鲜重、干重、株高影响逐渐降低;水涝胁迫下幼苗根面积及叶面积显著降低,植株叶长显著下降,叶片净光合速率、蒸腾速率、叶片气孔导度显著降低,表现出水涝胁迫下盐碱土中甜菜幼苗生长较好,优于盐渍土及微酸土。     

Critical Leaf Area Index in Pigeonpea

Experiment conducted with six pigeonpea cultivars over three seasons revealed that the critical leaf area index was 5.3 which coincided with the maximum crop growth rate and optimum net assimilation rate. It was also evident that the crop growth rate was influenced more by NAR rather than LAI. This study also suggests that by maintaining higher photosynthesis upto harvest, there is ample possibility to increase the crop growth rate till harvest.     

土壤盐度对香根草引种奎屯生长发育影响的研究

本文作者采用NaCl溶液调配的六个等级浓度溶液对引种栽培在同质土壤上的同种生态型品种香根草进行浇灌,并观测其一个生长期,通过试验数据的统计分析了,不同土壤盐度对香根草引种成活率、分蘖率、越冬前幸存率、生物量积累率,以及叶绿素含量、根系长度、根径和重量等指标。发现香根草对土壤盐度有一个适应的范围,在该范围内适合香根草的生长发育,超过该范围将不利香根草生长发育。并建立了土壤盐度对香根草生长发育影响活力指标和模型,研究表明该方法是可取的,研究成果是可靠的,定性准确,定量合理。     

盐渍和涝渍对棉苗生长和叶片某些生理性状的复合效应

 以陆地棉鲁棉研17和鲁棉研28为材料,以无盐正常供水为对照,研究了在盐渍、涝渍和盐涝复合胁迫14 d后棉苗干物质积累、叶片光合速率、叶绿素荧光参数和叶绿素含量等的变化。结果表明,盐渍、涝渍和盐涝复合胁迫都显著影响两个品种的光合速率和干物质积累。盐渍对棉苗的影响程度小于涝渍,而涝渍又小于盐涝复合胁迫,盐涝双重胁迫对棉苗生长和干物质积累的抑制表现出累加效应。盐渍胁迫下叶绿素含量的下降是光合作用受抑制的重要原因,而涝渍和盐涝胁迫下光合速率下降可能是叶绿体结构和PSⅡ稳定性的下降引起的。     

不同NaCl浓度对赤小豆和红豆发芽及幼苗生长的影响

通过研究不同浓度NaCl溶液对赤小豆和红豆种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响,探讨赤小豆和红豆的耐盐能力。结果表明:随着NaCl浓度升高,赤小豆和红豆的发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数、耐盐指数均显著降低,等浓度NaCl处理下,红豆的发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数、耐盐指数均较赤小豆高,且萌发抑制率相对较低。赤小豆与红豆幼苗根长、芽长和鲜重均显著降低,等浓度NaCl处理下,红豆幼苗的根长、芽长和鲜重指标均较赤小豆高。研究表明红豆比赤小豆耐盐性更强,更能在盐胁迫环境下生长。     

NaCl胁迫对胡萝卜种子萌发、幼苗生长及叶细胞结构的影响

NaCl胁迫明显抑制胡萝h种子萌发,当NaCl浓度为50mmoL／L时,种子发芽率下降1／2,当NaCl浓度达到150mmol／L时,种子发芽率下降82．9％;无论NaCl浓度高低,都对胡萝卜幼苗生长产生抑制作用,使幼苗生长量、干物质积累及含水量显著下降。NaCl浓度对叶细胞结构也有很大影响,随着NaCl浓度的升高,细胞核缩小、变形或降解。     

Some Effects of Soil Salinity on Growth, Development and Yield of Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)

The effects of increasing soil-salt levels on emergence, shoot and root growth and yield composition of rapeseed were investigated. A range of electrical conductivity (EC) values in the soil solution from 2.3 dS m^-1 to 10.3 dS m^-1 was obtained by adding NaCl to the substrate. The emergence was significantly (P < 0.05) decreased at EC values higher than 6 dS m^-1 Above this value, a delay in the appearance of leaves and of the first visible internode was observed. The further increase of salinity level extended the period for siliqua formation and grain filling, and plant height, pod number and grain number per plant were lowered. However, the cultivar used showed the ability of counterbalancing for this lower grain number by increasing the seed weight, thus there were no variations on seed yield. The seed oil and protein content were also not affected by the changes in salinity. Root growth was adversely affected when salinity levels exceeded 6 dS m^-1. Beyond this value, short tuber-like roots became remarkably frequent. This may be an adaptation mechanism of this species to saline stress; a similar reaction in rapeseed is known in adaptation to drought stress.     

Interaction of Phosphate and Salinity on the Growth and Yield of Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

The role of phosphorus application on growth and yield of rice under saline conditions was studied in a set of two experiments, one in nutrient and the other in soil culture. In experiment 1, the effect of inorganic phosphate (P_i) on the growth and ionic relations of four rice cultivars, varying in salt tolerance and phosphorus use efficiency, grown in nutrient solution with and without 50 mol m^?3 NaCl was measured in a 2 week trial. The growth of all rice cultivars was affected to different degrees due to external P, in the presence of salt. External P, concentration up to 100 μM in the presence of NaCl caused stimulation of all growth parameters (shoot, root, tillering capacity), above this concentration P, had an inhibitory effect. Salt-induced P toxicity was exhibited at a much lower P, concentration (10 μM) by the salt sensitive cultivar. Increasing the supply of phosphorus (from 1 to 100 μM P_i) to the saline medium tended to decrease the concentrations of Na¹ and CI in all cultivars except IR 1561. Shoot concentrations of these saline ions were much lower in the salt tolerant and moderately salt tolerant rice cultivars. Shoot P and Zn concentrations showed an increasing trend in the presence of external P, and salt in the rooting nr -idium but most strikingly P: Zn ratio was lower in salt tolerant and moderately salt tolerant cultivars. Significantly higher concentrations of Na⁺, P and CI, and lower concentrations of Zn, were determined in the shoots of salt sensitive cultivars when exposed to salt stress in the presence of P_i Results were confirmed in naturally salt-affected soils of two different types (saline-sodic and saline) where paddy yield of NIAB 6 (salt tolerant) and IR 1561 (salt sensitive) showed improvement through moderate phosphorus supply (18 kg P ha^?1).     

施氮肥对盐胁迫下Bt棉生长和叶片Bt蛋白含量的影响

 以Bt棉品系K638为材料,在盆栽条件下研究了施氮肥对不同程度盐胁迫（土壤含盐量：0(CK)、0.15%(轻度胁迫)和0.3%（中度胁迫））下棉株生长、氮素吸收、Bt蛋白含量和Bt蛋白氮占全氮量比例的影响;同时,在水培条件下研究了不同形态氮素（硝态氮和铵态氮）对NaCl胁迫下Bt蛋白含量的效应。结果表明,氮肥与盐胁迫对棉叶Bt蛋白含量有显著的互作效应。非盐和低盐胁迫下,施氮肥促进了棉株生长（生物量分别提高了3.0和2.8倍）、Bt蛋白合成（分别提高41.0%和90.9%）和全N向Bt蛋白N的转化（分别提高9.3%和15.6%）;中度盐胁迫下,施氮肥虽也促进了棉株生长（1.4倍）,并提高了叶片全N含量（98.8%）和Bt蛋白含量（83.3%）,但并未提高Bt蛋白N占全N量的比例。无论盐胁迫与否,施NO₃^--N处理的生物量和叶片全氮含量都显著高于施NH₄⁺-N的处理,但由于盐胁迫下NO₃^--N降低了Bt蛋白N占全氮的比例（11.0%）,叶片Bt蛋白含量则略低于NH₄⁺-N处理。据此认为,盐胁迫下施氮肥通过促进棉株对N素的吸收积累并影响全氮转化为Bt蛋白的比例,进而影响Bt蛋白含量。     

铝胁迫对柑橘实生幼苗生长的影响

每天用含0、0.2、0.6、1.0和1.6 mmol/L AlCl3&#8226;6H2O的1/4 Hoagland营养液浇沙培茶枝柑(Citrus reticulata)、芦柑(C. reticulata)、福橘(C. reticulata)、四川红橘(C. reticulata)、文旦柚(C. grandis)、尤力克柠檬(C. limon)、雪柑(C. sinensis)、酸橙(C. aurantium) (来自湖北)、枸头橙(C. aurantium) (来自浙江)、红木黎檬(C. limonia)、枳壳(Poncirus trifoliata)和枳柚（P. trifoliata × C. grandis）等12个柑橘种类品种实生幼苗3个月。结果表明：雪柑、茶枝柑、芦柑、福橘、四川红橘、尤力克柠檬和枳的耐铝性较强,即使在最高铝（1.6 mmol/L）处理下,其根系、地上部和单株干重均与对照无显著差异;枸头橙、酸橙、红木黎檬和枳柚的耐铝性较差,在最高铝（1.6 mmol/L）处理时,其根系和/或地上部的生长均会受到不同程度的抑制;文旦柚耐铝性最差,最低铝浓度（0.2 mmol/L）处理时,其根系和单株生长量就显著下降。铝胁迫引起茶枝柑、福橘、四川红橘、酸橙和枳实生苗根冠比增加,但对芦柑、枸头橙、尤力克柠檬、红木黎檬、文旦柚和枳柚实生苗根冠比无显著影响;除最低铝处理时雪柑根冠比降低外,其它处理之间无显著差异。     

种子盐引发对转基因抗虫棉耐盐性的影响

以2个转基因抗虫陆地棉品种为材料,以其遗传背景品种为对照,研究种子引发对转基因抗虫棉在NaCl胁迫条件下的种子萌发和田间出苗的影响。结果表明,0.5%的NaCl处理显著地降低陆地棉种子发芽势和发芽率,其中转基因抗虫棉品种(中棉所41和浙905)的种子萌发和田间出苗率差于遗传背景亲本(中棉所23)。种子盐引发处理可以有效地缓解NaCl的胁迫作用,显著地提高种子的发芽势、发芽率和田间出苗率,显著地提高棉花种子的耐盐性。种子盐引发处理对转基因抗虫棉品种的效果优于非转基因抗虫棉的背景品种。引发剂种类对于其耐盐性的影响有一定的差异,以K2SO4的效果更好,且引发剂的浓度与引发时间之间存在着一定的互作效应,高浓度引发剂的处理时间宜短,而低浓度引发剂的处理时间应适当延长。