Prospects for improving potato crop protection against aphid vectors

Conventional ways to control aphid vectors on potato crops rely essentially on cultural and chemical methods. The extensive use of insecticides, too often applied regardless of real needs and consequences, has resulted in more and more failures in both controlling aphids and virus spread. This paper stresses the need to introduce more rationale in the operation of existing methods by improving the efficiency of some of them like forecasting systems, to assess the potential of others like fertilization and semiochemicals and to put most efforts on resistant cultivars so that integrated pest management can be operated in the near future.     

吉安市杨树的主要虫害及防治方法

本文对吉安市杨树虫害作了深入地调查研究 ,报道了橙斑白条天牛等 6种主要害虫的年发生世代数、越冬方式、危害虫态、发生时间、分布危害及天敌资源等情况 ,提出了可行的防治方法     

Versuche mit Herbiziden in Pfefferminze Mentha x piperita L. in Thüringen

Between 1996 and 2007 31 experiments with 34 herbicides were carried out in peppermint in experimental stations and on peppermint fields of Thuringian farms. The main objective of the tests was to get the necessary data for the authorization procedure according to the regulations of §?18a PflSchG. Peppermint plants are susceptible against some herbicides like Callisto, Monitor. Other herbicides like Afalon, Basta, Boxer, Centium 36 CS and Roundup Ultra can cause severe damages on peppermint if they are applied to the false stage of development of the plant. The use oft the herbicides Basagran, Fusilade MAX, Lentagran WP, Lontrel 100 and CLIOPHAR 100 is authorized for the application in peppermint according the regulations of §?18a PflSchG. The herbicides Bandur, Boxer, Stomp SC and Targa Super can be used in peppermint according the regulations of §?18b PflSchG. Further experiments with herbicides in peppermint are intended to the authorization to more herbicides and to unsolved problems with the weed control like for example the often insufficient effects of the recently authorized herbicides against Solanum spp., Galinsoga spp., Polygonum spp. and other weeds.     

中国区域性环境因子与蝗虫防治

综合分析我国区域性环境因子中的气候、土质、植被、地形、水文等对蝗虫在我国的分布、生长发育的影响,并在此基础上,得到蝗虫对其生存环境具有很大的选择性,区域性环境因子对蝗虫生长发育的适宜性是蝗虫暴发成灾的主要原因,则可根据蝗虫生长发育及分布的规律性依据区域性环境因子对蝗灾的形成进行预防。进一步分析得知:蝗虫的治理应重在预防,生态防治是重中之重,蝗灾形成后的治理已对农牧业造成了危害,并且在目前蝗虫的治理方法中,化学防治只能进行蝗灾治理的应急措施,物理防治、不危害生态的生物防治、生态改造是首选的防治方法,这样才能做到蝗虫的"不形成、不扩散、不成灾",达到生态治理蝗虫的目的。     

Dissemination of Information About Management Strategies and Changes in Farming Practices for the Exploitation of Resistance to Leptosphaeria maculans (Phoma Stem Canker) in Oilseed Rape Cultivars

The management of phoma stem canker (blackleg disease, caused by Leptosphaeria maculans) is an integral component of oilseed rape production. In this paper, we discuss the information about management strategies that is disseminated in Europe and Australia. New cultivars have been introduced with improved resistance to disease, but sometimes this resistance has been overcome as new races of the pathogen have emerged. When cultivars with single major gene resistance have been introduced into areas with high inoculum concentrations, significant economic damage has been caused by new races of L. maculans within 2–3 years. Quantitative or polygenic resistance has also been used successfully against stem canker and offers more durable disease resistance if plant breeders and farmers deploy this resistance more effectively. Strategies to improve the durability of resistance need to be developed and tested in practice. New information on the occurrence of virulence and avirulence genes in populations of Leptosphaeria maculans and modelling of the durability of resistance provide opportunities for plant breeders, specialist technical organisations, cooperatives, advisory services and farmers to collaborate and better exploit cultivar resistance. Changing economic and environmental factors influence cropping practices and, if to be considered successful, management strategies must show clear financial benefits. Technology transfer will need to address all aspects of managing stem canker and other diseases of oilseed rape and using effective written, verbal and electronic methods of communication.     

水稻纹枯病药剂防治技术改进研究

针对耕作制度、种植结构调整，使水稻纹枯病发生早，为害加重的新情况，研究改进了水稻纹枯病的防治技术。在充分发挥农业措施控害的基础上，进一步优化药剂防治策略。第一次药剂防治期提早至始病期(病丛率3％-5％)，第二次药剂防治加大用药量，每667m2用20％井冈霉素SP50g，较传统的方法提高了纹枯病防治的整体效果。     

捕食性天敌控害能力评价方法进展

生物防治在害虫治理中的作用日益凸显,捕食性天敌对害虫猎物的捕食作用作为生物防治的主要组成部分,其捕食效果评价不可或缺.定性或定量评价捕食性天敌的控害作用是生物防治研究的一项重要内容.传统的捕食性定量方法研究大都局限于室内开展,与田间昆虫天敌的实际捕食量有所出入.昆虫分子生物学技术的发展为昆虫定量评价提供了支持,本文全面...     

Rodent Control in India

Eighteen species of rodents are pests in agriculture, horticulture, forestry, animal and human dwellings and rural and urban storage facilities in India. Their habitat, distribution, abundance and economic significance varies in different crops, seasons and geographical regions of the country. Of these, Bandicota bengalensis is the most predominant and widespread pest of agriculture in wet and irrigated soils and has also established in houses and godowns in metropolitan cities like Bombay, Delhi and Calcutta. In dryland agriculture Tatera indica and Meriones hurrianae are the predominant rodent pests. Some species like Rattus meltada, Mus musculus and M. booduga occur in both wet and dry lands. Species like R. nitidus in north-eastern hill region and Gerbillus gleadowi in the Indian desert are important locally. The common commensal pests are Rattus rattus and M. musculus throughout the country including the islands. R. rattus along with squirrels Funambulus palmarum and F. tristriatus are serious pests of plantation crops such as coconut and oil palm in the southern peninsula. F. pennanti is abundant in orchards and gardens in the north and central plains and sub-mountain regions. Analysis of the information available on the damage and economic losses caused by rodents in rice, wheat, sugarcane, maize, pearl millet, sorghum, oil seed, legume and vegetable crop fields, horticulture and forestry, poultry farms, and rural and urban dwellings and storage facilities clearly shows that chronic damage ranging from 2% to 15% persists throughout the country and severe damage, sometimes even up to 100% loss of the field crop, is not rare. Several traditional and modern approaches and methods of rodent control are being used. The existing knowledge of the environmental, cultural, biological, mechanical and chemical methods of rodent control in India is reviewed. Considerable variations exist in the susceptibility of the pest species to different methods, particularly to rodenticides and trapping, their field applicability, efficacy and economics in different crops, seasons and geographical regions, behavioural responses of the pest species to these methods in different ecological conditions and their adoption by farmers in different regions of India. Environmental and cultural techniques, such as clean cultivation, proper soil tillage and crop scheduling, barriers, repellents and proofing which may reduce rodent harbourage, food sources and immigration have long lasting effects but are seldom adopted. However, their significance in relation to normal agricultural practices, intensification and diversification are discussed. Rodenticides, which provide an immediate solution to the rodent problem, form the major component of rodent control strategies in India. Poison baiting of rodents with zinc phosphide and burrow fumigation with aluminium phosphide are common in agricultural fields and recently Racumin (coumatetralyl) and bromadiolone have been introduced for the control of both agricultural and commensal rodent pests in India. Methods and timings of campaigns and successes and problems in implementation of rodent control are also reviewed.     

作物土传病害的危害及防治技术

近20年来,保护地在中国有了较大的发展,而保护地的发展和作物的连年栽培,导致土传病害和根结线虫发生越来越重,连续栽培3~5年后,作物产量和品质受到严重的影响,已成为生产中的突出问题。本文简述了我国重要作物如玉米、小麦、棉花、大豆、油菜的土传病害种类,以及高附加值作物黄瓜、番茄、茄子、辣椒、瓜类等作物的土传病害种类和20年来的变化。介绍了土传病害的防治方法,如农业防治包括轮作、抗性品种、嫁接、有机质补充、生物熏蒸、厌氧消毒;物理防治技术如太阳能消毒、蒸汽消毒、热水消毒、火焰消毒;化学防治技术如氯化苦、棉隆、威百亩、二甲基二硫、异硫氰酸烯丙酯、硫酰氟;生物防治技术如木霉、枯草芽胞杆菌、荧光假单胞菌、植物促生菌,以及预防为主的综合防治技术。种子、种苗消毒技术在本文中也进行了介绍。     

Pine Wilt Disease Caused by the Pine Wood Nematode: The Induced Resistance of Pine Trees by the Avirulent Isolates of Nematode

Since the beginning of the 20th century, pine trees in Japan have been seriously damaged by the pine wilt disease. This disease is caused by the pine wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, which is transmitted by the Japanese pine sawyer, Monochamus alternatus. The control of disease depends to a large extent on chemicals, but the public is now demanding environmentally friendly control methods. The virulence of B. xylophilus varies very widely. Pre-inoculation of young pine trees in a nursery with avirulent B. xylophilus has induced systemic resistance of trees against a subsequent inoculation with virulent B. xylophilus. This induced resistance was considered a hopeful means for developing a biological control for the disease. The induced resistance by the avirulent nematodes was also expressed in mature pine trees in a forest where the disease was naturally epidemic. However, the effects of induced resistance were not satisfactory for practical biological control. Since the inoculation with higher concentrations of the avirulent B. xylophilus induced the resistance more effectively, the pre-inoculation method will need to be improved to develop the biological control. The induced resistance of pine trees by avirulent B. xylophilus should be one of the candidate biological control methods against pine wilt disease. This induced resistance also provides an experimental system to clarify physiological interactions between the nematodes and pine trees.     

Neue Ansätze zur frühzeitigen Erkennung und Lokalisierung von Zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Modern methods in plant production and crop protection are closely related to modern technologies. Near-range and remote sensing, like hyper- and multispectral sensors or thermography, in precision pest management possess multiple opportunities to increase the productivity of agricultural production systems and do them more environmentally acceptable. Experiments are carried out on sugar beet plants and their pathogens to investigate the use of imaging and non-imaging hyperspectral sensors referring to the following questions: Is early detection of infection by pathogens possible? What is the potential to differentiate damage causing organisms?     

Biology and integrated pest management for the banana weevil Cosmopolites sordidus (Germar) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

The banana weevil Cosmopolites sordidus (Germar) is the most important insect pest of bananas and plantains (Musa spp.). The larvae bore in the corm, reducing nutrient uptake and weakening the stability of the plant. Attack in newly planted banana stands can lead to crop failure. In established fields, weevil damage can result in reduced bunch weights, mat die-out and shortened stand life. Damage and yield losses tend to increase with time. This paper reviews the research on the taxonomy, distribution, biology, pest status, sampling methods, and integrated pest management (IPM) of banana weevil. Salient features of the weevil's biology include nocturnal activity, long life span, limited mobility, low fecundity, and slow population growth. The adults are free living and most often associated with banana mats and cut residues. They are attracted to their hosts by volatiles, especially following damage to the plant corm. Males produce an aggregation pheromone that is attractive to both sexes. Eggs are laid in the corm or lower pseudostem. The immature stages are all passed within the host plant, mostly in the corm. The weevil's biology creates sampling problems and makes its control difficult. Most commonly, weevils are monitored by trapping adults, mark and recapture methods and damage assessment to harvested or dead plants. Weevil pest status and control options reflect the type of banana being grown and the production system. Plantains and highland bananas are more susceptible to the weevil than dessert or brewing bananas. Banana production systems range from kitchen gardens and small, low-input stands to large-scale export plantations. IPM options for banana weevils include habitat management (cultural controls), biological control, host plant resistance, botanicals, and (in some cases) chemical control. Cultural controls have been widely recommended but data demonstrating their efficacy are limited. The most important are clean planting material in new stands, crop sanitation (especially destruction of residues), agronomic methods to improve plant vigour and tolerance to weevil attack and, possibly, trapping. Tissue culture plantlets, where available, assure the farmer with weevil-free material. Suckers may be cleaned by paring, hot water treatment and/or the applications of entomopathogens, neem, or pesticides. None of these methods assure elimination of weevils. Adult weevils may also invade from nearby plantations. As a result, the benefits of clean planting material may be limited to a few crop cycles. Field surveys suggest that reduced weevil populations may be associated with high levels of crop sanitation, yet definitive studies on residue management and weevil pest status are wanting. Trapping of adult weevils with pseudostem or corm traps can reduce weevil populations, but material and labour requirements may be beyond the resources of many farmers. The use of enhanced trapping with pheromones and kairomones is currently under study. A combination of clean planting material, sanitation, and trapping is likely to provide at least partial control of banana weevil.Classical biological control of banana weevil, using natural enemies from Asia, has so far been unsuccessful. Most known arthropod natural enemies are opportunistic, generalist predators with limited efficacy. Myrmicine ants have been reported to help control the weevil in Cuba, but their effects elsewhere are unknown. Microbial control, using entomopathogenic fungi and nematodes tend to be more promising. Effective strains of microbial agents are known but economic mass production and delivery systems need further development.     

Efficacy of Different Control Methods Applied Separately and in Combination in Managing Root-knot Nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) in Common Beans

Investigations on the efficacy of various methods of managing root-knot nematodes in microplots and under field conditions revealed that soil solarization, Furadan 5G and Tagetes erecta applied separately or in combination with other control methods, were the most effective in reducing the numbers of three root-knot nematodes, and root gall and egg mass indices. These management methods also resulted in significant increases (P0.05) in number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod and 100-seed weight, and increased seed yield by up to 96.7 percent. Farmyard manure and Crotalaria ochroleuca were the least effective treatments. The use of T. erecta was the most economical root-knot nematode control method.     

我国豇豆蓟马研究进展及综合防控措施

豇豆Vigna unguiculata 喜温喜光,是一种适合在我国南方种植的豆科蔬菜。长期以来,豇豆病虫害多发重发,其中,蓟马是豇豆上最主要和最顽固的害虫之一。传统的化学防治方法对蓟马的防治效果常常不理想,并易造成农药残留问题。本文概述了我国豇豆产业的种植情况和以蓟马为主的病虫害问题及豇豆蓟马研究现状,并从农艺措施、理化诱控、生物防治、化学防治和抗性治理角度总结了豇豆蓟马的综合防治技术。最后,从构建豇豆蓟马的有害生物综合治理(integrated pest management, IPM)技术体系、加强基础研究和防控技术产品开发、建立科学用药和农药监管制度3个方面提出建议,以期为我国豇豆产业的绿色可持续发展提供参考。     

大豆菌核病的防治适期与防治指标

采用系统调查和统计分析的方法，研究了大豆菌核病的防治适期和防治指标。试验结果表明，子囊盘发生期与大豆开花期的重叠盛期是菌核病防治适期，一般以7月20－25日为宜。7月25日前子囊盘数量和病情指数与产量损失极相关，而且子囊盘数量作为产量损失估计和防治指标确定更为科学准确，其回归模型为Y＝－4．5499＋2．311X（r=0.8442)，防治指标为3－4个子囊盘／9．75m^2。     

Integrated crop management, the basis for environment friendly crop protection of potatoes

Relatively large amounts of pesticides are needed to control diseases and pests in modern, intensive potato production. Integrated crop management offers a way of reducing the need for pesticides. It aims to reduce costs and improve the quality of the product and of the production methods, while maintaining soil fertility and the quality of the environment. The components of integrated crop management are described. Prevention of diseases and pests has high priority. If diseases or pests are present, non-chemical control methods are preferred and chemical control is based on economic criteria and the monitoring of the soil and crops. The contribution of integrated crop management to the control of two important fungal diseases, late blight (Phytophthora infestans), and stem canker (Rhizoctonia solani) and of one pest, potato cyst nematode (Globodera spp..) is described. The prospects for further development of integrated crop protection are discussed.     

Current options in integrated management of plant-parasitic nematodes

Efficient management of plant-parasitic nematodes requires the carefully integrated combination of several methods. Although each individual method of management has a limited use, together, they help in reducing the nematode populations in agricultural soils or in plants. A public desire for methods of managing plant pests in ways that do not pollute or otherwise degrade the environment has increased concomitantly with progress in research. Integrated pest management (IPM) provides a working methodology for pest management in sustainable agriculutural systems. In this paper, current methods for the management of plant-parasitic nematodes are discussed within the guidelines of IPM. The emphasis is on the methods by which decisions are made to manage nematode problems with the most effective and widely used management strategies. The advantages and difficulties associated with nematicidal chemicals (i.e. cost, reinfestation of soil after harvest, contamination of ground water and residues in fruits and vegetables), biological control (by predatory or parasitic fungi and nematodes) and management with cultural methods (including the use of uncontaminated plants or seeds, crop rotation, modification of sowing and/or harvesting times, trap crops and resistant varieties etc.) are considered     

A review of non-chemical weed control on hard surfaces

Weed control research to date has mainly focused on arable land, especially regarding herbicides, but also regarding non‐chemical methods. Some of these experiences can be applied to hard surface areas. However, weeds on hard surface areas cause problems that are different from those on arable land. Additionally, crop tolerance does not need to be considered when choosing an appropriate weed control method on these areas. The aim of this review is to describe current knowledge of weeds and weed control methods on hard surface areas and reveal potential ways of advancement. One of the shortcomings of non‐chemical weed control on hard surfaces thus far, is a lack of proper definition of efficiency of the weed control methods. To obtain effective control, more frequently repeated treatments are required than chemical weed management, thereby increasing the costs of labour and fuel. One way to reduce costs can be by adjusting the level of control to the required visual street quality. Weeds are adapted to the hard surface environment and may be less susceptible to certain control methods. This review indicates that for efficient weed control on hard surfaces there is a need for combining weed control techniques, applying sensors for detecting weeds, adapting the energy dose to type of weed flora and prevention of weeds by improved construction of new surfaces.     

沙漠蝗防控技术的综述

沙漠蝗Schistocerca gregaria为重大农业害虫,2020年初至今,沙漠蝗大面积暴发,导致多国进入紧急状态,联合国粮食及农业组织(Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations,FAO)号召全球共同应对沙漠蝗灾害.为有效防控沙漠蝗,本研究对沙...     

杀菌剂防治浙贝母灰霉病田间药效调查方法比较

为探索杀菌剂防治浙贝母灰霉病的准确、高效、方便的药效调查方法,选择生产中常用的嘧霉胺、唑醚·氟酰胺、氟菌·肟菌酯3种杀菌剂,采用叶片病斑分级、整株病斑分级、整株病叶率分级、茎秆发病率、茎秆发病分级5种调查方法,对比不同方法对防治效果评价的影响。5种调查方法各有优缺点,叶片病斑分级法样本量大,采集数据多,其结果更接近实际;整株病斑分级法相对简便,可增加植株的取样量,使样本更具代表性,但操作中易产生判断误差;整株病叶率分级法和茎秆发病率法简便,但会放大病害的危害程度,高估或低估药剂防治效果;茎秆发病分级法结合病斑大小、形状等特征能较准确地评价植株发病情况。采用不同评价方法,3种杀菌剂对浙贝母灰霉病的防治效果表现较一致,唑醚·氟酰胺和氟菌·肟菌酯的防治效果较好,防效分别在75.22%～88.83%、68.87～86.82%之间,而嘧霉胺的防治效果略差(57.86%～77.89%)。