耕牛瘤胃酸中毒的防治

耕牛瘤胃酸中毒又叫过食谷物、瘤胃过食、酸性消化不良、乳酸中毒、耕牛过食碳水化合物等，是乳酸与来源于瘤胃内的细菌内毒素两种特质共同作用的结果。过食碳水化合物丰富的谷物饲料，在瘤胃内异常发酵，急剧产生大量乳酸被机体吸收，瘤胃内的G－菌大量崩解释放出内毒素等有害物质所致，以前胃机能障碍和微循环衰竭为主要特征的一种急性疾病。临床表现以严重的毒血症、重剧脱水、瘤胃停滞和积液及高乳酸血症为主要特征。我县各乡（镇）偶有本病发生，基本上是零星散发病，但若诊断不及时，治疗不得当而延误时机，病牛往往发生死亡，给农户…     

一例奶牛瘤胃酸中毒的治疗

正瘤胃酸中毒系瘤胃积食的一种特殊类型,又称急性碳水化合物过食、谷物过食、乳酸酸中毒、酸性消化不良、消化性酸中毒、中毒性消化不良,以及过食豆谷综合征等。许多农民及养殖户"过食精料",但过食豆谷物精料和过食豆类精料所引起的疾病是根本不同的,过食豆类精料引发的是瘤胃碱中毒而不是酸中毒。近年的研究表明,反刍动物过食谷物的发病是乳酸与来源于瘤胃内的细菌内毒素等有害物质共同作用的结果。因     

奶山羊乳酸酸中毒的模拟试验

乳酸酸中毒是反刍动物过食谷物的本质,早为许多学者肯定。但近年国内外学者指出:反刍动物过食谷物的发病,可能与内毒素有关。为进一步明确过食谷物的发病与乳酸及内毒素的关系,我们进行了人工复制瘤胃乳酸酸中毒的研究。     

羊瘤胃酸中毒的诊断与防治

瘤胃酸中毒系瘤胃积食的一种特殊类型,又称急性碳水化合物过食、谷物过食、乳酸酸中毒、消化性酸中毒、酸性消化不良以及过食豆谷综合征等。是因过食了富含碳水化合物的谷物饲料,于瘤胃内发酵产生大量乳酸后引起的急性乳酸中毒病,在临床上以精神沉郁、瘤胃臌胀、脱水等为特征。     

乳酸性酸中毒的防治

乳酸性酸中毒，是牛、羊等反刍动物多发性的代谢疾病，本病是由于突发过食谷物或不为牛、羊所习惯的易于发酵的各种碳水化合物类饲料，在瘤胃内迅速产生大量乳酸，使渗透力增强，出现前胃障碍。临床上以发病快、症状重、病程短、死亡率高等为特征。为了减少今后此病的发生，在此对发病原因、临床症状、剖检变化、治疗和预防措施等加以整理，以供同行参考。     

引起羊昏迷、昏睡性中毒病的诊断

1酸中毒 由于管理不当，羊闯入谷仓，短时间内采食大量谷物，常发生过食而引起酸中毒。奶山羊饲养不当，误认为精料越多，产奶越多，因采食过多豆谷类精料而引起酸中毒。羊尤其是奶山羊饲喂无规律，饥饱无度，常因采食过食精料而导致酸中毒。羊与牛类似，过多精料在瘤胃内形成大量乳酸，使瘤胃pH值下降，微生物区系改变，内毒素生成增多，瘤胃、皱胃、网胃和瓣胃黏膜在强酸刺激下充血、出血、淤血、水肿。     

中西医结合治疗牛羊过食谷物酸中毒

<正>牛羊过食谷物酸中毒是因饲养管理不当,食含碳水化合物丰富的谷物饲料,在瘤胃内异常发酵产生大量乳酸,引起乳酸中毒的一系列症状,也称过食谷物中毒或瘤胃酸中毒。笔者自2002年至2014年用中西医结合治疗奶山羊62例、牛20例,治愈羊61例、牛19例,治愈率97.56%。1病因1.1圈舍不牢或脱缰偷食了大量谷物饲料,如玉米、大麦、小麦等。1.2时值产后或重役前后,给牛羊增喂大量精     

一起羊瘤胃酸中毒的诊治

瘤胃酸中毒,又称急性碳水化合物过食、过食谷物、乳酸酸中毒、消化性酸中毒等,是反刍动物采食过量易发酵的碳水化合物饲料,在瘤胃内产生大量乳酸而引起的以前胃机能障碍为主的一种疾病。临诊以瘤胃积食滞酸臭细软内容物、胃液pH值和血浆二氧化碳结合力下降以及脱水为特征。其典型病变在消化道和实质器官,包括瘤胃、真胃和小肠出血、水肿和坏死,肝、脑、心、肾出血、变性和坏死。本病主要发生于乳牛和奶山羊,黄牛、水牛、绵羊和鹿等反刍     

瘤胃酸中毒的病因及防治

<正>瘤胃酸中毒是反刍动物采食了过量易发酵的碳水化合物饲料,在瘤胃内产生大量乳酸而引起的以前胃机能障碍为主的一种疾病。本病主要发生于乳牛和奶山羊,役用牛和绵羊、鹿偶有发生。瘤胃酸中毒又称乳酸中毒、过食症或豆谷过食症。1发病原因由于突然采食或偷食了大量的富含碳水化合物的饲料,特别是谷物,如小麦、玉米、大麦、高粱和谷子等,被反刍动物采食后,在瘤胃微生物的作用下,极易引起本病。长期过量食用块根     

水牛过食稻谷引起的瘤胃酸中毒的诊治

水牛过食稻谷引起瘤胃酸中毒指舍饲水牛在短时间内,过食大量谷物精饲料导致瘤胃积食,继发出现中枢神精兴奋性增高、视觉紊乱、脱水和酸中毒等一系列症状的一种疾病。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein