‘富有’甜柿中间砧的早期筛选和嫁接亲和性

【目的】通过研究‘富有’甜柿中间砧嫁接苗苗期生长、解剖等表现,筛选出早期亲和的嫁接组合,并探讨中间砧嫁接的亲和性机制。【方法】以浙江柿作基砧,‘兰溪大红柿’、‘南通小方柿’、‘次郎’和‘西村早生’作中间砧(设置10 cm和25 cm 2种长度),嫁接‘富有’接穗,对其苗期生长等表型性状和生理生化指标进行对比分析和综合评价;采用石蜡切片法和光学显微镜技术,观测各嫁接组合基砧-中间砧、中间砧-接穗嫁接口愈合情况。【结果】‘富有’甜柿嫁接苗因中间砧种类和长度不同,在苗期生长指标和解剖结构特征上存在明显差异。浙江柿直接嫁接‘富有’甜柿(对照)成活率、株高等表型性状和生理生化指标较差,且嫁接口存在明显的膨大(膨大指数R=0.980)、隔离层(隔离层产生比例G=88.9%)和导管堵塞(导管堵塞率D=16.3%)现象。4种中间砧中,以‘南通小方柿’和‘西村早生’作中间砧的2年生‘富有’甜柿嫁接苗株高、叶绿素总量、瞬时光合速率、叶片可溶性糖含量、根系可溶性糖含量和根系活力均极显著大于对照(P0.05),成活率、茎段直径、叶片面积大于对照,且这2种中间砧明显降低植株嫁接口的R值、G值和D值。相同长度下,不同中间砧的嫁接苗生长指标综合评价值Q排序:‘南通小方柿’‘西村早生’‘次郎’‘兰溪大红柿’。相同中间砧下,10 cm长度中间砧的组合成活率、株高、茎段直径、叶片面积和Q值大于25 cm中间砧的组合,R值、G值和D值则小于25 cm中间砧的组合。G值、D值与Q值极显著负相关(相关系数分别为-0.910,-0.977,P0.01),表明嫁接口愈合情况直接影响嫁接苗早期表型生长和生理生化特性。【结论】浙江柿直接嫁接‘富有’甜柿早期不亲和。利用‘南通小方柿’和‘西村早生’作中间砧能改善嫁接口愈合情况,促进浙江柿嫁接‘富有’甜柿亲和;且以10 cm长度‘南通小方柿’作中间砧的‘富有’甜柿嫁接苗早期亲和性最好(Q=2.71,G=11.1%,D=0)。     

甜柿砧、穗及其接合部位解剖结构观察

主要研究了甜柿砧、穗的解剖结构，并观察了其接合部位的愈合情况。结果表明：富有／君迁子组合表现不亲和，富有／浙江柿、次郎／君迁子、次郎／浙江柿亲和性较好，而禅寺丸／浙江柿、禅寺丸／君迁子组合最亲和。但甜柿砧木和接穗解剖结构的相似度并不能预测其嫁接亲和性。     

不同砧木嫁接甜柿苗期生长生理特性及亲和性评价

以浙江柿、君迁子、油柿及537号和514号2种不同柿品种为砧木的‘阳丰’甜柿嫁接苗为试材,对不同砧木的嫁接苗高生长、抗氧化物酶活性、丙二醛(MDA)含量及叶绿素含量等指标的年动态变化进行观测分析,初步评价不同砧木的甜柿嫁接苗苗期亲和性差异。结果表明:(1)以浙江柿、柿537号、柿514号为砧木的甜柿嫁接苗生长速率高于以油柿和君迁子为砧木的嫁接苗;(2)以油柿为砧木嫁接苗的叶绿素及可溶性蛋白含量最低,嫁接苗出现提前衰老的现象;(3)以油柿为砧木的嫁接苗MDA含量均高于其余4种嫁接苗,在生长后期表现更明显;而以油柿为砧木的嫁接苗抗氧化物酶活性在生长前期低于其余4种嫁接苗,在生长后期高于其余4种嫁接苗,砧穗间相互适应性较弱;(4)根据各指标的年动态变化,结合生长及生理指标的主成分分析和隶属函数法分析,得出5种不同砧木的甜柿嫁接苗苗期亲和性强弱顺序:浙江柿>柿537号>柿514号>君迁子>油柿。浙江柿、柿537号、柿514号适宜作‘阳丰’甜柿的砧木,而油柿不宜作‘阳丰’甜柿的砧木。     

油茶新品种芽苗砧嫁接砧穗组合的亲和性分析

以4个油茶新品种为材料,开展了芽苗砧嫁接砧穗组合的亲和性研究。研究结果表明,在以‘朝霞’为接穗的4个组合中,砧木为‘晚霞’时,砧穗亲和性最高,嫁接成活率、抽梢率、苗高、地径及新梢长均达到最大值;以‘晚霞’为砧木的4个组合中,接穗为‘秋霞’时嫁接成活率最高,为96.95%,接穗为‘朝霞’时,苗高、地径和新梢长仍达到最高值,分别为26.79 cm、3.51 mm和9.27 cm;以‘晚霞’为砧木时,砧穗亲和性最好,适合做砧木品种,‘秋霞’+‘晚霞’的组合嫁接成活率最高,‘朝霞’+‘晚霞’的组合苗木生长最旺盛;非本砧嫁接亲和性优于本砧嫁接。     

油橄榄耐酸砧木品种及其高成活率嫁接组合筛选

选择适宜在酸性土壤种植的嫁接组合是油橄榄Olea europaea在我国南方进一步发展的重要前提。本研究对15个油橄榄品种进行了耐酸性评价,并以耐酸性和生根力强的品种为砧木筛选成活率高的嫁接组合。结果显示,‘峥云’和‘中榄’在酸胁迫下根部生长(水培)、成活率、苗高生长量(盆栽)俱佳,扦插生根率高;以‘峥云’和‘中榄’为砧木分别嫁接6个油橄榄品种接穗,发现‘费切罗’和‘豆果’以‘峥云’为砧木、‘塔吉’‘佛选’和‘尼Ⅰ’以‘中榄’为砧木、‘佛奥’以‘峥云’或‘中榄’为砧木的嫁接成活率较高,适宜在我国南方红壤区推广栽植。进一步研究显示,以‘峥云’和‘中榄’为砧木嫁接后,接穗高度、叶长、叶宽及节间距减小,且以‘中榄’嫁接后减小幅度更大。‘佛选’/‘中榄’、‘豆果’/‘中榄’和‘尼Ⅰ’/‘中榄’3个组合的嫁接苗接穗上叶片的气孔导度和蒸腾速率显著下降、水分利用率提高。本研究为我国南方酸性土壤发展油橄榄生产提供了重要参考。     

中国林科院亚林所供应日本甜柿苗木

<正>该所从日本引进20个甜柿品种,1988年建立“甜柿原种圃”、“母本园”。保证品种纯正。嫁接砧采用该所选出的2个优良类型(见本刊1993年第11期),嫁接苗木健壮,亲和力强。1994年供应15个品种甜柿苗木:次郎、若杉系次郎、松本早生富有、富有、西村早生、裂御所、正月、东洋一、赤柿、甘百目等10个品种。苗高60cm以上,株径0.6cm以上,每株苗木售价2.00元。凡购苗数量在5000株以上者     

9个砧穗组合葡萄嫁接苗叶片光合及叶绿素荧光参数比较

【目的】研究9个砧穗组合嫁接苗光合及叶绿素荧光参数的差异情况，为筛选生产上适宜栽培推广的葡萄优良砧穗组合提供理论依据。【方法】分别以‘5BB’‘1103P’‘山河1号’为砧木、以‘户太8号’‘苏欣1号’‘红地球’为接穗进行葡萄嫁接试验，对9个砧穗组合嫁接苗叶片的光合及叶绿素荧光参数的日变化趋势进行观测与分析。【结果】嫁接150 d后，9个砧穗组合的嫁接成活率的差异显著；其中，‘苏欣1号’/‘山河1号’组合的嫁接成活率最高，达74.33%；而‘红地球’/‘1103P’组合的嫁接成活率最低，比‘苏欣1号’/‘山河1号’组合的嫁接成活率低45.33%。9个砧穗组合嫁接苗叶片的净光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率均存在极显著差异，而其胞间CO₂浓度、水分利用效率和气孔限制值均无显著差异。9个砧穗组合嫁接苗叶片的最大荧光、PSⅡ最大光能转化效率、PSⅡ潜在光化学活性、实际光化学效率、非光化学猝灭系数均无显著性差异，而其初始荧光却存在极显著性差异。‘苏欣1号’/‘山河1号’组合和‘苏欣1号’/‘1103P’组合的实际光化学效率均较大；非光化学猝灭系数最高的砧穗组合是‘户太8号’/‘...     

蜡杨梅与杨梅种间嫁接及亲缘关系分析

【目的】研究蜡杨梅与杨梅的嫁接亲和性及亲缘关系,为杨梅扩展栽培提供参考。【方法】连续3年在浙江余姚滩涂上(土壤pH8. 01),以蜡杨梅和杨梅为砧木,以4种主栽品种‘荸荠种’‘东魁’‘夏至红’和‘水晶种’为接穗的种间嫁接,并基于SSR对蜡杨梅和杨梅进行亲缘关系鉴定和聚类分析。调查各砧穗组合的嫁接成活率及相关指标。【结果】杨梅砧穗组合的嫁接成活率为:70. 08%～83. 75%,其中‘夏至红’接穗的嫁接成活率最高(81. 98%),‘荸荠种’次之(80. 43%);蜡杨梅砧穗组合的嫁接成活率为27. 51%～38. 29%,其中,‘东魁’接穗的嫁接成活率最高(34. 88%);杨梅砧穗组合的嫁接成活率极显著高于蜡杨梅砧穗组合。不同组合间的T-test显示:蜡杨梅砧穗组合BQ4-6、DK4-6和SJ4-6分别在冠径、干周和植株高度等指标上显著性高于杨梅砧穗组合。6个指标的相关性分析显示:2个砧木群体在连续3年的试验中,嫁接成活率与植株高度和冠径之间均存在显著性正相关,砧木高度与植株高度均呈现显著性负相关。利用127对SSR标记对2个砧木及4个接穗材料进行了多态性检测,聚类分析后分为3个群体,蜡杨梅与杨梅的种间亲缘系数为0. 31,杨梅砧木与‘夏至红’亲缘关系最近,与‘荸荠种’次之;蜡杨梅与‘东魁’亲缘关系最近;与嫁接成活率的表现一致,亲缘关系越近成活率越高。【结论】蜡杨梅砧木与杨梅接穗间存在一定的亲和性,而且更适合生长在碱性土壤中。     

“富有”柿嫁接砧木选择的研究

“富有”柿是我国最早从日本引种的甜柿优良品种之一,在嫁接过程中,选择适宜的砧木类型是繁殖成功的关键。1987～1991年,中国林科院亚林所选用了柿属7个种12个类型作砧木,进行了“富有”柿嫁接试验,从不同砧苗的出苗率、生长量,以及不同砧木类型嫁接苗的成活率、生长量和亲和性等方面进行比较,从中筛选出了浙江柿和野柿6号为嫁接“富有”柿的两个优良砧木类型。     

柿苗带木质芽接技术

我区栽植柿树历史悠久 ,所产柿饼被誉为“曹州耿饼”而弛名中外。为了繁育柿树苗木 ,我们在柿树嫁接繁殖方法上进行了对比试验。总结出一种柿树嫁接繁植切实可行的方法———柿苗带木质芽接技术 ,此项技术加大了芽接时芽片面积 ,明显提高了成活率 ,大田嫁接成活率一般在 90 %以上 ,且省工、省力、方便、快捷。1　砧木接穗选择砧木选用郓城县林业局国有苗圃地的君迁子Ｄ ＬｏｔｕｓＬ 2年生苗 ;接穗选用 :罗田甜柿、日本富有、磨盘柿、镜面柿、牛心柿等 5个品种。2　接芽的切取在 1年生的枝条上选择生长发育饱满的芽 ,在芽下方 1 0ｃｍ处斜…     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Key Habitats in the Norwegian Production Forest: A Case Study

This study investigated the forest history, structural characteristics, the presence of fungal species suggested to indicate ecological continuity in old-growth forest, and the species composition of saproxylic beetles in 30 old forest ''woodland key habitats'' (WKHs), and compared them with production forest in the same age-class in south-eastern Norway. No statistically significant differences in forest characteristics, community of saproxylic beetles or number of red-listed beetles were found between the WKHs and the production forest, probably owing to a combination of profound long-term logging and a lack of will to delineate sufficiently large WKHs in the one area with significantly less forestry impact. The study indicates the advantage of including forest history information in WKH selection where such data exist, and the importance of restoring habitats in heavily exploited forest landscapes.