利用无人机高分辨率影像进行树木高度提取

无人机遥感技术在树木参数获取中具有重要作用。为探讨利用无人机高分辨率影像提取树高的可行性,本文选择邱集煤矿矿区森林公园为研究区,采用Pix4D软件对无人机采集的高分辨率影像进行处理,生成研究区正射影像和三维点云;利用最大类间方差法将三维点云分割为树木点云及树下地面点云两部分,由此提取树木顶端高度和地面平均高度,并将地面平均高度视为树木根部的高度,得到树木高度。研究表明:最大类间方差法能够准确分割树木点云和地面点云;利用无人机高分辨率影像进行树高提取是可行的,树木高度测量绝对误差小于80cm、相对误差绝对值最大为16.2%、标准误差为36.3cm;同时,树冠的形状会对树高测量造成影响,阔卵形树冠的法国梧桐和圆锥形树冠的圆柏高度标准误差分别为29.2和50.9cm,两者树高测量值与真实值决定系数分别为0.9920和0.8894,阔卵形树冠的法国梧桐测高精度明显高于圆锥形树冠的圆柏测高精度。      

Leaf Area Index evaluation in vineyards using 3D point clouds from UAV imagery

Precision Agriculture - The Leaf Area Index (LAI) is an ecophysiology key parameter characterising the canopy-atmosphere interface where most of the energy fluxes are exchanged. However, producing...     

A fast and robust method for plant count in sunflower and maize at different seedling stages using high-resolution UAV RGB imagery

Precision Agriculture - Acquiring the crop plant count is critical for enhancing field decision-making at the seedling stage. Remote sensing using unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) provide an...     

Determining leaf nutrient concentrations in citrus trees using UAV imagery and machine learning

Precision Agriculture - Nutrient assessment of plants, a key aspect of agricultural crop management and varietal development programs, traditionally is time demanding and labor-intensive. This...     

Mapping sub-field maize yields in Nebraska,USA by combining remote sensing imagery,crop simulation models,and machine learning

Precision Agriculture - Crop yield maps are valuable for many applications in precision agriculture, but are often inaccessible to growers and researchers wishing to better understand yield...     

用商品猪群定位RYR1、PIT1和PRKAG3

利用一个由汉普夏、皮特兰猪等5品种杂交商品群建立了参考家系,采用微卫星标记构建连锁图谱的方法对分别位于6、13、15号染色体的3个基因RYR1、PIT1、PRKAG3进行了定位.结果表明RYR1位于6号染色体的S0087和Sw316之间,PIT1位于13号染色体的Sw225和Swl056之间,PRKAG3位于15号染色体的Sw946和Sw906之间,与已发表的结果基本一致.为下一步分析这3个基因对经济性状的影响奠定了基础.     

Stratified sampling in fruit orchards using cluster-based ancillary information maps: a comparative analysis to improve yield and quality estimates

Precision Agriculture - Estimation of yield or other fruit quality parameter is of great interest to farmers to decide on management actions just before harvesting and, in any case, to anticipate...     

库车坳陷克深地区现今地应力场及储层裂缝数值模拟

克深三维区目前处于勘探开发的前期,需要明确地应力场及地下储层裂缝的分布规律,指导开发工作,但该区存在地层埋深大、取心困难、成像测井资料缺乏等实际情况,应力场研究及裂缝预测难度大。利用有限元分析方法,以井点现今地应力值为约束进行了克深三维区现今地应力场的数值模拟,同时建立了应力应变与裂缝参数的定量关系模型,利用古今应力场结合法对克深三维区的裂缝参数进行了预测,模拟结果显示构造高部位和断层带是低应力值区及裂缝的有利发育区。裂缝的数值模拟结果与测井解释结果对比表明,预测结果与实钻吻合度较高,裂缝预测效果较好。     

Mapping management zones in a sandy pasture soil using an objective model and multivariate techniques

Soils occupied by dryland pastures usually have low fertility but can exhibit a high spatial variability. Consequently, logical application of fertilisers should be based on an appropriate knowledge of spatial variability of the main soil properties that can affect pasture yield and quality. Delineation of zones with similar soil fertility is necessary to implement site-specific management, reinforcing the interest of methods to identify these homogeneous zones. Thus, the formulation of the objective Rasch model constitutes a new approach in pasture fields. A case study was performed in a pasture field located in a montado (agrosilvopastoral) ecosystem. Measurements of some soil properties (texture, organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, cation exchange capacity and soil apparent electrical conductivity) at 24 sampling locations were integrated in the Rasch model. A classification of all sampling locations according to pasture soil fertility was established. Moreover, the influence of each soil property on the soil fertility was highlighted, with the clay content the most influential property in this sandy soil. Then, a clustering process was undertaken to delimit the homogeneous zones, considering soil pasture fertility, elevation and slope as the input layers. Three zones were delineated and vegetation indices (normalized difference vegetation index, NDVI, and normalized difference water index, NDWI) and pasture yield data at sampling locations were employed to check their differences. Results showed that vegetation indices were not suitable to detect the spatial variability between zones. However, differences in pasture yield and quality were evident, besides some key soil properties, such as clay content and organic matter.

     

3D欧拉法和层流模型对水轮机转轮内部流场的数值模拟

3D欧拉法和层流解法都具有控制方程个数少，计算简单、省时的特点，均能够快速地在最优工况点附近得到合理的数值解。可以用于转轮叶片的初步的水力计算和其他湍流模型计算结果的校核。分别应用这2种算法对一混流式水轮机转轮内部流体的三维流动进行了数值模拟，方程离散采用有限体积法，插值采用二阶迎风格式，压力-速度耦合采用SIMPLEC算法，计算了3个典型工况(最优工况、大流量工况和小流量工况)，得到了转轮内部合理的速度分布和压力分布。最优工况点的效率计算值比试验值高3．09个百分点，计算所需时间比标准κ-ε湍流模型少30％～40％。     

水稻粉质胚乳fse3突变体的表型分析及基因定位

【目的】水稻各种类型的胚及胚乳变异突变体是解析胚发育及淀粉合成和调控路径的优良材料。研究旨在通过大规模的粉质胚乳致死突变体的基因克隆和功能鉴定,获得一系列调控胚发育及淀粉合成的关键基因,为稻米品质改良提供理论指导。【方法】从化学诱变剂N-甲基-N-亚硝基脲（MNU）处理的粳稻品种宁粳3号突变体库中,筛选到一个稳定遗传的胚乳粉质皱缩致死突变体,命名为fse3（floury and shrunken endosperm 3）。将其与9311配制杂交组合,利用F2群体中隐性极端个体进行精细定位;将种子在30℃条件下清水浸种24 h,然后在35℃黑暗条件下用TTC染色2 h检测种子活力;用体视镜观察30℃吸胀9 h后的种子胚结构;从突变体杂合植株上分离粉质成熟种子,去壳后磨成糙米粉进行理化性质分析;用扫描电镜观察成熟淀粉颗粒的结构;制备半薄切片观察发育胚乳中的淀粉颗粒结构;利用qRT-PCR测定籽粒灌浆时期的淀粉合成相关基因表达量;并通过Western-blot检测相关淀粉合成酶的蛋白积累。【结果】与野生型相比,突变体籽粒的千粒重、籽粒大小、总淀粉含量、表观直链淀粉含量等指标均降低,淀粉在尿素溶液中的膨胀能力减弱,淀粉的黏度曲线与野生型也存在显著差异,fse3突变体的最高黏度、热浆黏度、冷浆黏度以及崩解值都显著高于野生型。TTC染色表明其胚活力下降,对发育中的胚纵切片观察发现突变体没有心型胚的分化。对发育中胚乳淀粉结构进行观察,发现fse3突变体的胚乳中产生大量小而不规则排布的单淀粉颗粒,复合淀粉颗粒发育滞后。成熟种子横截面观察发现fse3突变体淀粉颗粒排列疏松,大小不均匀,颗粒间存在较大间隙。利用F2群体中分离出的22个隐性极端个体将FSE3连锁在第9染色体长臂上,随后共用1 400个极端个体将目标基因定位于228 kb的区间内,包含28个开放阅读框。qRT-PCR发现在突变体中多个淀粉合成相关基因表现出不同程度的上调和下调,Western-blot结果表明部分淀粉合成酶的蛋白积累减少。【结论】FSE3是一个新的粉质胚致死基因,基因精细定位在第9染色体228 kb的物理区间,FSE3在水稻种子胚及胚乳的发育调控中起重要作用。     

Extracting 3D from motion: differences in human and monkey intraparietal cortex

We compared three-dimensional structure-from-motion (3D-SFM) processing in awake monkeys and humans using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Occipital and midlevel extrastriate visual areas showed similar activation by 3D-SFM stimuli in both species. In contrast, intraparietal areas showed significant 3D-SFM activation in humans but not in monkeys. This suggests that human intraparietal cortex contains visuospatial processing areas that are not present in monkeys.     

基于函数插值空间场中扰动曲线拟合及其估计

基于在矢量函数插值,给出了矢量场中三维空间扰动曲线的近似计算公式及其误差估计,同时证明了其收敛性,其结果可用于比如分形、可视化组件、计算机断层扫描图像的着色处理和3D计算机地形地貌插值与显示等方面。     

基于无人机可见光影像的树种和树冠信息提取——以晋西黄土区蔡家川流域为例

为探究无人机遥感技术在黄土高原森林资源调查中的适用性,以晋西黄土区蔡家川流域为研究区,以无人机可见光影像为遥感数据源,基于面向对象最邻近分类法,识别并提取研究流域的树种和树冠信息,并与样方调查数据进行对比分析,评估无人机影像提取植被信息的精度及其适用性。结果表明:面向对象最邻近分类法对于郁闭度较低的林分和经济果木林的树种提取效果极好,但复杂植被类型会导致提取精度下降。在农地子流域和人工林子流域上,树种提取的分类混淆矩阵Kappa系数分别为0.898和0.728。面向对象最邻近分类法对人工林和经济果木林的树冠提取精度较高,与实测数据线性回归的决定系数(R²)在0.7以上,但对次生林的树冠提取效果相对较差,R²仅有0.422 3。将该方法拓展应用至流域尺度,识别结果显示,蔡家川流域内人工林子流域主要为刺槐、油松和侧柏混交林,经济作物主要为苹果,油松的林分密度为1 744株·hm^-2,平均冠幅为2.24 m,苹果的林分密度为382株·hm^-2,平均冠幅为4.26 m;农地子流域有苹果树912株,林分密度为439株·hm^-2,平均冠幅为3.84 m。结果表明,基于无人机遥感影像,利用面向对象最邻近分类法可以高效、准确地提取林木株数、郁闭度和平均冠幅,从而有效提高黄土区植被调查的效率。     

Molecular Mapping of Two Novel Stripe Rust Resistant Genes YrTp1 and YrTp2 in A-3 Derived from Triticum aestivum × Thinopyrum ponticum

Loss of variety resistance to stripe rust (Puccinia striiformis Westend f. sp. tritici) is an important factor causing massive periodical epidemic of rust in wheat production. Creation and development of new races of rust pathogen have led to serious crisis of resistance loss in widely planted varieties. This has quickened the search for new resistance resources.Molecular marker could facilitate the identification of the location of novel genes. A line A-3 with high resistance(immune) to currently epidemic yellow rust races (CY29, 31, 32) was screened out in offspring of Triticum aestivum ×Thinopyrum ponticum. Segregation in F2 and BC1 populations indicated that the resistance was controlled by two independent genes: one dominant and one recessive. SSR markers were employed to map the two resistant genes in the F2 and BC1 populations. A marker WMC477-167bp located on 2BS was linked to the dominant gene with genetic distance of 0.4 cM. Another marker WMC364-208bp located on 7BS was linked to the recessive-resistant gene with genetic distance of 5.8 cM. The two genes identified in this paper might be two novel stripe rust resistant genes, which were temporarily designated as YrTpl and YrTp2, respectively. The tightly linking markers facilitate transfer of the two resistant genes into the new varieties to control epidemic of yellow rust.     

A-3中抗条锈新基因YrTp1和YrTp2的分子标记定位分析

【目的】半个多世纪的中国小麦育种史基本是育种家与条锈病的赛跑史。因此，筛选、鉴定、储备和利用新抗源是我国育种和资源研究中的一个长远战略性课题。【方法】利用小麦条锈菌条中31、32号生理小种，对来自小麦与十倍体长穗偃麦草［Thinopyrum ponticum (Host) Liu & Wang］的杂交后代材料A-3进行抗性遗传分析。用荧光SSR分子标记技术，鉴定所携带抗条锈病基因是否为新基因，并对其进行染色体定位研究。【结果】遗传分析表明，A-3对条中31号和32号的抗性由一显一隐2对基因控制。经过对196对微卫星引物的筛选，发现2B染色体短臂上的WMC477-167bp与显性基因紧密连锁，遗传距离为0.4 cM,将该显性基因定位于2BS上；7B染色体短臂上的WMC364-208bp与隐性基因连锁，遗传距离为5.8 cM。图位比较、系谱分析和抗谱分析表明，A-3所含抗条锈基因不同于已知抗条锈基因，暂定名为YrTp1和YrTp2。【结论】可利用A-3中与条锈病抗性紧密连锁的分子标记YrTp1和YrTp2将抗性基因转移到主栽品种中，在小麦育种和生产上发挥作用。     

基于三维模型ENVI-met对黑河森林和北方森林的潜热及显热通量模拟

在非均匀混合场景下模拟区域能量,三维小气候模型比一维模型考虑因素更为全面,但三维模型较复杂,研究甚少。为探究三维模型在混合像元场景中的通量模拟能力,以ENVI-met模型为例,以黑河关滩森林和加拿大北方森林为实验区,比较森林通量模拟值和实测值的季节性和日变化差异,并模拟森林三维空间结构对通量分布的敏感性。结果表明:①模型在春季、夏季、秋季模拟拟合度（R2）分别为0.75,0.76,0.55。模拟显热通量、潜热通量日变化符合实测趋势,日平均实测值与模拟值之差均不超过10.0%。模型对显热通量、潜热通量和太阳短波辐射模拟精度分别为0.68,0.63,0.80。②模拟总体能量闭合率（E_BR）达92.9%,模型对气象参数微小变动不敏感,较为稳定。③自然参数不变场景下,团状分布通量值大于均匀分布,变化幅度剧烈,且显热通量对空间异质性较潜热通量更为敏感。研究结果肯定了ENVI-met模型模拟通量具有较好精度,且能够反映出森林空间分布格局在通量分配上的影响,为研究区域气候变化提供了有效手段。     

小麦胚乳14-3-3基因的克隆及其重组蛋白的原核表达

【目的】克隆小麦籽粒胚乳14-3-3基因,并进行体外表达,为进一步研究其对籽粒生长发育的调控作用奠定基础。【方法】根据已有同源基因保守序列,设计插入限制性酶切位点的特异性扩增引物,采用RT-PCR方法扩增发育的小麦胚乳14-3-3基因,克隆测序后转入表达载体,在大肠杆菌中进行表达,并进行纯化。【结果】从开花后灌浆13-15 d的小麦品种济麦22籽粒胚乳中克隆到1个14-3-3基因,序列分析表明为非ε型,含1个777 bp的开放阅读框,编码蛋白259 aa,分子量约29 kD。核苷酸序列分析表明与小麦、水稻、玉米、大麦、大豆等主要农作物和模式植物拟南芥的14-3-3基因有较高的同源性,最高达98%,编码蛋白氨基酸长度也一致（260 aa左右）;在大肠杆菌中高效表达的重组蛋白约为30 kD,分子量大小与根据核苷酸序列推导的编码蛋白一致。从基因序列的同源性、编码蛋白的氨基酸长度、表达蛋白的分子量大小分析都说明克隆到的基因为14-3-3基因,并准确插入表达载体,得到了高效正确表达。将克隆的基因插入pET29c载体,热激转化大肠杆菌BL21-CodonPlus(DE3)-RP,得到了高效表达,但主要以包涵体形式（80%）存在。对重组蛋白进行了纯化,可溶性重组蛋白利用S-蛋白琼脂糖树脂得到纯化的蛋白,包涵体重组蛋白经变性溶解、复性后,也利用S-蛋白琼脂糖树脂得到了高度纯化的重组蛋白。【结论】利用RT-PCR技术从发育的小麦胚乳中克隆到1个14-3-3基因,并在大肠杆菌中得到了高效表达,重组蛋白经过纯化得到了纯度较高的活性蛋白。     

UV-B辐射对元阳梯田稻田土壤活性有机碳含量与温室气体排放的影响

大田原位条件下,种植元阳梯田地方水稻品种白脚老粳,研究UV-B辐射增强(0、5.0 k J·m-2)对水稻生长期稻田土壤活性有机碳含量及其转化相关酶活性、温室气体排放量的影响,结果表明:UV-B辐射增强导致稻田土壤多酚氧化酶和蔗糖酶的活性显著降低,降幅为10%~17%;纤维素酶活性分蘖期和拔节期显著增加,分别增加了2.7 U·g~(-1)和5.5 U·g~(-1)。UV-B辐射增强显著降低水稻孕穗期、抽穗期和成熟期稻田土壤微生物量碳和易氧化有机碳的含量,降幅分别为10%~36%和9%~31.5%;增加拔节期、孕穗期和成熟期土壤溶解性有机碳的含量,分别增加了123.0、79.5 mg·kg~(-1)和57.8 mg·kg~(-1)。UV-B辐射增强显著降低水稻生长期稻田CH4的排放通量,降幅为23%~42%;但显著增加CO2和N2O的排放通量,分别平均增加418.9 mg·m-2·h-1和3.7μg·m-2·h-1。相关分析发现,稻田土壤多酚氧化酶活性与微生物量碳、易氧化有机碳含量呈显著正相关,且土壤微生物量碳含量与CH4排放通量呈极显著正相关。因此,UV-B辐射通过改变稻田土壤碳转化酶活性与活性有机碳含量,进而影响稻田温室气体排放。     

Partial purification and electron microscopy of virus in the EB-3 cell line derived from a Burkitt lymphoma

The virus in the EB-3 cell line derived from a Burkitt lymphoma was partially purified by digestion with proteolytic enzyme and by density-gradient centrifugation on potassium tartrate. Electron microscope studies of both sectioned and negatively stained samples suggest that the virus belongs to the herpes-virus group, although the exact number of capsomeres was not unequivocally established.