Within-season temporal variation in correlations between vineyard canopy and winegrape composition and yield

Remote optical imaging can rapidly acquire information describing spatial variability in vineyard block performance. Canopy characteristics were derived from very high spatial resolution (0.25 m) optical imagery of a Cabernet Sauvignon vineyard acquired at various canopy growth stages. Within-season changes to correlation coefficients between vineyard canopy and ultimate composition and yield of harvested fruit were then investigated. Canopy area and density were observed to have significant relationships with yield and fruit quality indicators including berry size, anthocyanins and total phenolic content, but less significant relationships with total soluble solids. The strength and type of correlation varied with canopy growth stage. For anthocyanins and total phenolic content, correlations varied from non-significant before flowering to negative after flowering. For berry weight and yield, correlations varied from negative before flowering to positive after flowering. For total soluble solids, there were some significant relationships but no clear temporal pattern. The results confirm that remote sensing is a useful tool to determine spatial variability in fruit composition and yield. However, both the timing of image acquisition and the way in which canopy is quantified are important determinants of the direction and strength of correlations with fruit composition and yield.     

不同砧木藤稔嫁接苗着色差异及相关酶活性影响

以5BB,华佳8号2种砧木嫁接的藤稔葡萄(Vitis vinifera L.×Vitis labrusca L.)为试材,巨峰砧木嫁接的藤稔葡萄为对照,研究砧木对藤稔葡萄着色的影响及机理。结果表明,5BB砧木对嫁接其上的藤稔葡萄着色有明显促进作用,华佳8号使藤稔葡萄着色延迟;不同砧木嫁接藤稔葡萄果皮中花色素苷含量依次为5BB>巨峰>华佳8号,且差异显著。砧木影响浆果转色期花色素苷合成途径中PAL(苯丙氨酸氨解酶)、CHI(查尔酮异构酶)、UFGT(类黄酮葡糖苷转移酶)3个酶活性,同时砧木也影响果皮中叶绿素降解,从而影响花色素苷合成和色泽表现。     

Management zones delineation using fuzzy clustering techniques in grapevines

Precision viticulture aims at managing vineyards at a sub-field scale according to the real needs of each part of the field. The current study focused on delineating management zones using fuzzy clustering techniques and developing a simplified approach for the comparison of zone maps. The study was carried out in a 1.0 ha commercial vineyard in Central Greece during 2009 and 2010. Variation of soil properties across the field was initially measured by means of electrical conductivity, soil depth and topography. To estimate grapevine canopy properties, NDVI was measured at different stages during the vine growth cycle. Yield and grape composition (must sugar content and total acidity) mapping was carried out at harvest. Soil properties, yield and grape composition parameters showed high spatial variability. All measured data were transformed on a 48-cell grid (10 × 20 m) and maps of two management zones were produced using the MZA software. Pixel-by-pixel comparison between maps of electrical conductivity, elevation, slope, soil depth and NDVI with yield and grape composition maps, set as reference parameters, allowed for the calculation of the degree of agreement, i.e. the percentage of pixels belonging to the same zone. The degree of agreement was used to select the best-suited parameters for final management zones delineation. For the year 2009 soil depth, early and mid season NDVI were used for yield-based management zones while for quality-based management zones ECa, early and mid season NDVI were utilized. For the year 2010 ECa, elevation and NDVI acquired during flowering and veraison were used for the delineation of yield-based management zones while for quality-based management zones ECa and NDVI acquired during flowering and harvest were utilized. Results presented here could be the basis for simple management zone delineation and subsequent improved vineyard management.     

架式和新梢间距对‘巨峰’葡萄果实品质的影响

【目的】探明架式和新梢间距对‘巨峰’葡萄果实品质的影响,为‘巨峰’葡萄叶幕分布标准化管理提供理论依据。【方法】以6年生‘贝达’砧‘巨峰’葡萄为试材,采用Y型架和龙干型水平架两种架式,通过定梢绳控制新梢间距分别为10、15和20 cm,研究架式和新梢间距对成熟期‘巨峰’葡萄单粒重、可溶性固形物、可滴定酸、维生素C、花青苷和香气等果实品质的影响。【结果】单粒重、可溶性固形物、可滴定酸和维生素C含量仅与架式存在显著性相关,而与新梢间距不存在显著性相关,花青苷含量与架式和新梢间距均存在显著性相关;香气总含量与架式存在显著性相关,而与新梢间距不存在显著性相关,其中醛类、醇类和萜烯类香气物质含量与香气总含量规律一致,而酯类香气物质含量仅与新梢间距存在一定相关性;对6个处理的单粒重、可溶性固形物、可滴定酸、维生素C、花青苷、酯类、醛类、萜烯类和醇类香气含量等9个指标进行Topsis综合评价分析,结果表明水平架配合新梢间距15 cm得分最高。【结论】建议‘巨峰’葡萄在生产中采用斜干水平龙干型配合水平叶幕,定梢绳间距15 cm。     

不同树龄赤霞珠葡萄果实性状及品质的差异分析

【目的】 研究不同树龄对成熟赤霞珠果实品质等的影响,为赤霞珠葡萄品质评价和酿造优质葡萄酒提供理论依据。【方法】 以新疆吐鲁番市鄯善县楼兰酒业果园内5 a、15 a、30 a树龄的赤霞珠为试验材料,测定并比较果实成熟时的果穗紧密度、果穗质量、果粒质量、果粒纵横径、果皮颜色、种子颜色、可溶性固形物含量(SSC)、pH值、有机酸、花色苷、多酚、单宁等指标。【结果】 吐鲁番市鄯善县赤霞珠葡萄果穗质量多分布在45.58~69.13 g,果穗质量最大(186.90 g)的是5 a树龄的,最小(22.04 g)的是30 a树龄的;30 a树龄的果穗较为松散,SSC含量较高,有机酸含量偏低,固酸比较高,但不同树龄间果穗的变异系数不存在显著差异;果粒质量主要分布在0.46~1.30 g,果粒质量最大(1.95 g)的30 a树龄的,最小(0.14 g)的是5 a树龄的。树龄对果粒纵径、横径、果形指数、果皮中花色苷、单宁、多酚的影响不明显。【结论】 在新疆吐鲁番市鄯善县5 a树龄赤霞珠葡萄果穗质量最大,果实果皮中单宁、多酚含量都最高,果实品质相对最好,是适合酿造优质葡萄酒的最佳树龄。     

夜间延时补光调控对巨峰葡萄春果生长发育及光合特性的影响

【目的】探讨3种光质补光对巨峰葡萄春果生长发育及光合特性的影响,为完善广西巨峰葡萄春果栽培管理技术提供理论依据。【方法】以5年生设施栽培巨峰葡萄为试验材料,在新梢展叶期至果实成熟期,应用白、红、蓝3种光质进行夜间非连续光照6 h（03:00—06:00和18:00—21:00）处理,以自然光照为对照（CK）,研究不同补光处理对巨峰葡萄春果新梢生长、叶片叶绿素含量、光合生理及果实生理生化等指标的影响。【结果】在3种不同光质补光条件下,巨峰葡萄春果新梢基部粗度、1~10节总长度、叶长、叶宽、叶柄长和叶厚均高于CK;其中蓝光6 h处理的新梢基部粗度和1~10节总长度增量最大,分别较CK显著增加12.80%和27.00%（P<0.05,下同）;白光6 h处理的叶长、叶柄长、叶厚和叶片长宽比等指标表现最优,分别较CK提高11.78%、55.90%、12.90%和1.85%;红光6 h处理的叶宽表现最大,较CK显著提高15.06%;相较于CK,在巨峰葡萄春果各生长期夜间补充白光6 h和红光6 h均能提高其叶片叶绿素含量;不同光质补光处理的巨峰葡萄春果叶片净光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率及果实单粒重、横径和可溶性固形物含量均呈现不同程度升高,而叶片胞间CO₂浓度和果实可滴定酸含量呈现不同程度降低。【结论】在巨峰葡萄春果栽培过程中,夜间补充白光6 h和红光6 h能在一定程度上弥补光照的不足。因此,可通过人工补光调节葡萄的生长发育状况,提高果实品质。     

The Effect of Vineyard Cover Crop on Main Monomeric Phenols of Grape Berry and Wine in Vitis viniferal L. cv. Cabernet Sauvignon

This study was conducted to determine the effect of cover crop inter-row in vineyard on main mono-phenol content of grape berry and wine. Three such cover crops, two perennial legumes （white clover and alfalfa） and a perennial gramineous grass （tall fescue） were sown in vineyard. The main phenolic compounds of mature grape berry and wines vinified under the same conditions were extracted with ethyl acetate and diethyl ether and analyzed by high- performance liquid chromatography （HPLC） by comparing to soil tillage. A total of ten phenolic compounds were identified and quantified in the different grape berry and wines, including nonflavonoids （hydroxybenzoic and hydroxycinnamic acids） and flavonoids （flavanols and flavonols）. The concentration of flavonoid compounds （409.43 to 538.63 mg kg^-1 and 56.16 to 81.30 mg L^-1） was higher than nonflavonoids （76.91 to 98.85 mg kg^-1 and 30.65 to 41.22 mg L^-1） for Cabernet Sauvignon grape and wine under different treatments, respectively. In the flavonoid phenolics, Catechin was the most abundant in the different grapes and wines, accounting for 74.94 to 79.70% and 48.60 to 50.62% of total nonanthocyanin phenolics quantified, respectively. Compared to soil tillage, the sward treatments showed a higher content of main mono-phenol and total nonanthocyanin phenolics in grapes and wines. There were significant differences between two cover crop treatments （tall fescue and white clover） and soil tillage for the content of benzoic acid, salicylic acid, caffeic acid, catechin, and total phenolics in the grape berry （P 〈 0.05 or P〈0.01）. The wine from tall fescue cover crop had the highest gallic acid, caffeic acid and catechin. Cover crop system increased the total nonanthocyanin phenolics of grapes and wines in order of the four treatments： tall fescue, white clover, alfalfa, and soil tillage （control）. Cover crop in vineyard increased total phenols of grape berry and wine, and thus improved the quality of wine evidently.     

行间生草对赤霞珠葡萄与葡萄酒中主要单体酚的影响

 【目的】研究葡萄园行间生草对葡萄果实与葡萄酒中主要单体酚含量的影响。【方法】在酿酒品种赤霞珠葡萄园行间播种白三叶草、紫花苜蓿和高羊茅,以清耕为对照,在果实成熟期及酒精发酵结束后,采用有机溶剂萃取、HPLC定性与定量分析各处理葡萄与葡萄酒中的主要单体酚含量。【结果】在赤霞珠葡萄果实与葡萄酒中共检测出10种单体酚,包括非类黄酮和类黄酮类,葡萄与葡萄酒中类黄酮类多酚的总含量(409.43～538.63 mg?kg-1和56.16～81.30 mg?L-1)高于非类黄酮(76.91～98.85 mg?kg-1和30.65～41.22 mg?L-1)。在类黄酮中,黄烷醇类儿茶素含量及所占比例最高,葡萄果实及葡萄酒中儿茶素的含量分别占所测单体酚总含量的74.94%～79.70%和48.60%～50.62%。与清耕(对照)相比,行间生草可提高葡萄果实与葡萄酒中主要单体酚的含量及其总量,其中高羊茅和白三叶草处理葡萄果实中安息香酸、水杨酸、咖啡酸、儿茶素含量及单体酚总含量与清耕(对照)之间差异达显著或极显著水平;同时高羊茅处理使葡萄酒中没食子酸、咖啡酸、儿茶素等含量显著升高,在葡萄果实与葡萄酒中各处理单体酚总含量由高到低均为高羊茅?白三叶草?紫花苜蓿?清耕(对照)。【结论】行间生草可提高葡萄与葡萄酒中多酚化合物的含量,从而提高葡萄酒的质量。     

PDJ对‘巨玫瑰’葡萄果实着色及品质的影响

为了研究二氢茉莉酸丙酯(prohydrojasmon,PDJ)对‘巨玫瑰’葡萄果实着色及品质的影响。以‘巨玫瑰’葡萄为试验材料,于转色初期分别用不同浓度(T1:500 mg/L、T2:1 000 mg/L、T3:1 500 mg/L) PDJ对穗轴进行涂抹处理,定期检测葡萄果皮中花色苷、叶绿素、可溶性糖含量,并分析果实可溶性固形物、可滴定酸、单粒重等品质指标的变化。结果表明,不同浓度PDJ处理葡萄果皮中花色苷含量均显著升高,叶绿素含量降低,从而促进了果实着色; PDJ处理有利于果实颜色指数CIRG值的提高,而对果面亮度L*值无影响。不同浓度PDJ处理均显著提高果实中可溶性固形物含量,改善果实品质。3种PDJ浓度处理均能提高‘巨玫瑰’葡萄果实品质,促进着色,且以1 000 mg/L PDJ处理效果最佳。结果为合理利用PDJ改善葡萄果实色泽、提高果实品质提供理论依据。     

Are precision agriculture tools and methods relevant at the whole-vineyard scale?

Precision viticulture (PV) has been mainly applied at the field level, for which the ability of high resolution data to match within-field variability has been already shown. However, the interest of PV for grape growers would be greater if its principles could also apply at a larger scale, as most growers still focus their management on a multi-field scale, not considering each field as an isolated unit. The aim of this study was to analyse whether it is possible and relevant to use PV tools to define meaningful management zones at the whole-vineyard scale. The study was carried out on a 90-ha vineyard made of 27 contiguous fields. The spatial variability of vine vigour, estimated with the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), was analysed at within-field and whole-vineyard scales. The spatial variability of the vigour was significant and spatially organized whatever the considered scale. Besides, vineyard spatial variability was characterised using information on environmental factors (soil apparent conductivity and elevation) and vine response (yield, vigour and grape composition). At both scales, NDVI and measured environmental factors were used to establish a three-level classification, whose agronomic significance was tested comparing the vine response observed for each class. The analysis of high resolution information allowed the definition of classes with agronomic and oenological implications, although there was not a straightforward correspondence between the classes defined and quality. Analysing the variability at the whole-vineyard scale highlighted a trend of spatial variation associated to elevation that was hardly visible at the within-field level.     

北美豆梨秋冬叶色与生理变化的关系

为研究北美豆梨(Pyrus calleryana Decne)叶片变色期相关生理物质的变化,探索其叶色与生理变化之间的内在联系及变色机理。利用紫外分光光度计和便携式色差仪测定北美豆梨4 个品种秋冬叶色变化过程中可溶性糖、花色素苷、叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量与叶色的明度参数△L,色相参数△a 和△b值。在叶片变色期,花色素苷含量总体呈上升趋势,叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量逐渐降低,可溶性糖含量较高且变化平稳。叶绿素与花色素苷含量具有相关关系;品种‘首都’和‘红塔’叶片中类胡萝卜素与花色素苷含量呈极显著负相关,品种‘贵族’和‘新布’相关不显著;4 个品种可溶性糖与花色素苷含量不相关。叶色参数△a 值均与花色素苷含量呈显著正相关,与叶绿素含量呈显著负相关,‘首都’和‘红塔’叶色参数△a 值与类胡萝卜素呈极显著负相关;‘首都’△L 值与花色素苷含量呈显著负相关,其他品种△L值与叶绿素、花色素苷含量之间均不相关;△b 值与叶绿素、类胡萝卜素、花色素苷含量均相关性不显著。叶绿素和花色素苷含量是影响北美豆梨叶色的关键因素,类胡萝卜素不是主要色素,可溶性糖有利于叶色的表达。。     

一年两收栽培夏黑葡萄香气成分分析

【目的】分析一年两收栽培夏黑葡萄夏果和冬果的香气成分,为提高该品种的芳香品质及促进其一年两收栽培技术的发展提供理论依据。【方法】以8年生一年两收栽培的夏黑葡萄为试验材料,于始转色期、成熟期和成熟后期采集夏果和冬果。采用HS-SPME-GC-MS方法,分别对夏果和冬果3个时期的香气成分进行定性定量分析,并监控不同发育期持续天数、气象指标和浆果理化指标的变化。【结果】一年两收栽培夏黑葡萄从萌芽到成熟过程中,夏果的每日气温逐渐上升,而冬果的每日气温逐渐降低,冬果较夏果转色期更早,成熟期持续的时间更长。成熟期冬果可溶性固形物和可滴定酸含量均高于夏果;夏果和冬果于始转色期、成熟期和成熟后期分别检测到48、51、47种和52、56、56种香气成分,包括醛类、醇类、酯类、酮类、萜烯类和酸类。冬果3个时期的香气成分总含量分别为472.83、1020.27和836.43 μg/L,均显著高于夏果的459.39、638.57和659.20 μg/L（P<0.05,下同）。成熟期夏黑葡萄中香气成分含量最高的是醛类化合物,其次是醇类化合物,夏果和冬果中醛类化合物含量分别为446.34和600.18 μg/L,醇类化合物含量分别为120.21和163.44 μg/L。成熟期夏黑葡萄中单体类香气成分以C₆化合物为主,其中含量最高的是青草及苹果香味的己醛,其后依次是草本香和果香型的2-己烯醛、（Z）-3-己烯醛和己醇,冬果中上述单体类化合物的含量均显著高于夏果。成熟期夏果和冬果中最具代表性的8个差异香气化合物为2-己烯醛、乙酸乙酯、香茅醇、苯乙醇、橙花醇、（Z）-3-己烯醛、香叶醇和辛酸乙酯,冬果中上述差异化合物的含量均显著高于夏果。通过对气候条件的分析,与夏果相比,夏黑葡萄冬果生长季后期冷凉的环境和更为干燥的气候是其香气成分含量显著高于夏果的主要原因。【结论】一年两收栽培模式下两季葡萄果实香气成分组成和含量的差异是气象因子综合作用的结果,冬果生长季的气候条件更有利于葡萄芳香品质的提高。     

Oenological significance of vineyard management zones delineated using early grape sampling

Early definition of oenologically significant zones within a vineyard is one of the main goals of precision viticulture, as it would allow an increase in profitability through the adaptation of agronomic practices to the specific requirements of each zone, and/or segregation of the harvest into different batches to produce wines with different qualities. The aim of this work was to evaluate whether early grape sampling is a relevant tool for within-vineyard zone definition. The study was carried out in 2010 and 2011 in a 4.2 ha vineyard, where a grid of 60 sampling points was defined. 300-berry samples were picked from each sampling point after veraison and at harvest, post-veraison information being used to define zones within the vineyard after fuzzy k-means analysis and subsequent application of a zoning procedure that took into account membership degree and neighbourhood criteria. Two variations of the zoning procedure were used, standard (StdZ) and top (TopZ) zoning. Each was designed to meet different requirements of wineries; StdZ gave the same oenological relevance to all the zones, and TopZ differentiated the zones producing “top class” grapes, minimizing the within-zone variability in the top-class zone. Grape composition obtained at harvest from the zones delineated post-veraison was compared. Zone delineation using post-veraison data was proved to be oenologically relevant, provided sampling is performed once veraison is completed. The two zoning algorithms designed were shown to be suitable for objective zone delineation according to the goals intended for each.     

基于转录组分析油菜素内酯对高温胁迫下酿酒葡萄花色苷合成及果实品质的调控机制

【目的】分析高温胁迫下参与油菜素内酯调控葡萄花色苷及果实品质合成的相关基因,探讨油菜素内酯调控果实花色苷及品质合成的机制。【方法】以酿酒葡萄‘赤霞珠’为试材,转色前一周利用红外辐射器模拟高温环境,并全树喷施0.6 mg·L^-1的2,4-表油菜素内酯(2,4-Epibrassinolide,EBR),测定花色苷、总糖及相关品质指标,选择转色中期(花后70 d)的果实进行转录组测序,从分子水平阐述EBR对高温胁迫下花色苷合成的影响。【结果】从转色开始,各处理花色苷含量逐渐升高;成熟时,高温组(HT)花色苷总量显著低于对照组(CK),高温油菜素内酯组(HTE)花色苷含量高于HT组。总糖、还原糖、蔗糖变化规律与花色苷相似,HT组含量均在成熟期时低于CK组,成熟期各种糖含量为CK组>HTE组>HT组。分析3种处理下‘赤霞珠’果实基因水平的差异,通过GO和KEGG富集发现了14个与蔗糖和淀粉代谢途经相关的差异基因,其中HT和HTE处理显著上调了10个基因,显著下调了4个基因;苯丙氨酸代谢途径有11个差异基因,其中有7个参与花色苷合成的基因在HT处理中上调,有4个参...     

榉树叶色和色素组成的相互关系研究

探析红色、黄色、绿色3种不同色系榉树叶色形成的化学机制,为选育、培育榉树优良株系提供理论依据。以秋季转色期叶色表现为红色、黄色、绿色的榉树叶片为材料,分析其叶片的颜色参数及花青素、叶绿素、类胡萝卜素等色素含量的变化特点,并分析叶色与色素组成间的相互关系。结果表明:秋季叶片转色期,红色系榉树的色相a~*值最高,在10月25日达到最大值,呈现出最佳观赏效果;绿色系榉树a~*值较低,且变化趋势相对平缓;在转色后期,黄色系榉树的b~~*值显著大于红色和绿色系榉树,但其在秋季变色期存在返绿现象。明度L~*值、彩度C~*值与色相b~*值的变化趋势几乎完全一致。不同色系榉树都含有花青素、叶绿素和类胡萝卜素,但不同色系榉树3种色素的含量不同。红色系榉树花青素含量百分比最高,为22.1%~44.6%;绿色系榉树的总叶绿素含量最高,为73.0%~80.5%;黄色系榉树的类胡萝卜素含量最高,为24.7%~35.4%。回归分析结果表明,榉树叶片中,花青素和叶绿素含量与榉树的叶片呈色密切相关。其中花青素含量与a~*值呈正相关,与L~*、b~*、C~*呈负相关,说明花青素含量的增加,使叶片红色度增加,同时明度、黄色度和彩度降低;叶绿素含量与L~*、a~*、b~*、C~*均呈负相关,说明叶绿素含量的增加,使叶片的明度、红色度、黄色度以及彩度均降低;类胡萝卜素含量未被引入方程,说明类胡萝卜素含量与叶片颜色参数无显著相关性(P0.05)。分析显示,花青素含量增加,叶绿素含量降低,可以使叶片变红;而花青素含量降低,叶绿素含量增加,叶片将维持绿色;若花青素与叶绿素同时降低,则将使叶片变黄。叶片内叶绿素、类胡萝卜素、花青素的含量及百分比是榉树呈现红色、黄色、绿色3种不同色系的物质基础和根本原因。     

根区土壤加温对塑料大棚内红地球葡萄生长发育和品质的影响

为研究塑料大棚内葡萄Vitis vinifera促成栽培中萌芽期根区土壤加温对树体生长发育、果实品质以及土壤温度的影响,试验以5年生红地球葡萄Vitis vinifera‘Red Globe’为试材,在需冷量满足后进行根区土壤加温处理,设置（25±1）℃/（15±1）℃（昼/夜）（简称T25）和（20±1）℃/（15±1）℃（昼/夜）（简称T20）和对照（ck）等3个温度梯度,探讨它们对土壤温度、葡萄物候期、树体生长发育和果实品质的影响。结果表明:萌芽期T25和T20处理下土壤日平均温度分别比ck高13.1℃和8.4℃;萌芽期分别比对照提早26,20 d,始花期提早27,21 d,成熟期提早18,10 d;新梢长度和粗度、单株果穗数显著增加（P<0.05）;可溶性固形物、维生素C质量分数增加,酸质量分数降低,果实品质提高;果穗质量和单株产量均显著高于对照（P<0.05）。说明萌芽期适当提高土壤温度可以使葡萄提早解除生态抑制性休眠,提前进入萌芽,果实品质改善,提早上市。图3表5参13     

地形对酿酒葡萄果实品质的影响

为揭示地形条件对酿酒葡萄果实品质的影响,对河北省昌黎县不同地形条件(平地和坡地)下2种酿酒葡萄[赤霞珠(Cabernet Sauvignon)和西拉(Syrah)]的果实成熟度和品质进行比较。结果表明,①赤霞珠和西拉在成熟过程中,其果实总酸含量随还原糖含量的不断增加而下降,而果实糖酸比一直上升;2个品种的还原糖含量均表现为坡地>平地。②赤霞珠果实的总酚、单宁、总花色苷含量和糖酸比均表现为平地>坡地,总酸含量则表现为坡地优于平地;而西拉果实的单宁、总花色苷含量及糖酸比均表现为坡地>平地,总酸和总酚含量则为平地>坡地。③平地与坡地条件下两酿酒葡萄品种的单宁含量呈极显著差异,而总花色素仅赤霞珠表现为显著性差异。这表明坡地条件下赤霞珠和西拉酿酒葡萄果实品质优于平地。     

Spatial variability in grape yield and quality influenced by soil and crop nutrition characteristics

Knowledge of spatial variability of soil fertility and plant nutrition is critical for planning and implementing site-specific vineyard management. To better understand the key drivers behind vineyard variability, yield mapping from 2002 to 2005 and 2007 (the monitor broke down in 2006) was used to identify zones of different productive potential in a Pinot Noir field located in Raimat (Lleida, Spain). Simultaneously, the vineyard field was sampled in 2002, 2003 and 2007, applying three different schemes (depending on the number of target vines in different grape yield zones). The sampling carried out in 2002, which involved different soil, topographic and crop properties (mineral contents in petiole), made it possible to evaluate the influence of these parameters on the grape yield variability. The zones of lowest yield coincided with locations in which the nutritional status of the crop exhibited the lowest values, particularly with respect to petiole contents of calcium and manganese. Sampling systems adopted in 2003 and 2007 (grape quality and soil attributes) confirmed the inverse spatial correlation between grape yield and some grape quality parameters and, more importantly, showed that the percentage of soil carbonates had a great influence on grape quality probably due to the reduced availability of manganese in calcareous soils. Site-specific vineyard management could therefore be considered using two different strategies: variable-rate application of foliar fertilizers to increase the yield in areas with low production and also foliar or soil fertilizers to improve the quality specifications in some areas.     

Differences of aroma development and metabolic pathway gene expression between Kyoho and 87-1 grapes

Aroma is an important quality trait of grapes and often the focus of consumers, viticulturists and grapevine breeders. Kyoho is a hybrid between Vitis vinifera and Vitis labrusca with a strawberry-like scent, while 87-1 is an early-ripening mutant of Muscat hamburg, belonging to Vitis vinifera, with a rose scent. In this study, we compared their aroma compositions and concentrations during berry development by headspace-SPME combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS), and analyzed the expression differences of enzyme-encoding genes in the LOX-HPL, MEP and MVA metabolic pathways by qRT-PCR. Twelve esters were detected in Kyoho during the whole berry development and they were abundant after veraison, but no esters were detected in 87-1 berries. Linalool was the dominant terpene among the 14 terpenes detected in 87-1 berries, while limited amounts of terpenes were detected in Kyoho berries. qRT-PCR analysis indicated that the low expression of VvAAT might explain the low content of ester volatiles in 87-1 berries, and the low expression of coding genes in the MEP pathway, especially VvPNLin Ner1, might be the reason for the low content of volatile terpenes in Kyoho berries. The results from this work will promote our understanding of aroma metabolic mechanisms of grapes, and offer some suggestions for grape aromatic quality improvement.     

控释肥与水分耦合对红丽海棠品质及树体营养状况的影响

以红丽海棠为试验材料,研究控释肥与水分耦合对其生长指标(新梢长度、叶片面积、干径)、花朵中的花色苷含量、果实品质指标(横径、纵径、果柄长、单果重、可滴定酸含量、可溶性糖含量、可溶性蛋白含量)以及叶片中氮、磷、钾含量的影响。结果表明:包膜水肥耦合能够明显促进红丽海棠的生长,增加花朵中的花色苷含量、提高果实品质以及叶片中的氮、磷、钾含量,而包膜控释肥与适量的水分协调效果更佳。