A Search for Hepatoprotective Activity of Fruit Extract of Mangifera indica L. Against Oxidative Stress Cytotoxicity

Mango (Mangifera indica L.) and their components are commonly used in folk medicine for many curative effects. The protective effects of different concentrations of aqueous extract of Mangifera indica L. fruit (Mango Extract) (20, 50 and 100 μg/ml) and also gallic acid (100 μM) as a pure compound in the extract were examined against oxidative stress toxicity induced by cumene hydroperoxide (CHP) in isolated rat hepatocytes. The extracts and gallic acid (100 μM) protected the hepatocyte against all oxidative stress markers including cell lysis, ROS generation, lipid peroxidation, glutathione depletion, mitochondrial membrane potential decrease, lysosomal membrane oxidative damage and cellular proteolysis. Mango Extracts (20, 50 and 100 μg/ml) were more effective than gallic acid (100 μM) in protecting hepatocytes against CHP induced lipid peroxidation. On the other hand gallic acid (100 μM) acted more effective than Mango Extracts (20, 50 and 100 μg/ml) at preventing lysosomal membrane damage. In addition H₂O₂ scavenging effect of all extracts were determined in hepatocytes and compared with gallic acid (100 μM). There were no significance differences (P<0.05) between all plant extracts and gallic acid (100 μM) in H₂O₂ scavenging activity. These results suggest a hepatoprotective role for Mango Extract against liver injury associated with oxidative stress.     

杧果皮萃取物的生物活性及其化学成分分析

对杧果皮乙醇提取的乙酸乙酯萃取物进行抑菌性测定。离体抑菌活性测定结果表明,乙酸乙酯萃取物对小麦纹枯和水稻纹枯等病原菌具有很强的抑菌活性;硅胶柱层析及生物活性测定结果表明,正己烷∶乙酸乙酯∶无水甲醇为 60∶40∶20（v∶v∶v）时对抑菌成分的分离效果最好;化学定性分析结果表明,对水稻纹枯病菌抑菌最强的（11~13）组段的化学成分主要为酚类、黄酮类和有机酸等物质,但具体是那一类物质起作用还需要进一步分离纯化和鉴定。     

芒果无机焦磷酸酶基因的克隆及其表达载体构建

无机焦磷酸酶（inorganic pyrophosphatase,PPase）催化焦磷酸（PPi）水解为2个无机正磷酸（Pi）,是蔗糖合成途径中的调控关键节点之一。本研究根据已经报道的PPase基因的序列设计兼并引物,采用3′ RACE和5′ RACE方法,从贵妃芒果的果实中克隆得到了一个芒果PPase基因,将其命名为MiPPase,其全长cDNA序列为1014 bp,开放阅读框为837 bp,编码278个氨基酸,分子量为30.85 ku,等电点为4.68。通过系统发育分析发现该基因编码的蛋白与红花烟草具有较近的亲缘关系。为深入探究MiPPase基因在蔗糖代谢过程中的作用,本研究成功构建出pGreenII 62-SK-MiPPase基因过量表达载体,为后续研究MiPPase基因在芒果果实蔗糖合成的作用机理提供理论依据。     

芒果中性/碱性转化酶MiNI基因的克隆与表达分析

采用RT-PCR技术克隆了1个编码NI基因的cDNA序列,命名为MiNI基因,并对不同来源的中性/碱性转化酶的分子特征及系统进化进行比较分析。结果表明：MiNI基因开放阅读框为2034 bp,编码677个氨基酸,相对分子量为76.6 kDa,理论等电点为6.24;生物信息学分析结果显示,NI二级结构α螺旋占38.85%,无规则卷曲占35.45%,伸展链占18.91%,β折叠占6.79%;MiNI具有glycoside hydrolase family 100结构保守域,与克里曼丁桔、龙眼、巴西橡胶树和番木瓜都具有一致的motif位点;MiNI基因编码的氨基酸序列与克里曼丁桔、龙眼氨基酸序列同源性最高;构建NI系统进化树分析表明,与芒果遗传距离最近的是克里曼丁桔,最远的是玉米和枸杞。qRT-PCR分析显示,果皮MiNI基因表达量远高于果肉;花后10~40 d,果皮MiNI基因表达量显著下降;花后40~100 d,果皮MiNI基因表达量维持在一个相对稳定水平;花后100~130 d,随着果实成熟,果皮MiNI基因表达量又显著上升;而花后10~40 d,果肉MiNI基因表达量显著下降,至果实发育后期果肉MiNI基因表达量始终处于极低水平。该研究为进一步了解MiNI基因在芒果果实蔗糖代谢过程中的作用以及从分子角度阐明芒果糖代谢机理奠定理论和技术基础。     

GA_3和CPPU对海南贵妃杧产量和果实品质的影响

以海南主栽杧果品种贵妃杧为试材,研究了赤霉素(GA3)和氯吡脲(CPPU或KT-30)对其产量和果实品质的影响。结果表明:(1)GA3处理明显增加产量,且不同程度地改善果实品质,以GA3150 mg/L和GA3250 mg/L效果较好,两者的产量、果形指数、单果重、可食率、糖酸比(显著降低可滴定酸含量)均显著高于对照;(2)CPPU处理促进果实膨大的效果比GA3处理明显,且可食率和果实硬度显著高于对照,但产量增加不明显,具有疏果的作用,明显增加畸形果数量,浓度过高会使糖酸比(显著增加可滴定酸含量)明显下降,以较低浓度的CPPU 5 mg/L和CPPU 10 mg/L为宜;(3)GA3150 mg/L+CPPU 5 mg/L的混合处理对果实膨大的效果明显优于单一处理,但增加产量不明显,与单用GA3150 mg/L处理相比,明显降低了产量、可溶性固形物、可溶性糖含量和糖酸比(显著增加可滴定酸含量);(4)CPPU处理和较低浓度的GA3处理(GA350 mg/L和GA3150 mg/L)延缓了果皮叶绿素的降解,较高浓度(GA3250 mg/L和GA3500 mg/L)则相反,GA3和CPPU处理均促进了果皮类胡萝卜素的积累,较高浓度的GA3处理促进了果皮花青素的合成,CPPU和混合处理抑制了果皮花青素的合成。该研究为GA3和CPPU在海南贵妃杧种植中的合理应用提供了科学依据。     

粤西1号芒果成熟阶段的蔗糖代谢

以粤西1号为试材研究了芒果果实成熟阶段淀粉、葡萄糖、果糖和蔗糖的含量以及蔗糖代谢相关酶-酸性转化酶(AI)、中性转化酶(NI)、蔗糖合成酶(SS)和蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS)的活性变化.结果表明:采收前淀粉含量逐渐减少,采收后快速减少;葡萄糖含量采收后呈先增后减的趋势,果糖含量采收前缓慢增加,采收后开始迅速增加,蔗糖变化与果糖变化趋势一致,完熟时含量最多的糖为蔗糖(62.55 mg,g),果糖次之(44.45 mg/g),葡萄糖最少(2.87mg/g).AI、NI、SS、SPS在采收前活性差别不大,在后熟阶段,AI、SS、SPS活性显著增加,且SPS活性达到最高值.粤西1号糖代谢以积累蔗糖为主,2种酶SPS和SS起关键作用.     

Functional Properties and Dietary Fiber Characterization of Mango Processing By-products (Mangifera indica L., cv Ataulfo and Tommy Atkins)

Several reports have focused on utilization of post-harvest residues of crops, while neglecting those residues produced by mango processing. These residues represent a waste of nutrients and a source of environmental contaminants. Such by-products could be valuable sources of dietary fiber (DF), antioxidant compounds, and single carbohydrates. The aim of this study was to evaluate some functional properties (FP), and the content of DF and polyphenols (PP) of the peel and coarse material obtained from residues during the industrial processing of Ataulfo and Tommy Atkins mangoes. The total dietary fiber (TDF) content was about 225 mg/g and 387 mg/g (dry weight) for the coarse material and the peel, respectively, from which soluble dietary fiber represented 23 and 42 %, respectively. The main neutral sugar identified was rhamnose, especially in peels; the klason lignin (KL) content was 92 mg/g, which highlights the Ataulfo peel (Ataulfo-P) and the Tommy Atkins peel (Tommy Atkins-P). The extractable PP content in Ataulfo-P was higher than in Tommy-Atkins-P, and interesting data for non-extractable PP were obtained in the residues. FP as swelling, water holding, oil holding, and glucose absorption in the residues was studied, obtaining better functional properties when compared to cellulose fiber. The results show that mango industrial by-products, mainly from the Ataulfo-P variety, could be used as ingredients in food products because of their functional properties as well as their DF and PP content.     

芒果采后炭疽菌Colletotrichum asianum鉴定及生物学特性研究

采用组织块分离法从采后发病芒果果肉中分离病原菌,通过形态学观察、r DNA-ITS序列和系统发育树分析对其进行鉴定,并初步研究其生物学特性。结果表明:从发病芒果中分离到的病菌T0408鉴定为Colletotrichum asianum Prihastuti,L.CaiK.D.Hyde。该菌菌丝生长的适宜温度为20~30℃、适宜pH值为5~8;环境湿度在75%~98%范围内,湿度越大,菌丝生长速度越快,在3 000 lx日光灯的光照强度下连续光照有利于菌丝的生长和产孢;孢子萌发的适宜温度为25~30℃、适宜pH值为6~8,环境湿度为75%~98%,湿度越大、在3 000 lx日光灯的光照强度下连续光照有利于孢子的萌发。     

抗多菌灵的芒果炭疽病菌的杀菌剂筛选及其交互抗性测定

为筛选抗多菌灵的芒果炭疽病菌的杀菌剂,采用生长速率法测定23种杀菌剂对8株抗、感多菌灵的芒果炭疽病菌(Colletotrichum gtoeosporioides Penz.)的室内毒力.通过EC50值、EC90值及杀菌剂间的交互抗性测定等综合分析表明:对芒果炭疽病菌毒力最强的杀菌剂是咪鲜胺,其平均EC50值和EC90值分别为0.04、0.21μg/mL;苯醚甲环唑、丙环唑、吡唑醚菌酯、氟硅唑、氟硅唑·恶唑菌酮、戊唑醇、腈菌唑和多抗霉素对芒果炭疽病菌的毒力也较强,与多菌灵不存在交互抗性,这9种杀菌剂均可作为防治芒果炭疽病的首选杀菌剂.另外,三唑酮、异菌脲、三环唑和代森锰锌也有较好的抑菌效果,可用于芒果炭疽病的防治.通过交互抗性分析,在苯并咪唑类杀菌剂之间,苯并眯唑类杀菌剂与烯唑醇,嘧菌酯、醚菌酯与腈菌唑·醚菌酯,嘧菌酯、醚菌酯与三唑酮,苯醚甲环唑与氟硅唑·恶唑菌酮之间存在交互抗性;而百菌清与嘧菌酯、醚菌酯和腈菌唑·醚菌酯,恶霉灵与嘧菌酯、醚菌酯、腈菌唑·醚菌酯和三唑酮之间存在负交互抗性.     

基于转录组的芒果MYB家族基因的鉴定及分析

MYB家族作为植物中较大的转录因子家族之一,参与调控植物的多种生理活动。本研究基于芒果果实转录组测序结果,鉴定出71个MYB家族蛋白,其中包含1个4R-MYB蛋白、3个R1R2R3-MYB蛋白、60个R2R3-MYB蛋白和7个MYB相关蛋白。进化树及基序分析表明:除个别蛋白外,相同类型的MYB蛋白均聚在一起,且相近分支的MYB蛋白具有相同或相似的基序。60个全长MYB家族蛋白中,大部分为不稳定蛋白,且均为不含跨膜结构和信号肽的亲水性蛋白,亚细胞定位分析均定位于细胞核。进化树分析发现芒果R2R3-MYB蛋白与拟南芥有较高的保守性。R2R3-MYB蛋白保守域分析发现,R2和R3结构域均有多个氨基酸保守不变。GO分析发现芒果R2R3-MYB蛋白共注释到生物学过程、细胞组分和分子功能3大类功能的15个亚类。     

水分胁迫对芒果成花效应及内源激素变化的影响

以３ａ生盆栽红芒６号为试材,研究水分胁迫对芒果成花的效应。发现水分胁迫能改变芒果植株梢尖内源激素的水平及激素间的平衡,使 ＧＡ减少,ＡＢＡ和 ＣＴＫ增加,ＣＴＫ／ＧＡ及ＡＢＡ／ＧＡ的比率提高,抑制营养生长,促进开花,成花率高达 ７５％;而对照（灌水）植株营养生长旺盛,萌发新梢,抽梢率３７．５％,成花率仅６．２５％。      

海南省芒果主产区主栽品种果实挥发性成分的对比

采用顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用法（HS-SPME-GC-MS）测定芒果香气成分,分析HS-SPME的平衡时间、萃取温度、萃取时间及解吸时间对香气成分分析结果（包括总峰数目、总峰面积）的影响,得到最佳萃取条件,并通过谱库比对鉴定芒果香气成分的组成及相对含量。旨在明确HS-SPME-GC-MS测定芒果果实香气成分的最佳萃取条件及海南省芒果主产区主栽品种贵妃、台农果实的香气成分组成及差异,为芒果香气品质判断及种质资源评价提供依据。结果表明：（1）HS-SPME最佳萃取条件为平衡时间10 min,萃取温度45 ℃,萃取时间60 min,解吸时间5 min。（2）海南省芒果主产区主栽品种贵妃、台农共鉴定出102种匹配度大于70%的挥发性香气化合物,2个品种的香气成分主要由萜烯类构成,贵妃萜烯类占香气成分总含量的74.70%,台农萜烯类占香气成分总含量的86.79%,另外还有少量的醇、醛、酮、酯、羧酸类。（3）贵妃、台农共有的挥发性香气化合物有α-异松油烯、3-蒈烯、柠檬烯、3-己烯-1-醇、2-己烯醛、γ-己内酯、异佛尔酮、棕榈酸等15种。因此,α-异松油烯、3-蒈烯为海南省芒果主产区主栽品种贵妃、台农的主要特征香气成分,且台农的主要特征香气成分相对含量明显高于贵妃。     

Relationship Among Antimutagenic, Antioxidant and Enzymatic Activities of Methanolic Extract from Common Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L)

Common beans are rich in phenolic compounds, which can provide health benefits to the consumer. The objective of this work was to study the relationship among antimutagenicity, antioxidant and enzymatic activities of methanolic extract and trolox by principal components multivariate analysis. Antimutagenicity of phenolic compounds present in methanolic extract from the seed coat of common beans (P. vulgaris, Flor de Mayo Bajío cultivar) and trolox against AFB₁ mutagenicity were evaluated in the Salmonella typhimurium microsuspension assay. Antioxidant capacity of methanolic extract and trolox were evaluated using β-carotene and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryhydrazyl (DPPH) in vitro model assays. Cythrome P450 activity was measured by fluorometric assay. For phenolic extract, trolox and phenolic extract + trolox, the inhibition on AFB₁ mutagenicity in tester strain TA100 was 47, 59 and 69%, respectively. While in TA98 was 39, 48 and 68%. The inhibition of phenolic compounds, trolox and phenolic compounds + trolox on cytochrome P450 (CYP450) activity was 48, 59 and 88%, respectively. Correlation analysis showed that phenolic extract and trolox have high antimutagenic and antioxidant activity and also inhibited enzymatic activity. The results suggest that the primary mechanism of action of phenolic compounds in beans against AFB₁ mutagenicity may be extra-cellular in the microsuspension assay.     

复载纳他霉素的壳聚糖/玉米醇溶蛋白可食性涂膜对芒果低温保鲜效果的研究

为探究不同纳他霉素添加量（0.05、0.1、0.2 g/kg）对壳聚糖/玉米醇溶蛋白可食性复合涂膜保鲜芒果（N₁、N₂、N₃）效果的影响,以壳聚糖/玉米醇溶蛋白复合涂膜处理为阳性对照（CZ）,以清水处理为空白对照（CK）,研究芒果在低温（13℃）贮藏30 d过程中转黄率、病情指数、果肉色泽特征、生理生化、品质变化及抗氧化能力。结果表明：CK组贮藏期仅为24 d,涂膜处理可至少将芒果贮藏期延长6 d;纳他霉素涂膜组推迟了芒果呼吸高峰的出现,N₃组的呼吸峰值最低;与CK组相比,N₃组在24 d的转黄率和病情指数分别降低了45.83%和44.17%;N₃组显著抑制了自由水分、果实质量和硬度的下降,保持了可溶性固形物、可滴定酸和维生素C等营养物质含量;同时,涂膜组的POD和SOD含量均显著低于CK组,果肉总色差和相对电导率上升得到了抑制,说明复合涂膜处理有效延缓了芒果衰老进程,保持了更好的果实新鲜度。综上,添加纳他霉素的壳聚糖/玉米醇溶蛋白可食性复合涂膜可显著提升对芒果的保鲜效果,添加量为0.2 g/kg的纳他霉素复合涂膜效果更佳。纳他霉素复合涂膜在水果保鲜的应用中具有良好的前景。     

干热河谷退化山地芒果园间种和翻压柱花草的效应研究

试验设计3个处理,第一个处理是在芒果(Mangifera indica Lour.)行间种植热研5号柱花草(Stylosanthes guianensis cv.Reyan No.5),观测芒果单作样地与芒果-柱花草间种样地土壤全氮、有机质和有机碳含量;第二个处理是在芒果-柱花草间种样地,在芒果树冠滴水线内翻压热研5号柱花草,观测芒果树下翻压与未翻压柱花草土壤营养成分、芒果生长量和产量及柱花草的鲜草产量,其主要目的是探讨果园间种柱花草的技术以及对土壤肥力与果树产量的影响;第三个处理是在芒果-柱花草间种样地,在芒果树冠滴水线内翻压农家肥,观测芒果树下翻压与未翻压农家肥芒果生长量和产量。试验结果表明：(1)芒果行间种植柱花草,间种样地土壤肥力得到改善,土壤全氮、有机质和有机碳增幅均高于芒果单作样地;(2)芒果树下翻压柱花草后土壤全氮、有机质和有机碳、芒果株高、冠幅、地径和产量均高于未翻压芒果株;(3)芒果树下翻压柱花草和农家肥处理的芒果株高、冠幅、地径和产量均高于未翻压芒果株;(4)试验为区域林果园间种牧草提供技术支撑和理论依据。     

干燥方式对槟榔理化特性和抗氧化能力的影响

本研究以槟榔为对象,采用色差、气质、液相、紫外等分析手段,研究不同干燥方法对槟榔外观形态、活性成分和抗氧化能力的影响.结果表明:槟榔的干燥速率与温度呈正相关,最快到达干燥终点的是微波干燥;干燥后槟榔外皮亮度增加,绿色度下降,黄色度提高;槟榔干制品的厚度与干燥温度呈负相关,低温的冻干可基本保持槟榔的厚度;干燥过程中槟榔的...     

Silencing of G1-1 and A2-1 genes. Effects on general plant phenotype and on tuber dormancy inSolanum tuberosum L.

Summary We have evaluated the effect that the, silencing of two genes specifically expressed in conditions of dormancy (A2-1) and sprouting (G1-1) had on tuber dormancy. For this purpose potato plants (Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Désirée) were transformed with the antisense of the genes G1-1 and A2-1 under the control of constitutive 35S CaMV promoter. A first generation of transgenic plants was propagated from axenic stem cuttings and a second generation by tuber planting. The plants obtined were analyzed for the length of dormancy, plant morphology and agronomic characteristics. Statistical analysis of dormancy in lines obtained from the original transformants for the antisense of G1-1 gene showed a significant increase in length as compared with different types of control plants, with few effects on plant vegetative habit and tuber production. In contrast, results obtained on A2-1 antisense transformed plants did not reveal any significant change on the length of dormancy. Here we report small-scale field trials performed with the aim to select and regenerate commercially exploitable potato plants with a stable transgene-dependent phenotype, affecting the length of dormancy.     

酸角种质资源的保护和利用研究进展

酸角是一种用途广泛的热带特色资源植物,其果实营养丰富,可用作多种用途,具有很好的食品工业前景。与其他经济类果树相比,酸角种质资源的保护和利用研究相对滞后,严重制约了酸角种质创新和遗传改良。本文首先从酸角的起源与分布、全球种质资源的收集与保存、繁殖生物学特性以及优良品种的常规选育等方面介绍了酸角种质资源及创新利用现状;随后通过对酸角形态学研究、生态因子对其形态变异的影响以及居群遗传多样性的研究,综合分析了酸角遗传多样性研究取得的进展,并概括了分子标记技术在酸角遗传多样性研究中的应用;最后对酸角种质资源研究中存在的问题、标准及规范进行探讨,并就进一步的保护和利用提出具体建议,以期为今后酸角种质资源保护和遗传改良研究提供参考依据。     

A Comparative In Vitro Evaluation of the Anti-Inflammatory Effects of a Tisochrysis lutea Extract and Fucoxanthin

In this study, we compared the effects of a Tisochrysis lutea (T. lutea) F&M-M36 methanolic extract with those of fucoxanthin (FX) at equivalent concentration, on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. The T. lutea F&M-M36 methanolic extract contained 4.7 mg of FX and 6.22 mg of gallic acid equivalents of phenols per gram. HPLC analysis revealed the presence of simple phenolic acid derivatives. The T. lutea F&M-M36 extract exhibited a potent and concentration-dependent inhibitory activity against COX-2 dependent PGE2 production compared to FX alone. Compared to LPS, T. lutea F&M-M36 extract and FX reduced the expression of IL-6 and of Arg1 and enhanced that of IL-10 and of HO-1; T. lutea F&M-M36 extract also significantly abated the expression of NLRP3, enhanced mir-223 expression and reduced that of mir-146b, compared to LPS (p < 0.05). These findings indicate that T. lutea F&M-M36 methanolic extract has a peculiar anti-inflammatory activity against COX-2/PGE2 and NLRP3/mir-223 that might be attributable to the known anti-inflammatory effects of simple phenolic compounds found in the extract that may synergize with FX. Our data suggest that T. lutea F&M-M36 may serve as a source of anti-inflammatory compounds to be further evaluated in in vivo models of inflammation.     

水稻半矮秆基因sd1对农艺性状的影响

比较了从7份半矮秆品种／高秆品种的B₇F₂中分离的高矮秆近等基因系,sd1基因抑制了节间伸长,从基部到倒第1节及穗长分别为高秆的38. 2%, 26. 0%, 48. 0%, 71. 1%和 92. 6%,缩短程度逐步减轻。sd1基因还可促进有效穗数、结实率和收获指数的提高而使矮秆类型的产量潜力高于高秆类型,但sd1基因并不影响抽穗天数、每穗粒数和千粒重。对sd1基因的多效性以及秆高和穗数的关系进行了讨论。