国内外穿心莲研究态势分析

为了解穿心莲(Andrographis paniculata)的研究现状和学科发展,通过科学网(Web of Science,WoS)核心合集搜索2001—2020年发表的穿心莲SCI学术论文,结合文献计量学描述性和关联性指标,明确穿心莲近20年的科研态势。结果表明：（1）2019—2020年穿心莲的年发文量突破100篇,多数以穿心莲内酯的抑癌功能为核心展开。（2）虽然发文量最多的国家是印度、中国和马来西亚,但中国与美国和澳大利亚的合著关系最近。结合发文量、H指数与论文年均被引数,美国仅凭中国发文量1/5的产出就达到与中国持平的国际影响力,成果受到高度重视,中国穿心莲论文质量仍需提高。（3）印度科学工业研究理事会(CSIR)和新加坡国立大学是被引频次最高的穿心莲科研机构。台湾中华医科大学、中国科学院、上海中医药大学和中山医学大学是中国主要的穿心莲科研机构。（4）穿心莲发文量前3名作者均来自中国。（5）新加坡国立大学Wong W S F团队于2009年发表穿心莲至今为止影响因子最高(21.4)的学术论文,阐明穿心莲内酯缓解哮喘的分子机制。“天然抗生素”穿心莲内酯抑制新型冠状病毒蛋白活性的功能公开引起国际学者的高度重视,关于穿心莲药理药效和高产稳产等基础研究将更加深入。     

花生资源耐盐性的鉴定与评价

为筛选耐盐花生种质并为花生遗传基础研究提供材料,本研究选用相对发芽势、相对发芽率、相对发芽指数和盐害率为指标,以0.5%的NaCl为胁迫浓度,对128份花生种质进行芽期耐盐性鉴定。结果表明,盐胁迫对花生种子萌发有显著的抑制作用,但盐胁迫的抑制效应因种质不同而存在明显差异;128份种质中,高耐盐种质仅占5%左右。在耐盐评价指标方面,除盐害率或相对发芽率以外,相对发芽指数可以作为评价指标之一。此外,盐胁迫条件下,地方品种的发芽速度高于育成品种。本研究筛选出JS011、JS024、JS125、JS491、JS523、JS524、JS525等7份高度耐盐种质可用于花生耐盐性基础研究的材料。     

穿心莲种子等级的综合评判研究

采收不同产地的穿心莲种子,测定其净度、千粒重、含水量、发芽率及其生活力等指标,并以此为依据,通过系统聚类分析,将穿心莲种子划分为3个等级类别.以偏最小二乘法判别分析(PLS-DA)对系统聚类分析的结果进行判别检验,表明该等级划分合理.以千粒重、含水量、发芽率和生活力为自变量,划分的等级为因变量,采用偏最小二乘回归分析(...     

Estimation of genetic components of variation for salt tolerance in chickpea using the generation mean analysis

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is known to be salt-sensitive and in many regions of the world its yields are restricted by salinity. Recent identification of large variation in chickpea yield under salinity, if genetically controlled, offers an opportunity to develop cultivars with improved salt tolerance. Two chickpea land races, ICC 6263 (salt sensitive) and ICC 1431 (salt tolerant), were inter-crossed to study gene action involved in different agronomic traits under saline and control conditions. The generation mean analysis in six populations, viz. P₁, P₂, F₁, F₂, BC₁P₁ and BC₁P₂, revealed significant gene interactions for days to flowering, days to maturity, and stem Na and K concentrations in control and saline treatments, as well as for 100-seed weight under salinity. Seed yield, pods per plant, seeds per plant, and stem Cl concentration were controlled by additive effects under saline conditions. Broad-sense heritability values (>0.5) for most traits were generally higher in saline than in control conditions, whereas the narrow-sense heritability values for yield traits, and stem Na and K concentrations, were lower in saline than control conditions. The influence of the sensitive parent was higher on the expression of different traits; the additive and dominant genes acted in opposite directions which led to lower heritability estimates in early generations. These results indicate that selection for yield under salinity would be more effective in later filial generations after gene fixation.     

药用植物穿心莲的组织培养

以带腋芽茎段为外植体,研究不同培养基对穿心莲芽增殖的影响、不同代数试管苗生长的差异以及试管苗生根的试验。结果表明:穿心莲生长的最适合基本培养基是MS培养基;丛生芽增殖最佳培养基为MS+KT1.0mg/L+NAA0.1mg/L;3代以内试管苗生长状况良好;试管苗生根最佳培养基为1/2MS+NAA1mg/L。     

Evaluation of salt tolerance in rice genotypes by multiple agronomic parameters

The lack of an effective evaluation method for salt tolerance in the screening process is one of the reasons for limited success in conventional salt tolerance breeding. This study was designed to identify useful agronomic parameters for evaluation of salt tolerance and to evaluate genotypes by multiple agronomic parameters for salt tolerance at different growth stages. Twelve genotypes were grown in a greenhouse in sand and irrigated with nutrient solutions of control and treatments amended with NaCl and CaCl₂ (5:1 molar concentration) at 4.4 and 8.2 dS m^-1 electrical conductivity. Wide genotypic differences in relative salt tolerance based on seedling growth were identified. The duration of reproductive growth between panicle initiation and anthesis was either reduced or increased by salinity, but the response was not strictly correlated with relative salt tolerance in seed yield among genotypes. Wide genotypic differences in relative salt tolerance based on spikelet and tiller numbers were identified. Few genotypic differences were identified for fertility and kernel weight. Spikelet and tiller numbers contributed most of the variation to seed yield among parameters investigated. When genotypes were ranked for salt tolerance based on the means of multiple parameters, dramatic changes of salt tolerance at early and seed maturity stages were observed in two genotypes, GZ5291-7-1-2 and GZ178. IR63731-1-1-4-3-2 was identified with a favourable combination of salt tolerance at early seedling and seed maturity stages. Cluster group ranking of genotypes based on multiple agronomic characters can be applied in salt tolerance breeding to evaluate salt tolerance and may have great advantage over conventional methods. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Chloride tolerance in soybean and perennial Glycine accessions

Diversity for chloride tolerance exists among accessions of perennial Glycine. Accessions whose tolerance thresholds exceed those of Glycine max cultivars may be useful germplasm resources. Soybean cultivars including ‘Jackson’ (sensitive) and ‘Lee’ (tolerant) and 12 accessions of perennial Glycine were evaluated for sodium chloride tolerance after 14 days in hydroponic culture at 0, 5, 10, and 15 g L^-1 NaCl. Sodium chloride had adverse effects on the growth of G. max cultivars and perennial Glycine accessions; however differential responses to salinity were observed among accessions. Considerably greater variation in sodium chloride tolerance existed among the perennial Glycine accessions than among the G. max cultivars. Sodium chloride tolerance thresholds ranged from 3.0 to 17.5 g L^-1 NaCl for the perennial accessions but only ranged from 5.2 to 8.0 g L^-1 for the cultivars, based on a Weibull model of leaf chlorosis. All G. max cultivars were severely injured or killed by NaCl at 10 g L^-1 and above. Five tolerant perennial Glycine accessions, G. argyrea 1626, G. clandestina 1388 and 1389, and G. microphylla 1143 and 1195, were significantly lower in leaf chlorosis score than any of the G. max cultivars at the 10 g L^-1 NaCl treatment. Two accessions, G. argyrea 1626 and G. clandestina 1389 were able to tolerate 15 g L^-1 NaCl with only moderate visual injury while all other accessions were severely injured or killed at this salt level. Variability for chloride tolerance observed among the perennial Glycine accessions has potential utility for developing enhanced salt tolerance in soybean. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

穿心莲种子发芽试验标准化研究

通过发芽试验来探讨温度、光照及发芽床等因素对穿心莲(Andrographis paniculata(Burm.f.)Nees)种子萌发的影响.设25.0、27.5、30.0、32.5、35.0℃共5种恒温温度处理,设纸上(TP)和砂上(TS)2种发芽床处理,光照设0(全黑暗)和500 lx 2个处理.试脸结果表明:穿心莲种子发芽最适温度为25～30℃,发芽床可选择纸上(TP)法,对光照敏感,初次计数时间为发芽后第2天,末次计数时间为发芽后第7天.幼苗生长发育类型为子叶出土的双子叶农作物种子,幼苗鉴定只考虑初生根的发育状况.     

Uncover the salt tolerance potential of accessions based on photosynthetic attributes and interaction plot in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)

Soil salinity, being world's gravest and increasing environmental threat, limits the growth and development in nearly all crop plants. The experiment was laid out to investigate the tomato local and exotic germplasm for morpho‐physiological and photosynthetic attributes under salinity stress (0 (control), 8 and 12 dS m^?1). The phenotype data for morpho‐physiological traits were collected; meanwhile, photosynthetic pigments were analysed also at seedling stage. Analysis of variance, interaction plot, PCV and GCV revealed significantly greater diversity among all accessions for subjecting attributes. Strikingly, principle component analysis (PCA) biplot and cluster heatmap exposed potentially salt tolerant accessions (NAQEEB, BL1076, PBLA1401, 017859, TINY TIM, BL1174, BL1078, PBLA1932, TOMMY TOE, PAKIT and CLN2413) under the highest level of salinity for β‐carotene, lycopene contents, chlorophyll b, carotenoids, pheophytin (b) and total pheophytin. The overall performance of the above‐mentioned accessions was found significant and exhibits tolerant attitude under high salt levels. We suggest that these tolerant accessions might facilitate as a potential source for further breeding programme to improve the agronomically important traits by exploiting both conventional as well as molecular breeding efforts.     

Seedling salt tolerance in tomato

Soils with higher concentrations of salt are becoming more and more a constraint for many crops to obtain high yields. Wild tomato species, adapted to adverse environments, are a potential reservoir for genes underlying quantitative trait loci (QTL) related to salt tolerance in tomato. In this study two introgression line (IL) libraries derived from two different wild species, Solanum pennellii LA716 and Solanum lycopersicoides LA2951, were used to identify QTLs for salt tolerance in the seedling stage. In the S. pennellii IL library, four major QTLs were identified on chromosomes 6, 7 and 11. In the S. lycopersicoides IL library, six major QTLs were discovered which are located on chromosomes 4, 6, 9 and 12. Co-localization of QTLs on chromosome 6 in the two IL libraries and previously reports hinted that this locus might be conserved in the tomato crop. Three S. pennellii ILs (IL6-2, IL7-1 and IL7-5) harboring QTLs on chromosome 6 and 7 were crossed. Semi-dominance and dominance were shown for these three QTLs, and non-additive and epistatic interactions between them were observed.     

等离子体处理对不同含水量穿心莲种子萌发的影响

为探究大气压等离子体处理对不同含水量穿心莲(Andrographis paniculata)种子萌发的影响,通过调节穿心莲种子含水量分别为6.3%、8.6%、12.9%、18.6%、24.0%和33.4%,再进行等离子体处理,经过发芽试验,以发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数、胚根长、活力指数、霉变率、正常幼苗百分比等指标,比较不同含水量的种子受到等离子体处理后的萌发效果。结果表明,穿心莲种子的含水量在12.9%、18.6%、24.0%时,经过大气等离子体处理后种子发芽率、发芽指数得到显著提高;同时种子和幼苗霉变坏死率显著下降,正常幼苗百分比提高。然而,对含水量为6.3%、8.6%和33.4%的种子进行处理,达不到促进萌发的效果。因此,不同含水量穿心莲种子的萌发对等离子体处理的响应不同,说明含水量是影响处理效果的重要因素。结合前期研究结果,在农业生产中,建议以含水量为11.6%～24.0%的穿心莲种子进行等离子体处理效果最佳。本研究为实际播种前处理和进一步研究等离子体技术在农业生产中的应用提供参考。     

Inheritance of salt tolerance in rice

Summary The genetic behavior of salt tolerance was studied in artificially salinized conditions at the International Rice Research Institute.Divergent selection, carried out at a salinity level where the ECe was 15.2 mmhos/cm at 25 C in F₃ lines from two crosses confirmed the effects of salt tolerance on F₄ progeny with realized heritability values of 0.39 and 0.62, respectively.In a cross between two tolerant cultivars there was clear over-dominance for tolerance, despite the high environmental fluctuation which resulted in a low genetic response as indicated by a low but significant repeatability of 0.20–0.25, and many progeny lines more tolerant than the parents were recovered. The superior tolerance of these progenies compared to the parents was confirmed subsequently at 3 different salt levels. In the same experiment a cross between tolerant and susceptible cultivars produced some progeny of comparable tolerance with tolerant sources.In a 6×6 diallel cross experiment with two tolerant, moderate, and susceptible varieties each, both general and specific combining ability were significant.The findings indicate the possibility of breeding rices more tolerant than existing tolerant cultivars through cumulative crosses of tolerant cultivars. Further improvement can be attained by crossing highly tolerant lines with donors of good agronomic traits and pest and disease resistance.     

Large-scale screening maize germplasm for low-phosphorus tolerance using multiple selection criteria

Phosphorus (P) deficiency is one of the major limiting factors in maize production in many developing countries. This experiment was conducted to evaluate multiple low-P tolerance criteria and identify the suitable maize germplasm for our future low-P tolerance breeding. A total of 456 diverse maize inbreds were evaluated for low-P tolerance at seedling stage using four shoot-related traits and six root-related traits measured under applied phosphorus (AP) and non-applied phosphorus (NAP) conditions. Analysis of variance revealed significant genetic variation among genotypes for all tested traits. Medium-to-high heritability estimates were obtained for most traits. Total dry weight (DW) was highly inheritable while the widely used root/shoot ratio had only an intermediate level of heritability. Based on the synthetic index (SI), the tested inbreds were classified into three groups representing low, moderate and high tolerance to low-P stress. Regression model built based on selection criteria for low-P tolerance explained 67.8 and 76.8 % of variation for DW under NAP and AP conditions, respectively. Using low-P tolerance index for DW and SI as selection criteria, 23 and 109 maize inbreds were identified as germplasm resources that were extremely tolerant and sensitive to low-P stress, respectively, which could be further used for genetic improvement of low-P tolerance.     

Saponin seed priming improves salt tolerance in quinoa

Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) is a facultative halophyte of great value, and World Health Organization has selected this crop, which may assure future food and nutritional security under changing climate scenarios. However, germination is the main critical stage of quinoa plant phenology affected by salinity. Therefore, two experiments were conducted to improve its performance under salinity by use of saponin seed priming. Seeds of cv. Titicaca were primed in seven different solutions with varying saponin concentrations (i.e. 0%, 0.5%, 2%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 25% and 35%), and then, performances of primed seeds were evaluated based on mean germination time and final germination percentage in germination assays (0 and 400 mM NaCl stress). Saponin solutions of 10%, 15% and 25% concentration were found most effective priming tools for alleviating adverse effects of salt stress during seed germination. Performances of these primed seeds were further evaluated in pot study. At six‐leaf stage, plants were irrigated with saline water having either 0 or 400 mM NaCl. The results indicated that saline irrigation significantly decreased the growth, physiology and yield of quinoa, whereas saponin priming found operative in mitigating the negative effects of salt stress. Improved growth, physiology and yield performance were linked with low ABA concentration, better plant water (osmotic and water potential) and gas relations (leaf photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance), low Na⁺ and high K⁺ contents in leaves. Our results suggest that saponin priming could be used as an easy‐operated and cost‐effective technology for sustaining quinoa crop growth on salt‐affected soils.     

Genetic resources of salt tolerance in wild Hordeum species

Salt tolerance was evaluated in 340 accessions of Hordeum, consisting of 41 brittle-rachis forms of Hordeum vulgare L. subsp. vulgare (H. agriocrithon) accessions, 154 H. vulgare L. subsp. spontaneum (H. spontaneum) accessions, and 145 accessions of ten other species or subspecies of wild Hordeum. Germination was carried out at concentrations of 171, 257, and 342 mM NaCl. The levels of salt tolerance for seed germination in wild Hordeum species were generally lower than those found by Mano et al. (1996) in cultivated barley; the NaCl tolerance level of the different species were as follows: H. agriocrithon > H. spontaneum > other wild Hordeum species. In addition, leaf injury index was used to assess tolerance at the seedling stage after treatment with 500 mM NaCl solution for four weeks. The levels of salt tolerance at the seedling stage in wild Hordeum species were generally higher than those found by Mano & Takeda (1995) in cultivated barley. Most wild Hordeum species showed high NaCl tolerance at the seedling stage and are considered good sources of germplasm for salt tolerance breeding. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

High salt tolerance potential in Lycopersicon species during germination

Summary The potential to improve seed germination responses to salinity was evaluated for 13 accessions representing six wild Lycopersicon species and 20 accessions of L. esculentum. Germination response times increased in all accessions at 100 mM NaCl. Analysis indicated that one accession of L. peruvianum (PI126435) germinated faster under high salinity than all other accessions and was closely followed by L. pennellii (LA716). The fastest germinating L. esculentum accession, PI174263, ranked third. Additional wild ecotypes exhibiting rapid germination at 100 mM NaCl were identified among L. pimpinellifolium and L. peruvianum.     

Assessment of tolerance to salt stress in Kenyan tomato germplasm

Tomato is an important vegetable crop in Kenya and the development of salt tolerant cultivars would enhance its productivity in the vast marginal areas of the country. This study was aimed at determining the magnitude of genotypic variability for salt tolerance in the Kenyan tomato germplasm. Pot experiments with 22 landraces and 9 market cultivars were laid out as a two and four replicate split-plot design in glasshouse in Experiments 1 and 2, respectively. Salt treatments in Experiment 1 were 0 and 5 g NaCl kg^-1 resulting into 0.5 and 9.1 dS m^-1 of the soil saturation extracts, respectively. In Experiment 2 the treatments were 0, 4, and 8 g NaCl kg^-1 soil corresponding to 0.5, 7.4, and 14.2 dS m^-1, respectively. Data were recorded on agronomic and biochemical parameters. The germplasm showed large variation for salt tolerance. Fruit and seed production at soil salinity of 14.2 dS m^-1 demonstrated that these tomatoes are fairly tolerant of NaCl. Osmotic adjustment was achieved by higher fruit electrical conductivity, brix and total titratable acidity. Low and high contents of K⁺, Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ within tomato tissues and soil, respectively, under salt treatment, confirmed competition and antagonism involving Na⁺ and these cations. Low Na⁺ and Cl^- contents in the fruit at 7.4 dS m^-1 revealed their exclusion and ensured production of physiologically normal seeds and nutritionally healthy fruits. Two landraces ‘Chwerotonglo’ and ‘Nyanyandogo’ were identified as salt tolerant. Comparatively, the market cultivars showed superior fruit yields despite their susceptibility to salinity. Accordingly, tolerance of landraces in combination with superior yields of the market cultivars is suitable for tomato improvement for salt tolerance. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Evaluation of salt tolerance in rice genotypes by physiological characters

The use of physiological characters as selection criteria in salt tolerance breeding requires the identification of the contribution each individual character makes to salt tolerance. Rice genotypes were evaluated for salt tolerance in terms of grain yield and physiological characters. Plants of twelve genotypes were grown in sand tanks in a greenhouse and irrigated with Yoshida nutrient solution. Sodium chloride and calcium chloride (5:1 molar ratio) were added at two concentrations to give moderate (4.5 dS m^-1) and high (8.3 dS m^-1) salinity treatments. One set of plants was harvested at 635 ^°Cċd (accumulative thermal time) after planting to determine LAI and mineral ion concentrations. Another set of plants was allowed to grow to maturity. High genotypic diversity for LAI and shoot ion contents was observed. LAI contributed the most to the variation of the grain yield under salt stress. Significant correlations between LAI and yield components in both salt-tolerant and-sensitive genotypes further confirmed the significant contribution of LAI to grain yield. K-Na selectivity increased with increasing salinity. Conversely, Na-Ca selectivity decreased with increasing salinity. Significant correlations were identified between grain yield and both Na-Ca and K-Na selectivity. Highly significant (p<0.001) correlations were identified between Na-Ca selectivity and the rankings among genotypes for grain yield. Thus, Na-Ca selectivity could be one salt tolerance component and an useful selection criterion in screening for salt tolerance. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Comparison of salt tolerance of GPert and non-GPert barleys

A salt tolerance experiment was performed to study the effect of the GPert mutation in different genetic backgrounds of spring barley, Hordeum vulgare. L. Twenty-one lines carrying GPert along with 20 related non-GPert lines were grown for 4 weeks in low salt (25 mol m^?3 NaCI) and salt stress (175 mol m^?3 NaCI) hydroponic cultures. Shoot Na⁺ content was taken as a measure of salt tolerance. Salt tolerance of the two groups (GPert versus non-GPert) was compared, as was the performance of individual GPert lines with their non-GPert parental lines. The results show that GPert has a general positive effect on salt tolerance in reducing shoot Na⁺ content, but that this is regulated by genetic background.