辽宁省玉米锈病病原菌鉴定及其生物学研究

根据玉米锈病田间症状和病原菌形态,鉴定确认辽宁省玉米锈病是由玉米柄锈菌(Pucciniasorghi Schw.)所致。病原菌生物学研究结果表明,夏孢子萌发温度为5℃～35℃,最适温度为25℃;最适湿度为100%;萌发pH为4～10,最适pH值为7。供试碳源对夏孢子萌发均有不同程度促进作用,最适碳源为蔗糖。供试氮源对夏孢子萌发有抑制作用,酪氨酸的抑制作用最大。夏孢子致死温度为47℃、10min;冬孢子致死温度为49℃、10min。冬孢子室内常温下越冬最多存活75d。     

温度对花生锈菌夏孢子萌发及侵染的影响

温度是影响锈菌夏孢子侵染花生的重要因素之一，关于温度对花生锈菌夏孢子萌发及侵染的影响鲜有报道。本研究通过不同温度条件下夏孢子的萌发率和8个对锈病抗感差异较大花生品种的接种试验确定锈孢子萌发和侵染的最适温度。研究结果表明，夏孢子萌发和侵染的适宜温度为25～28℃,此条件下夏孢子萌发率较高，为68.23%,抗病材料的潜伏期为8.11～8.67 d,感病材料的潜伏期为6.44～6.89 d。本研究可为花生种质锈病抗性鉴定和抗锈病品种选育工作提供理论依据。     

海南儋州甘蔗锈病病原菌的鉴定及其生物学特性的测定

根据症状和病原菌特征,确定海南儋州2007年新发现的甘蔗锈病是由黑顶柄锈菌（Puccinia melanocephala Sydow）引起的甘蔗褐锈病。该病菌夏孢子较适宜萌发的温度范围为18～25℃,最适萌发的温度为25℃。在相对湿度90％～100％及水滴中,夏孢子都可以萌发,其中以水滴中的萌发率最高。夏孢子萌发较适宜的pH值范围是5．5～7．5．最适宜pH为7．1。黑暗和2％0葡萄糖液可促进夏孢子的萌发。在-15℃、10℃,35～38℃干燥的环境条件下,夏孢子很容易失活。室内干藏两周半后,约一半的夏孢子失活。     

不同浓度锈菌对大豆叶片的致病反应

采用离体叶片接种法,观察不同浓度夏孢子悬浮液对大豆叶片的致病反应。结果表明：各个接种浓度均可引起叶片发病,发病率随接种浓度的升高而增加,夏孢子堆密度随接种浓度升高而增加,夏孢子堆破裂时间随接种浓度的增加而缩短,不同品种的致病反应差异主要表现在病斑出现时间、夏孢子堆密度、夏孢子堆破裂时间和发病率等方面。锈菌浓度对孢子堆大小没有显著影响,采用105个夏孢子/mL的接种浓度可以有效地区分不同品种的抗病性。     

低温冻害对玉米种子发芽特性的影响

以不同水分含量的玉米杂交种富农1号、郑单958和辽单565的成熟鲜果穗为试验材料,通过0℃、-5℃、-10℃、-15℃、-20℃和-25℃低温处理12 h,研究不同处理下不同品种的萌发特性。结果表明,当种子水分含量低于15%时,低温冻害对种子的萌发活力影响不明显;当水分含量处于15%～25%之间、温度低于-20℃时,发芽势、发芽率和发芽指数下降明显;当水分含量处于25%～30%之间、温度低于-15℃时,会明显影响发芽势、发芽率和发芽指数。同一水分下,温度低于-20℃时,郑单958和辽单565的发芽势、发芽率和发芽指数下降幅度最大,富农1号下降幅度远小于前两者;当温度降至-25℃时,3个品种的发芽势、发芽率和发芽指数都降到了最低值。     

玉米丝黑穗病发病条件的研究

试验主要研究土壤温度、湿度及播种期与玉米丝黑病发生的关系。结果表明,土壤温度为21℃,玉米丝黑穗的发病率最高为31.3%,17℃低温下发病率为10.9%～16.7%,温度在24℃时,发病率为3.7%～4.8%。从湿度对发病率的影响看,土壤含水量与病害侵染发病有较明显的关系。土壤湿度为15%时利于孢子萌发与侵染,发病率为31.1%,湿度为10%或20%时发病率仅为3.7%～8.8%,说明干旱与高湿条件下均不利于病菌孢子萌发,湿度是决定发病程度的主导因素。早播病害重,晚播病害轻,但玉米产量低,因此提倡适时播种。     

中国玉米南方锈病初侵染源的多源性

由多堆柄锈菌Puccinia polysora Underw.引致的玉米南方锈病是广泛分布在热带、亚热带地区的重要病害,在温带地区也时常发生。玉米南方锈病在中国20个省份有发生记载,已成为黄淮海夏玉米区突发性、爆发性、生产危害性极大的病害。掌握病害发生规律是病害防控的基础,中国玉米南方锈病初侵染源来源及其传播规律一直未有明确答案。本研究通过对多堆柄锈菌夏孢子生物学特性的研究、11省份病菌不同地理种群遗传相关性解析以及病害突发性与热带气旋活动相关性分析,证明中国各地域发生的玉米南方锈病初侵染源具有不同的来源,来自中国台湾的病菌引起黄淮海夏玉米区、辽宁以及福建、浙江地区的南方锈病,也是广东春季南方锈病的菌源地;来自菲律宾的病菌引起广东、广西及海南的南方锈病;来自泰国等东南亚国家的病菌引起云南、贵州的南方锈病。云南、贵州等西南地区的南方锈病初侵染源由西南季风传播,其他地区的初侵染源主要由不定期形成的西太平洋热带气旋所携带。     

接种体密度、土壤含水量和土壤温度对大豆疫霉根腐病发生的影响

在人工气候箱内分析测定了接种体密度、土壤含水量和土壤温度对大豆疫霉根腐病发生的影响。结果表明,每克干土中分别接种0、10、50、100、200、300、400、500、600、700个游动孢子,发病率逐渐升高,每克干土中接种400个游动孢子时发病率达到最高,浓度再升高发病率开始下降。在饱和土壤含水量(40%)条件下,土壤温度在10℃~25℃范围内,发病率随温度升高不断增加, 25℃时发病率达到最高,温度再升高发病率降低。在最适温度(25℃)条件下,土壤含水量在15％~40％之间变化时,发病率逐渐升高,当土壤含水量40%时发病率达到最高,土壤含水量再升高发病率下降。     

大豆锈病流行规律及防治的研究

大豆锈病的病原菌为豆薯层锈菌Phakopsora Pachyrhizi Sydow。夏孢子萌发温度范围8—36℃,适温范围15—26℃;夏孢子在室温13—24℃条件下能存活61天,室外8.7—29.8℃存活27天,低温5—8℃存活18天。pH2.2—10范围内,pH5—6萌发率最高。夏孢子在直射阳光下,不能萌发,在弱光及黑暗条件下,萌发率高于强光,萌发芽管方向具逆光性。夏孢子入侵大豆在温度17—24℃和饱和湿度下,需7小时以上,而以22—26℃入侵率最高,28℃以上不能入侵。 大豆锈病的流行,在有茵源条件下,与温、湿度有关,在适温范围内,雨量、雨日数起决定作用。在湖北省的流行速率,可按r=0.201 10.664φ公式计算,并以此进行短期测报。年度严重度测报,可用r=a bφ=0.49 0.979φ=0.49 0.009x 0.093y回归方程式预测。 田间喷施25％邻酰胺250倍或75％百菌清750倍可湿性粉剂1—3次,防治效果和增产效果显著,可大面积推广使用。粉锈灵有内吸作用,残效期达70天以上,耐冲刷、防效高,增产68.15％,是今后防治大豆锈病的理想药剂。     

一个大豆锈病新抗源的筛选与鉴定

采用离体叶片接种方法对2007-2010年收集的1 000份大豆种质资源进行抗性筛选,得到1份高抗材料SX6907。SX6907在接种后20d不产生侵染病斑;在高浓度锈菌接种时,产生少数红褐色RB（Red-brown）病斑,但无孢子堆破裂现象,无孢子产生;SX6907的接种表现与已知抗病品种主要表现为黄褐色TAN型感病病斑明显不同。组织学观察表明, SX6907在接种部位造成细胞坏死,侵染点无孢子形成,其抗性表现为抗锈菌侵染。SX6907是一个优异的抗锈病资源,可做亲本在抗锈病育种中应用。     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Effect of a continuous hot water treatment of potato tubers on seed-borne fungal pathogens

Summary The viability of five pathogens was decreased by treatment with hot water when tested in vitro.Polyscytalum pustulans was most sensitive andRhizoctonia solani least sensitive. Potato tubers were exposed to 55°C for 5 min in a commercial continuous hot water treatment plant using naturally contaminated seed tubers and tubers which had been inoculated by dipping in comminuted cultures. The frequency of eyes colonised byP. pustulans, Helminthosporium solani, andR. solani was reduced to virtually zero and the effect persisted on tubers subsequently stored at 4°C and at 15°C for up to 16 wk. Results withColletotrichum coccodes were inconclusive. Treatment suppressedPenicillium spp. which, however, rapidly recolonised the eyes during storage, leading to higher contamination levels in the treated than in the untreated tubers. With tubers inoculated withPhoma foveata, good control was achieved when the incubation period before treatment was 10 d but not when the period was 42 d.     

Field assessment of the relative importance of different aphid species in the transmission of potato virus Y

Summary Flying aphids were trapped throughout the summer on a vertical net downwind of a plot of PVY-infected potato plants. Of 6769 individuals caught, 165 transmitted PVY to tobacco test seedlings. Of 119 species or species groups caught, 20 were found to be vectors of which nine had not been recorded previously.Brachycaudus helichrysi, Myzus persicae, Phorodon humuli andAphis species accounted for 90% of transmissions andB. helichrysi alone for 52% of transmissions. The prospects of using this information to assess the amount of virus spread in a potato crop and of forecasting the timing and abundance of the main vectors are discussed.

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Zusammenfassung Im Abwind einer Parzelle mit PVY-infizierten Kartoffelpflanzen (7% PVY^O, 4% PVY^N, 89% beide) wurden fliegende Blattl?use in zwei vertikalen Netzen (4,4 m × 1,4 m mit hexagonalen L?chern mit 1,5 mm Durchmesser) gefangen und anschliessend auf Tabaks?mlinge überführt, um zu prüfen, ob sie PVY übertragen. Die Blattl?use wurden vom 8. Juni bis zum 8. August 1984 normalerweise an einem Tag pro Woche von 10 bis 17 Uhr gefangen. Im Laufe von 12 Fangtagen wurden 6769 sachte 52% der übertragungen bei nur 15% der totalen Fangzahl (Tab. 3).B. helichrysi mitMyzus persicae, Phorodon humuli und Species des GenusAphis ergaben sich als 90% der übertragenden Individuen bei nur 32% der gefangenen Proben. Acht Prozent der gefangenenB. helichrysi waren übertr?ger, dagegen nur 4,7% vonM. persicae. B. helichrysi k?nnte als Vektor besonders wichtig sein, weil sie in der Vegetationszeit Blattl?use von 119 Species oder Speciesgruppen gefangen, von denen 165 (2,44%) Tabak mit PVY inokulierten (Tab. 1). 133 Blattl?use übertrugen PVY^O und 32 übertrugen PVY^N (und m?glicherweise auch PVY^O). 20 Species oder Speciesgruppen waren Vektoren, von denen 9 (Cryptomyzus ballotae, Hyperomyzus lactucae, Metopolophium festucae, Myzus ligustri, M. myosotidis, Myzaphis rosarum, Sitobion avenae, S. fragariae undUroleucon spp.) erstmalig beschriebene Vektoren sind.Brachycaudus helichrysi verurfrüh auftritt (Tab. 2), wenn die Pflanzen am anf?lligsten sind und die Virus-Translokation zu den Knollen am schnellsten stattfindet. Die Aussichten zum Gebrauch dieser Information zur Absch?tzung des Aufbaues von Virusbefall im Bestand und die Aussichten für eine Vorhersage der Menge der wichtigsten Vektoren werden diskutiert. Es ist dringend erforderlich, die Biologie vonB. helichrysi zu untersuchen.

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Résumé Deux filets verticaux (4,40 m × 1,40 m à mailles héxagonales de 1,5 mm de diamètre) sont placés face au vent pour la capture des pucerons dans une parcelle de plants de pommes de terre contaminés par PVY (7% PVY^O, 4% PVY^N, 89% par les deux) puis les pucerons sont transferrés sur des plantules de tabac en milieu clos pour tester la transmission de PVY. Les captures de pucerons ont eu lieu du 8 juin au 8 ao?t 1984, en général à raison d'un journée par semaine, de 10 heures à 17 heures. Pendant les 12 premiers jours, 6769 pucerons de 119 espèces ou groupes d'espèces ont été capturés, les plantules de tabac ayant été inoculées par PVY avec 165 pucerons (2,44%) (tabl. 1). 133 pucerons étaient vecteurs de PVY^O et 32 de PVY^N (et probablement PVY^O). 20 espèces ou groupes d'espèces étaient des vecteurs dont 9 récemment enregistrés (Cryptomyzus ballotae, Hyperomyzus lactucae, Metopolophium festucae, Myzus ligustri, M. myosotidis, Myzaphis rosarum, Sitobion avenae, S. fragariae etUroleucon spp.).Brachycaudus helichrysi représentait 52% des transmissions mais seulement 15% du total capturé (tabl. 3).B. helichrysi, Myzus persicae, Phorodon humuli et les espèces du gèneAphis représentaient 90% des transmissions et 32% des captures seulement. 8,0% deB. helichrysi capturé a transmis le virus contre, 4,7% pourM. persicae. B. helichrysi peut être particulièrement important comme vecteur dans la mesure ou il appara?t t?t en saison (tabl. 2) lorsque les plantes sont très sensibles et la translocation di virus aux tubercules la plus rapide. Les perspectives à partir de cette connaissance sont discutées en vue d'analyser l'évolution du virus dans une culture et les prévisions de l'abondance des plus importants vecteurs. Une plus grande connaissance de la biologie deB. helichrysi devient urgente.

     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

玉米黑粉菌菌瘤内内生细菌对黑粉菌的冬孢子萌发的影响

利用高通量测序分析明确玉米黑粉菌菌瘤内菌粉培养液中内生细菌种类，结合16SrDNA分析，分离并鉴定在培养液中占比最高的菌株。以溶菌酶及Amp处理玉米黑粉菌冬孢子为对照，显微镜下观察菌瘤内内生细菌对玉米黑粉菌冬孢子萌发的影响。结果表明，在4份样品的菌粉培养液中，肠杆菌属细菌的占比在90%以上。当肠杆菌大量增殖时对黑粉菌的冬孢子萌发产生影响，可引起黑粉菌的冬孢子发生质壁分离，释放原生质体，部分原生质体再生成菌体；也可以使冬孢子壁直接被降解，原生质体萎缩。研究发现，玉米黑粉菌菌瘤内的内生细菌以肠杆菌为主，该内生细菌对黑粉菌的冬孢子萌发产生影响。     

Effect of haulm treatment and harvest time on incidence of tuber rots of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) after standard wounding and on frequency of stem lesions caused byPhoma foveata Foister

Summary Various haulm treatments and harvest times differentially influenced the incidence of storage rots in potato tubers (Solanum tuberosum L.) in field experiments in Sweden performed over 4 years. The incidence of gangrene caused byPhoma foveata Foister (Phoma exigua var.foveata (Foister) Boerema) increased in cv. Bellona after spraying haulms with diquat as did the amount of infection caused byFusarium avenaceum (Corda ex. Fr.) Sacc. in all three cultivars (Bintje, Bellona, and Magnum Bonum). The lowestP. foveata infection levels occurred after pulling haulms. Late harvesting increased the frequency ofP. foveata in cvs Bintje and Bellona both at 2 and 4 wks interval between haulm treatment and harvest. Tuber and visible stem infection caused byP. foveata were correlated for cvs Bintje and Bellona, but not for cv. Magnum Bonum. The possible relation between tuber and stem infection is discussed.     

先玉335、郑单958和京科968抗虫能力的比较研究

以先玉335、郑单958、京科968为材料,以玉米螟(Ostrinia furnacalis)、黏虫(Mythimna separata)和禾谷缢管蚜(Rhopalosiphum padi)为供试昆虫,探究玉米品系大喇叭口期对玉米螟和黏虫及抽雄期对禾谷缢管蚜抗性差异,测定其主要抗虫化合物丁布类物质的含量。结果发现,京科968对玉米螟及禾谷缢管蚜抗性均高于另外两个品系;对黏虫的抗性,郑单958和京科968高于先玉335。大喇叭口期京科968中丁布类物质含量最高,抽雄期郑单958和京科968中主要丁布成分含量均高于先玉335,上述组织中丁布合成相关基因在郑单958及京科968中的表达量也均高于先玉335。本研究揭示杂交玉米抗虫性与抗性相关化合物含量及其相关基因表达间存在正向相关关系,为抗虫玉米分子育种提供理论参考。     

The effect of the moisture level of potting compost on the susceptibility of glasshouse-grown tubers to late blight

Summary The effect of the moisture level of potting compost at harvest on the susceptibility of tubers of three cultivars to late blight was investigated in the glasshouse in three successive years. Three moisture regimes (dry, moist, wet) were imposed at flowering time, the tubers harvested 3 weeks later and immediately dipped in a zoospore suspension ofPhytophthora infestans. Tubers from dry compost were significantly more susceptible than those from wet or moist compost, which showed similar levels of susceptibility.     

Evaluation of fungicides to control Petri disease pathogens in the grapevine propagation process

The efficacy of fourteen selected fungicides against Phaeomoniella chlamydospora and Phaeoacremonium aleophilum was evaluated in vitro by mycelial growth and conidial germination assays. Azoxystrobin, carbendazim and tebuconazole were the most effective fungicides against P. chlamydospora, while carbendazim and didecyldimethylammonium chloride were the most effective against P. aleophilum. An assay was also conducted with cubiet, hydroxyquinoline sulphate and didecyldimethylammonium chloride to determine their potential to prevent infections caused by these pathogens during the hydration stage in grapevine propagation. The results of this experiment demonstrated that P. chlamydospora and P. aleophilum were able to infect healthy cuttings during the hydration stage and showed that didecyldimethylammonium chloride was consistently the best treatment as a disinfectant soak for grapevine cuttings. Additionally, semi-commercial trials were conducted in two grapevine nurseries to evaluate the effectiveness of several strategies with carbendazim, flusilazole and hydroxyquinoline sulphate at different nursery stages. Soaking planting material in carbendazim during the hydration stage was the most effective treatment since neither P. chlamydospora nor P. aleophilum were isolated from planting material in either nursery.