猪粪中3种四环素类抗生素在土壤中的动态变化及降解途径

采用室内模拟培养试验,研究了180 d内不同用量猪粪中3种四环素类抗生素（TCs）（包括四环素TTC,土霉素OTC,金霉素CTC）在土壤中降解的动态变化规律及降解途径。结果表明,猪粪中3种四环素类抗生素进入土壤后含量均呈现前期迅速下降,中后期减缓的规律,但不同种类和用量处理的变化速率和减少幅度有显著差异（P0.05）。180d时,猪粪处理土壤中的降解率为金霉素土霉素四环素,平均半衰期为17.43d、31.32d、49.48d。降解率与猪粪用量呈负相关,同培养时间呈正相关。猪粪中抗生素在土壤中的降解率要高于纯品抗生素,降解率的增加以外源微生物降解为主,外源微生物降解对四环素的作用最好。综上所述,随着培养时间的延长,猪粪中四环素类抗生素在土壤中能随微生物降解等作用而逐渐减少,但短期内仍可能产生环境危害。     

生物复混肥对土壤微生物群落功能多样性和微生物量的影响

在温室盆栽条件下,采用Biolog微平板法和氯仿熏蒸浸提法,研究了玉米施用等养分量的无机肥、有机无机复混肥和生物复混肥后土壤微生物群落功能多样性及土壤微生物量的变化。结果表明:生物复混肥处理的土壤微生物平均颜色变化率(AWCD)、微生物群落Shannon指数(H)和微生物群落丰富度指数(S)均最高;施用生物复混肥可明显提高土壤微生物对碳源的利用率,尤其是多酚化合物类和糖类;不同处理土壤微生物碳源利用特征有一定差异,生物复混肥在第1主成分上的得分值为正值,其他各处理在第1主成分上的得分值基本上为负值,起分异作用的主要碳源是糖类和羧酸类。在玉米生长期间各处理土壤微生物量大致呈先升高后逐渐平稳的趋势,且土壤微生物量碳、氮、磷的含量均以生物复混肥处理最高,最高值分别为333.21mg.kg 1、53.02 mg.kg 1和22.20 mg.kg 1。研究表明,生物复混肥的施用比等养分量的有机无机复混肥处理能显著提高土壤微生物群落碳源利用率、微生物群落丰富度和功能多样性,显著增加土壤微生物量碳、氮、磷的含量,有利于维持良好的土壤微生态环境。     

Taxonomic and functional diversity of the soil microbiome recruited from alternative crops in a rotation system

Intensive cropping is considered to contribute to negative effects both on soil physiochemical properties and on long-term grain yield, which can be alleviated by appropriate crop rotations. The soil microbial community can vary with different crop rotations, which in turn affect soil quality and grain yield. Therefore, it is of great significance to elucidate the response of the soil microbial community to crop rotation. In this study, the structural and functional changes of microbial community in different crop rotations were analyzed using high-throughput sequencing and metagenomics analysis in a field experiment. The continuous winter wheat-summer maize cropping system was the control, and three crop rotations were established in October 2016 as follows: (1) spring peanut→winter wheat-summer maize, (2) winter wheat-summer peanut→winter wheat-summer maize and (3) spring sweet potato→winter wheat-summer maize. Soil samples were collected in September 2021 for soil microbial assessment. The results showed that the relative abundance of Actinobacteriota in the soil of spring sweet potato→winter wheat-summer maize was significantly higher (15.2%) than that in the control. The relative abundance of Ascomycota was significantly higher (19.8%–23.2%) in the soil following crop rotation compared with the control. Compared with the control, spring peanut→winter wheat-summer maize enriched energy metabolism genes, and spring sweet potato→winter wheat-summer maize reduced the genes related to plant–pathogen interaction. Compared with the control, crop rotation significantly decreased the relative abundance of the inorganic phosphorus solubilization gene (gcd) and the phosphorus transport gene (upgE) and increased the abundance of organic phosphorus mineralization genes (phoA and phyA). Based on these results, we concluded that the composition of the soil microbial community and functional genes can be altered by crop rotation, and spring peanut→winter wheat-summer maize and spring sweet potato→winter wheat-summer maize had more significant effects. This study provided a reference for the selection of crop rotations in the North China Plain based on the soil microbial community and its function.     

铜污染土壤线虫多样性的PCR-DGGE分析

A wheat pot experiment was conducted under greenhouse conditions to assess the effect of copper contamination on soil nematode diversity by polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （PCR-DGGE） method and morphological analysis. The soil was treated with CuSO4.5H2O at the following concentrations： 0, 50, 100, 200, 400, and 800 mg kg^-1 dry soil, and the soil samples were collected at wheat jointing and ripening stages. Nematode diversity index （H′） from morphological analysis showed no difference between the control and the treated samples in either of the sampling dates. At the wheat ripening stage, nematode diversity obtained by the PCR-DGGE method decreased noticeably in the Cu800 treatment in comparison with the control. With optimization of the method of nematode DNA extraction, PCR-DGGE could give more information on nematode genera, and the intensity of the bands could reflect the abundance of nematode genera in the assemblage. The PCR-DGGE method proved promising in distinguishing nematode diversity in heavy metal coritaminated soil.     

不同秸秆还田方式对和田风沙土土壤微生物 多样性的影响

秸秆还田是有效利用秸秆资源的重要途径,能够提高土壤养分含量、调节土壤微生物的群落结构和多样性,但目前还缺乏不同秸秆还田方式对新疆沙化土壤肥力和微生物多样性影响的系统报道。为探索新疆沙化土壤肥力可持续提升模式,于2010—2012年在和田风沙土土壤上设置秸秆直接还田(NPKS)、过腹还田(NPKM,15.0 t×hm~(-2))和炭化还田(NPKB1,2.5 t×hm~(-2);NPKB2,15.0 t×hm~(-2))定位试验,研究不同秸秆还田处理对和田风沙土土壤养分、微生物数量、土壤酶活性和Biolog碳源利用的影响。结果表明:1)与单施化肥(NPK)相比,不同秸秆还田方式均能显著提高风沙土土壤养分含量,其中NPKM处理效果最好,其次是NPKB2处理,NPKS和NPKB1处理分别为第3和第4。2)不同秸秆还田方式对土壤微生物数量影响差异显著,均增加了土壤中细菌、放线菌和生理菌群的数量,与NPK处理相比,细菌数量NPKB2处理最高,放线菌数量NPKM处理最高,分别显著提高了413.16%和574.19%。但NPKB1和NPKB2处理对生理菌群数量的提升效果好于NPKS处理和NPKM处理。土壤酶活性,不同秸秆还田方式总体好于NPK处理,NPKM处理的提升效果最好。3)Biolog碳源利用分析表明不同秸秆还田方式均能提高风沙土土壤微生物活性和丰富度指数。主成分分析表明,不同秸秆还田方式土壤微生物群落明显不同,起分异作用的碳源主要为羧酸类和糖类。聚类分析显示NPKB2和NPKM处理之间、NPKB1和NPKS处理之间土壤微生物功能相似。由此可以看出,不同秸秆还田方式均能显著提高和田沙化土壤微生物活性和功能多样性,但不同方式的增效不同。从3年定位试验结果看,秸秆过腹还田和炭化还田的效果较好,秸秆直接粉碎还田有增加土传病害的风险。该结果将为南疆沙化土壤肥力可持续提升提供一定的理论指导。     

Effects of compaction on soil hydraulic properties,penetration resistance and water flow patterns at the soil profile scale

The aim of this study was to quantify the effects of compaction on water flow patterns at the soil profile scale. Control and trafficked plots were established in field trials at two sites. The trafficked treatment was created by four passes track‐by‐track with a three‐axle dumper with a maximum wheel load of 5.8 Mg. One year later, dye‐tracing experiments were performed and several soil mechanical, physical and hydraulic properties were measured to help explain the dye patterns. Penetration resistance was measured to 50 cm depth, with saturated hydraulic conductivity (K_s), bulk density, and macroporosity and mesoporosity being measured on undisturbed soil cores sampled from three depths (10, 30 and 50 cm). Significant effects of the traffic treatment on the structural pore space were found at 30 cm depth for large mesopores (0.3–0.06 mm diameter), but not small mesopores (0.06–0.03 mm) or macroporosity (pores > 0.3 mm). At one of the sites, ponding was observed during the dye‐tracing experiments, especially in the trafficked plots, because of the presence of a compacted layer at plough depth characterized by a larger bulk density and smaller structural porosity and K_s values. Ponding did not induce any preferential transport of the dye solution into the subsoil at this site. In contrast, despite the presence of a compacted layer at 25–30 cm depth, a better developed structural porosity in the subsoil was noted at the other site which allowed preferential flow to reach to at least 1 m depth in both treatments.     

不同深度土壤控水对稻田土壤微生物区系及细菌群落多样性的影响

为研究不同深度土壤控水对壤土稻田土壤水势、微生物区系和细菌群落多样性的影响,通过土培池栽试验,在水稻生育后期设置土壤深度0~5 cm（S05）、0~10 cm（S10）和0~15 cm（S15）控水处理,以保持水层为对照,分析了不同深度控水处理下5 cm、10 cm、15 cm深土壤水势与土壤微生物区系、细菌群落多样性的变化。结果表明：土壤5 cm、10 cm、15 cm深度的水势随着控水深度增加而降低,S05控水处理主要影响上层（5 cm）土壤水势,S10控水处理影响上、中层（10 cm）土壤水势,S15控水处理土壤水势随土层深度的增加而升高。花后8 d和32 d,S05控水处理上层土壤细菌数量显著高于S10、S15控水处理;花后16~24 d,S05控水处理中层、下层（15 cm）土壤细菌数量均显著高于S15控水处理;土壤水势与水稻生育后期中、下层土壤细菌数量呈极显著正相关关系。S05控水处理10 cm、15 cm土层的细菌丰富度Chao指数均显著高于S15控水处理及CK。3个控水处理中,5 cm土层细菌的多样性Shannon指数以S05控水处理最低。优势细菌菌群分析发现,优势群落主要为变形菌门、绿弯菌门、酸杆菌门、拟杆菌门,四者总相对丰度在80%以上;S15控水处理中层土壤变形菌门相对丰度低于S05和S10控水处理。3个控水处理土壤样品中优势纲（相对丰度大于2%）达15个,主要包括α-变形菌纲、β-变形菌纲、δ-变形菌纲、厌氧绳菌纲等,这4个纲的总相对丰度在47%以上,其中厌氧绳菌纲相对丰度最高;上层土壤中S05控水处理的β-变形菌纲相对丰度显著低于S10和S15控水处理。因此,不同深度土壤控水对壤土土壤水势、细菌数量存在影响,改变了细菌的多样性及丰富度,对土壤细菌优势菌种类无显著影响。     

4种典型抗生素对土壤微生物呼吸的影响

本研究通过室内直接吸收法测定了四环素、金霉素、诺氟沙星和恩诺沙星4种典型抗生素对土壤微生物呼吸作用的影响。结果表明,4种抗生素对土壤微生物呼吸的影响存在一定差异。四环素在整个处理过程中对土壤呼吸的影响以抑制作用为主;金霉素在处理第1d和7d均有激活作用,而且激活率最高可达到51.23%,但是在其他处理时间以抑制作用为主;诺氟沙星在整个处理过程中,浓度为0.2mg·kg-1和1mg·kg-1对土壤微生物呼吸都有一定的抑制作用,浓度为5、25、50mg·kg-1处理均为激活作用,激活作用随着处理浓度的增加而升高。恩诺沙星在整个处理过程中,所有处理对呼吸的影响变化趋势为先激活后抑制。总体来说,到处理第15d,所有抗生素处理的微生物呼吸作用基本恢复到对照水平,说明在本试验浓度处理下,微生物对这4种抗生素能够产生一定的适应性。     

不同植被类型对不同土层黑土土壤微生物群落功能多样性的影响

土壤微生物群落功能多样性对评估土壤生态系统稳定性具有重要作用。本文采用Biolog方法,对比研究长期不同植被类型：自然恢复(GL)、农作物(AL)、人工林(FL)及无植被覆盖(BL)对表层(0～15 cm)和亚表层(15～35 cm)土壤微生物群落功能多样性的影响。结果表明：不同土层土壤微生物的平均颜色变化率(AWCD)变化均表现为GL>AL>FL>BL,且0～15 cm土层的AWCD值均高于对应植被15～35 cm土层。GL、AL和FL处理的土壤微生物Shannon指数和McIntosh指数、总的碳源利用能力均显著高于BL处理的,GL处理0～15 cm土层的Shannon指数和McIntosh指数最高,分别为3.38和6.89。在0～15 cm土层AL和FL处理土壤微生物对羧酸类利用相对较高,而GL处理对氨基酸类利用较高;在15～35 cm土层AL和FL处理土壤微生物对氨基酸类利用最高,而GL被对羧酸类利用的最高。通过主成分分析,GL、AL和FL处理在0～15 cm土层土壤微生物的碳源利用方式及代谢功能相似;15～35 cm土层下AL和FL处理的土壤微生物的碳源代谢...     

Effects of insecticides on populations of microflora,nitrification and respiration in soil

Abstract

Tests were conducted to determine the effects of leptophos, phorate, terbufos, and WL 24073 {0‐ [2‐chloro‐1‐(2,5‐dichloro‐phenyl) vinyl] 0‐methylethylphosphonothioate} on microbial populations and activities in a sandy loam. A stimulatory effect on bacterial numbers was observed with some insecticide treatments in the early stages of incubation. WL 24073 increased the nitrification of the incorporated (NH₄)₂SO₄‐N. Phorate stimulated soil microbial respiration.     

马铃薯连作栽培对土壤微生物多样性的影响

为阐明马铃薯连作对土壤微生物群落结构和功能多样性的影响,揭示马铃薯连作障碍机制,本试验采用BIOLOG技术结合丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)形态学鉴定方法,就连作0(迎茬)、2 a、4 a、6 a、10 a的马铃薯田块土壤进行研究。结果表明:土壤养分含量随马铃薯连作年限增加有一定程度下降,其中,连作10 a马铃薯根际土壤的全磷、速效磷、速效钾和碱解氮与连作4 a相比分别下降61.32%、26.86%、26.87%和17.24%,但没有明显的养分亏缺和不均衡现象。土壤微生物群落结构发生了较大变化,放线菌、真菌数量显著随连作年限的延长先增加后减少,呈单峰型变化趋势;细菌数量随连作年限的延长呈逐步减少趋势,但差异不显著。连作4~6 a土壤微生物群落依然有较强的功能多样性,培养120 h后,连作6 a较迎茬AWCD值提高3.89%;群落组成中随连作年限的延长以碳水化合物、氨基酸类为碳源的微生物类群代谢能力明显下降,但代谢功能多样性趋于一致。连作马铃薯土壤AM真菌优势种发生改变,迎茬土壤为沙漠球囊霉(Glomus deserticola),连作2 a土壤为扭形球囊霉(Glomus delhiense)和福摩萨球囊霉(Glomus formosanum),连作10 a土壤为球泡球囊霉(Glomus globiferum)。多元分析结果表明,土壤微生物结构与功能多样性、AM真菌多样性变化受土壤p H、全磷含量、放线菌数量、细菌数量及土壤中以碳水化合物、氨基酸类等为碳源基质的微生物类群影响。说明长期连作栽培会影响土壤真菌、放线菌的数量,使真菌群落中AM真菌种的多样性显著下降,优势种发生改变,打破了微生物群落结构与功能平衡,引起土壤微生物群落结构与功能的失调。     

有机肥配施对番茄土传病害的防治及土壤微生物多样性的调控

在田间试验条件下,采用施用基肥和追肥的方法,结合Biolog技术,分析了不同有机肥配合施用对番茄土传病害的防治效果及对土壤微生物群落多样性的影响,并探讨了有机肥防治作物土传病害的机理及意义。结果显示,有机肥的施用对大田番茄青枯病、枯萎病、茎基腐病等3种土传病害均有显著的防治效果,粉状有机肥和液体有机肥配合施用时防病效果最显著;有机肥的施用还改善了土壤微生物群落结构。土壤微生物群落的AWCD和Shannon index与作物发病情况有较好的一致性,显示施肥提高土壤微生物多样性,对土传病害的防治有重要的影响。     

Fe2+对水稻生长及土壤微生物活性的影响

通过盆栽试验,模拟冷浸田土壤亚铁毒害,研究了土壤-水稻-亚铁-微生物相互作用的体系中,外加Fe2+ 不同处理水平 (0、 100、 200、 400、 800和1600 mg/kg) 对水稻苗期和分蘖期相关生理指标、 土壤微生物活性及其生态特征的影响。结果表明, 在含一定亚铁本底（207.77 mg/kg）的正常稻田土壤中,外源性Fe2+的加入将逐步抑制水稻生长、 降低土壤微生物活性。外源Fe2+浓度达100 mg/kg后,水稻的株高、 干物质积累量显著降低; 水稻叶片生理指标叶绿素含量（SPAD值）、 脯氨酸含量、 抗氧化酶系统活性则显著增加,表明外源Fe2+浓度100 mg/kg 是本研究条件下外源Fe2+ 对水稻生长产生显著毒害影响的临界点; 同时随外源Fe2+浓度的增加, 土壤微生物活性指标土壤微生物量碳、 微生物三大基础菌系总量（细菌、 真菌、 放线菌）、 功能菌系总量（氨化细菌、 固氮菌、 纤维分解菌）、 铁还原菌总量总体是先快速下降,后逐渐平稳降低。 半效应浓度EC50分析表明,外源Fe2+浓度100 mg/kg 为多数土壤微生物活性指标（微生物基础菌系总量、 功能菌系总量、 铁还原菌）EC50变化的临界值; 体系中土壤微生物活性指标和水稻生长指标的变化存在显著的相关性, 表明供试土壤亚铁对水稻生长的影响是亚铁对土壤-植物-土壤微生物系统同步影响的结果。综上结果可知,外源Fe2+浓度100 mg/kg为导致供试土壤中水稻生长及土壤微生物活性受到显著负效应的临界值,进而推知,本研究所用土壤对水稻生长和微生物活性的亚铁毒胁迫临界浓度约为300 mg/kg（含本底）, Fe2+含量超出该浓度时,需采取合理的农艺措施控制其负效应。     

植物源有机物料对果园土壤微生物群落多样性的影响

【目的】苹果园土壤肥力持续下降,禽畜废弃物肥源严重不足,施用植物源有机肥成为生产中改善果园土壤状况的重要措施之一。本试验利用BIOLOG微平板技术研究了盆栽条件下添加植物源有机物料及其腐殖化过程驱动因子对果园土壤微生物群落多样性的影响,探讨葡萄糖、 尿素和蚯蚓在植物源有机物料向土壤碳库转化中的作用,为揭示果园土壤质量的演变机制提供参考。【方法】取苹果园020 cm土层土壤,与苹果枝条、 玉米秸秆和果园杂草粉碎物混合,栽植2a生苹果砧木山定子幼苗,分别添加尿素、 葡萄糖和蚯蚓,利用BIOLOG微平板技术进行土壤微生物群落多样性分析。不同处理的土壤浸提液在 BIOLOG生态测试板中培养,取培养96 h时微平板光密度值进行多样性指数计算,分别用丰富度指数S 表示被微生物群落利用的基质数量,多样性指数表示反应孔与对照孔光密度值之差和整块板总差的比值,均匀度指数 E表示可培养微生物的种类均匀度,优势度指数Ds用于评估某些最常见种的优势度。对土壤微生物群落利用BIOLOG微平板中六类碳源（碳水化合物类、 氨基酸类、 羧酸类、 多聚物类、 芳香族类和胺类）的情况进行主成分分析,明确不同处理微生物对碳源利用能力的差异。【结果】有机物料种类、 小分子有机物和蚯蚓数量均对平均吸光值（AWCD值）有显著影响,在培养0~24 h,玉米秸秆+葡萄糖+12条蚯蚓（T4）和果园杂草+葡萄糖（T9）处理的AWCD值明显高于其他处理,微生物群落的活性较强,碳源开始利用较早。2496 h时,AWCD呈指数增长,120 h后趋于平缓,以玉米秸秆+葡萄糖+12条蚯蚓（T4）、 苹果枝条+葡萄糖+6条蚯蚓（T2）、 果园杂草+葡萄糖（T9）处理斜率最大,其次为玉米秸秆+尿素+6条蚯蚓（T6）和苹果枝条+尿素（T1）处理; 小分子有机物种类对微生物群落丰富度指数（S）和优势度指数（Ds）的影响显著,丰富度指数（S）以苹果枝条+葡萄糖+6条蚯蚓（T2）最大,优势度指数（Ds）以玉米秸秆+葡萄糖+12条蚯蚓（T4）最大,各处理的多样性指数（H）和均一度指数（E）差异不显著; 对碳源利用主成分起分异作用的主要是碳水化合物类和多聚物类。【结论】与秸秆和杂草处理相比,苹果枝条处理土壤微生物群落多样性较丰富,加入葡萄糖为土壤微生物提供可迅速利用的碳源,微生物功能多样性也显著增加; 蚯蚓活动对微生物群落多样性的影响比葡萄糖小,尿素对微生物群落多样性的影响也较小,但同时添加尿素和葡萄糖有助于微生物多样性的增加。     

不同配方施肥对长期缺施钾肥的红壤性水稻土微生物特性的影响

为了验证平衡施肥对长期缺施钾肥的南方红壤性水稻土的修复效果,通过2年盆栽试验,以五种不同施肥处理（NPK、NPKSi、NPKOM、NPhK、NPhKOM）,研究了长期缺施钾肥的水稻土的微生物特性,结果发现,在对照（NPK）基础上增施硅肥（NPKSi）、钾肥（NPhK）能促进细菌和放线菌数量的增长,提高微生物活度,加速微生物量N、P的转化,同时也能提高微生物量C。相反,在淹水条件下配施有机肥（NPKOM）,由于降低了水稻根际环境的氧化还原电位,使根际微生物生长萎缩,微生物活度、微生物量C无显著提高;虽然土壤微生物量N、P随之增加,但有机N的矿化减弱,植株可吸收的有效态养分减少。增施钾肥的同时配施有机肥（NPhKOM）具有增施钾肥的优点,即可提高微生物活度、提高微生物量C,加速有机N、P的矿化,但同时也会减少微生物数量。因此在缺钾水稻土的修复实践中,常规施肥的基础上对水稻增施硅肥、钾肥应是有效举措,而配施有机肥则须谨慎:有机肥或须适量酌施,或须结合增施钾（硅）肥。     

Effects of tree identity dominate over tree diversity on the soil microbial community structure

This study investigated the possible effects of tree species diversity and identity on the soil microbial community in a species-rich temperate broad-leaved forest. For the first time, we separated the effects of tree identity and tree species diversity on the link between above and belowground communities in a near-natural forest. We established 100 tree clusters consisting of each three tree individuals represented by beech (Fagus sylvatica L.), ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.), hornbeam (Carpinus betulus L.), maple (Acer pseudoplatanus L.), or lime (Tilia spec.) at two different sites in the Hainich National Park (Thuringia, Germany). The tree clusters included one, two or three species forming a diversity gradient. We investigated the microbial community structure, using phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) profiles, in mineral soil samples (0–10 cm) collected in the centre of each cluster.The lowest total PLFA amounts were found in the pure beech clusters (79.0 ± 23.5 nmol g⁻¹ soil dw), the highest PLFA amounts existed in the pure ash clusters (287.3 ± 211.3 nmol g⁻¹ soil dw). Using principle components analyses (PCA) and redundancy analyses (RDA), we found only for the variables ‘relative proportion of beech trees’ and ‘living lime fine root tips associated with ectomycorrhiza’ a significant effect on the PLFA composition. The microbial community structure was mainly determined by abiotic environmental parameters such as soil pH or clay content. The different species richness levels in the clusters did not significantly differ in their total PLFA amounts and their PLFA composition. We observed a tendency that the PLFA profiles of the microbial communities in more tree species-rich clusters were less influenced by individual PLFAs (more homogenous) than those from species-poor clusters.We concluded that tree species identity and site conditions were more important factors determining the soil microbial community structure than tree species diversity per se.     

秸秆生物反应堆与菌肥对温室番茄土壤微环境的影响

为研究秸秆生物反应堆、微生物菌肥及两者配套措施对土壤理化性质和微生物功能多样性,以及作物生长的长期影响,试验以传统种植方式为对照(CK,常规栽培),研究了菌肥(T1,微生物菌肥4 kg/667 m2)、内置式秸秆生物反应堆(T2,秸秆(4 t/667 m2)+发酵沟菌剂(8 kg/667 m2)+腐熟猪粪(600 kg/667 m2))及2种措施配套处理(T3,秸秆(4 t/667 m2)+发酵沟菌剂(8 kg/667 m2)+微生物菌肥(4 kg/667 m2)+腐熟猪粪(600 kg/667 m2))对土壤理化性质和微生物功能多样性的影响。结果表明:1)与CK相比,秸秆生物反应堆能够在一定时期内提高土壤含水率;而菌肥能够在一定时期内降低土壤含水率,秸秆生物反应堆能够显著降低土壤酸性和电导率(EC,electrical conductivity)值,缓冲土壤酸化和次生盐渍化;而单施菌肥对土壤酸碱性和EC值没有显著影响。2)秸秆生物反应堆(T2)增加了土壤中有机质的含量和土壤微生物量,降低土壤中速效磷、钾的含量;微生物菌肥(T1)降低了土壤中有机质含量和微生物量,而显著提升了土壤的速效磷、速效钾含量,两种措施配套处理效果则更明显。3)菌肥能够改善土壤微生物对多聚物、碳水化合物和氨基酸的利用效率,而秸秆生物反应堆能够促进土壤微生物对于一部分氨基酸、羧酸类、酚酸类和胺类物质的利用。而2种措施同时使用时,其促进和改善微生物碳代谢能力的作用则更加显著。4)各处理均能够在一定程度上增加各年度番茄产量。综合考虑,认为内置式秸秆生物反应堆和菌肥配套处理(T3)能够更好的改善和修复日光温室连作土壤,增加作物产量,是一种较为有效的农艺措施。     

Influence of erosion on soil microbial biomass,abundance and community diversity

This study aimed to determine microbial biomass carbon and microbial abundance immediately after, and two years after, forest soil erosion, so as to estimate the degree of damage, including the rate of recovery of microorganisms, in each area. It also aimed to determine the community diversity, and to establish relationships between microbial biomass, microbial abundance and the physico‐chemical properties of the soil. Three different study areas in Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan, were used. One undisturbed area and two eroded areas (one immediately after and one two years after erosion). The analysis of variance showed a highly significant difference in microbial biomass carbon and abundance between the study areas. The undisturbed area showed the highest value, followed by the area eroded two years ago, then lastly the area studied immediately after the erosion. The biomass carbon was highly correlated with gram positive bacteria with r² = 0·983, p < 0·01. The biomass carbon and microbial population were shown to be significantly correlated to the soil's physico‐chemical properties, such as pH, moisture content, water‐holding capacity and CN ratio. However, CN ratio proved to be closely correlated to biomass carbon with r² = −0·978, p < 0·01, to Gram‐positive bacteria with r² = −0·977, p < 0·01, to Gram‐negative bacteria with r² = −0·989, p < 0·01 and to fungi with r² = −0·977, p < 0·01. The undisturbed area showed a highly diverse community in both of the restriction enzymes used, followed by the area affected by erosion two years ago, then the area immediately after erosion. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

沼泽红假单胞菌与枯草芽孢杆菌混施对水稻根域细菌多样性与功能的影响

[目的]微生物菌肥作为一种绿色环保的生物肥料,可以改善土壤质量,促进作物生长.以水稻根际和根表微生物为对象,探究不同微生物菌肥单施和混施对其群落多样性和功能的影响.[方法]采用盆栽试验,设单施沼泽红假单胞菌(Rhodopseudomonas palustris)、单施枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)及...