Influence of phenamiphos on the vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis in Leucaena leucocephala

Summary Concentrations of phenamiphos ranging from 0 to 40 rg/g soil were established in a typical Oxisol (Tropeptic Eutrustox), inoculated or uninoculated with Glomus aggregatum. The effect of the nematicide on the development of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) symbiosis was evaluated in the greenhouse using Leucaena leucocephala as an indicator host plant. Treatment of soil with phenamiphos did not have a significant influence on the development of mycorrhizal activity measured in terms of subleaflet phosphorus concentrations. Similarly, the nematicide did not have an adverse effect on the level of mycorrhizal colonization or on the P content of shoots, as determined at the time of harvest. However, shoot dry weight was adversely influenced by phenamiphos when the chemical was applied to the uninoculated soil at 20 g/g soil or higher, and when it was applied to the inoculated soil at 40 g/g soil. It is concluded that phenamiphos is not likely to influence the growth of Leucaena or its symbiotic association with VAM fungi if the concentrations applied do not exceed levels known to suppress nematodes.Hawaii Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources Journal series No. 3146     

Experimentelle Mutationsforschung bei Gerste und Ackerbohne — ausgewählte Ergebnisse der Zusammenarbeit zwischen dem Zentralinstitut in Gatersleben und dem institut für Genetik in Sofia

Zusammenfassung Es wird ein selektiver Überblick über einige Ergebnisse der Kooperation zwischen dem Zentralinstitut für Genetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung Gatersleben der AdW der DDR und dem Institut für Genetik der Bulgarischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Sofia, zum Thema Wirkungsmechanismen und Wirkungsspezifitäten chemischer Mutagene bei Gerste undVicia faba gegeben. Die Angaben beziehen sich im wesentlichen auf Resultate, die mit Hilfe strukturell rekonstruierter Gerstenkaryotypen erzielt wurden und betreffen die ortsspezifische Wirkung chemischer Mutagene, die Chromatidenaberrationen induzieren und deren Beeinflußbarkeit durch Karyotypumbauten sowie das Phänomen der Nukleolardominanz, d. h. der cis-repressiven Wirkung nach Kombination mehrerer Nukleolusorganisatoren in einem Chromosomenpaar.

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Experimental mutagenesis in barley and broad bean — some results obtained in co-operation between the Central Institute of Genetics and Research in Cultivated Plants, Gatersleben, and the Institute of Genetics, Sofia

Summary A selective survey concerning some results obtained by co-operation in the field mechanisms and specificities of chemical mutagens in barley andVicia faba between the Institutes in Gatersleben and Sofia is given. The results summarized are based on experiments with structurally reconstructed karyotypes which allowed to study patterns of preferential involvement in chromatid aberrations of certain chromosome segments and possibilities of pattern modification by chromosome structural changes. Nucleolar dominance, i.e., cis-repression after combination of all nucleolus organizing regions (NORs) in one chromosome pair, was studied in some appropriate translocation lines and the nucleolar test used as a means of characterizing NOR-activity.

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Vortrag auf der Festveranstaltung (3. 10. 84) des ZI anläßlich des 35. Jahrestages der Gründung der DDR.     

Competition among strains of Bradyrhizobium and vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae for groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) root infection and their effect on plant growth and yield

Summary Strains of Bradyrhizobium influenced root colonization by a species of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae (VAM), and species of VAM influenced root nodulation by strains of Bradyrhizobium in pot experiments. In a field experiment, the effects of VAM on competition amongst inoculated bradyrhizobia were less evident, but inoculation with Bradyrhizobium strains increased root colonization by VAM. Certain VAM/Bradyrhizobium inoculum strain combinations produced higher nodule numbers. Plants grown without Bradyrhizobium and VAM, but supplied with ammonium nitrate (300 g ml^–1) and potassium phosphate (16 g ml^–1), produced higher dry-matter yields than those inoculated with both symbionts in the pot experiment. Inoculation with either symbiont in the field did not result in higher pod and haulm yields at harvest.ICRISAT Journal Article No. 886     

Süßwasser-Algenarten in Einzeldarstellung

Zusammenfassung Aus in Kuba gesammeltem Algenmaterial mit sterilenMougeotien konnte in Kulturen eine durch reichliche Sporenbildung ausgezeichnete, zunächst unbestimmbare Form isoliert werden. Nach zweijähriger Kultur erst fand sich auch Zygosporenbildung, sie zeigte, daßMougeotia abnormis Kisselev vorliegt, die damit erstmals in Kuba gefunden wurde. Die Beobachtungen legen eine Deutung der Sporen als Parthenosporen nahe, die aber bemerkenswerterweise nur aus weiblichen Gameten zu entstehen scheinen. Die korrekte Benennung der typusart der Sektion wird diskutiert und durch umfangreiche Messungen die Größenvariabilität der vorliegenden Population geprüft. Aus einer kritischen Würdigung der für die drei bisher in der Sektion beschriebenen ArtenM. abnormis, M. floridana, M. poinciana genannten Merkmale geht hervor, daß nur eine Art anerkannt werden sollte, innerhalb derer lediglich eine Varietätmajor durch dicke Fäden ausgezeichnet, unterschieden bleibt (=M. poinciana Transeau). Dazu kommt als zweite, gut charakterisierte ArtM. djalonensis Gauthier-Lièvre 1965 aus Afrika.

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Monographs of freshwater algae

Summary In cultures from Algae collected in Cuba 1968 we foundMougeotia abnormis Kisselev, new for the island. According to our observations the asexual reproductive bodies are Parthenospores. It is interesting to see that they are to be found in the female thalli, suggesting that in this species only the female gametes can undergo parthenogenetic development. A critical re-examination reveals that from the species described hitherto in the Sect. Plagiospermum:M. abnormis, M. floridana, M. poinciana, differing in no other features than in size, only oneM. abnormis Kisselev, the type species of the Section should be maintained M. poinciana may be upheld as a variety major ofM. abnormis. A second species, new described in 1965,M. djalonensis Gauthier-Lièvre from Africa is well characterized and not under consideration here.

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Mougeotia , . Mougeotia abnormis Kisselev; ¶rt; . , . . ,M. abnormis, M. floridana M. poinciana, , , , major, (=M. poinciana Transeau). , M. djalonensis Gauthier-Lièvre 1965 .

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Ergebnisse der 1. Kubanisch-Deutschen Alexander-von-Humboldt-Expedition 1967/68, Nr. 20.     

Die Eignung des elektrischen Leitfähigkeitstests als Keimprüfungsmethode

Zusammenfassung Die Elektrolytabgabe der Samen vonPisum sativum, Phaseolus vulgaris, Vicia sativa, Medicago×varia, Trifolium pratense, Dorycnium pentaphyllum undBrassica oleracea wurde untersucht. Nach 15 Minuten Quellung der Samen in destilliertem Wasser wurde die elektrische Leitfähigkeit des wässrigen Auszuges gemessen. Zwischen elektrischer Leitfähigkeit und Keimfähigkeit bestand eine negative Korrelation. Der Leitfähigkeitstest hat verschiedene Vorzüge. Er ist für die Qualitätskontrolle des Saatgutes während der Langzeitlagerung geeignet.

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Electrical conductivity test used for measuring seed viability

Summary The leakage of electrolytes from seeds ofPisum sativum, Phaseolus vulgaris, Vicia sativa, Medicago×varia, Trifolium pratense, Dorycnium pentaphyllum andBrassica oleracea was investigated. Seeds were steeped in distilled water for 15 minutes; then the electrical conductivity of the steep water was measured. The electrical conductivity was negatively correlated with viability. The conductivity test has some promising features. It is applicable to control seed quality during long-term storage.

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Pisum sativum,Phaseolus vulgaris, Vicia sativa, Medicago×varia, Trifolium pratense, Dorycnium pentaphyllum,Brassica oleracea. , 15 , . . . .

     

Uptake and toxicity of copper and zinc for the African earthworm,Eudrilus eugeniae (Oligochaeta)

Growth rate change in earthworms is considered to be a suitable endpoint when determining sublethal effects. In this study we evaluated growth and maturation in the vermicomposting earthworm speciesEudrilus eugeniae as marker of sublethal toxicity of copper and zinc. We also compared routes of uptake. Apart from exposing worms experimentally for 73 days to contaminated food, a series of contact filter paper tests was also performed to determine LD₅₀ for copper and zinc. Both copper and zinc at sublethal concentrations affected growth and maturation in worms exposed to contaminated food. These worms had a copper content of 34.5 g g^–1 after 73 days and a zinc content of 184.9 g g^–1, showing a differential uptake. Copper was more toxic than zinc. Also in the contact test worms did take up more zinc than copper and the LD₅₀ (48 h) for copper was 0.011 mg cm^–2 and for zinc 0.066 mg cm^–2, which translated to body burdens of 6 g g^–1 for copper and 131 g g^–1 for zinc. Indications were that a regulatory mechanism existed for both metals. Both metals were taken up through the body wall at a relatively fast rate. This study indicated that the skin was the major route of metal uptake. This study also showed a poor relation between the two types of tests for purposes of evaluating lethality of zinc and copper.     

Effect of heavy metals on growth and survival of Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid.

Summary The effects of Cd, Co, Ni and Zn on growth and survival of Macrophomina phaseolina were studied in vitro. Cd, Ni and Co at 500 g ml^–1 inhibited growth by 78.8%, 73.6% and 11.8%, respectively, after 4 days at 25 ± 1°C. The mycelial dry weight yield was enhanced by 2.1% at 100 g ml^–1 Zn. The population of the pathogen declined in soil amended separately with Cd, Co, Ni and Zn. Cd (4000 mg kg^–1) proved to be the most toxic, by completely inhibiting the survival of the pathogen in soil after 20 days.     

Präferenzielle Paarung der Chromosomen autotetraploider Gerste — Mathematisches Modell

Zusammenfassung Ein mathematisches Verfahren wird beschrieben, mit dessen Hilfe auf mögliche, durch Translokationen bedingte Paarungspräferenzen der Chromosomen in der Meiose bei Autotetraploiden geschlossen werden kann. Bei Gerste konnte mit Hilfe von einfachen und multiplen Translokationen im duplex-heterozygoten Zustand gezeigt werden, daß die Strukturumbauten offenbar in gewissen Grenzen zu präferenzieller Paarung der an den Translokationen beteiligten Chromosomen führten.

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Preferential Pairing of the Chromosomes of Autotetraploid Barley — a Mathematical Model

Summary A mathematical method is described which can be used for ascertaining possible effects of translocations on chromosome pairing during meiosis in autotetraploids. Using single and multiple translocations in duplex-heterozygous condition in barley, it has been shown that the structural rearrangements apparently resulted in a certain amount of preferential pairing of the chromosomes involved in the interchanges.

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Herrn Prof. Dr. Drs. h. c.Hans Stubbe zum 75. Geburtstag gewidmet.     

Seasonal changes in microbial biomass and nutrient flush in forest soils

Microbial biomass and N, P, K, and Mg flushes were estimated in spring, summer, autumn, and winter samples of different forest soils. The microbial biomass showed significant seasonal fluctuations with an average distribution of 880±270 g C g^-1 soil in spring, 787±356 g C g^-1 soil in winter, 589±295 g C g^-1 soil in summer, and 560±318 g C g^-1 soil in autumn. The average annual concentrations of C, N, P, K, and Ca in the microbial biomass were 704, 106, 82, 69 and 10 g g^-1 soil, respectively. Microbial C represented between 0.5 and 2% of the organic soil C whereas the percentage of microbial N with respect to the total soil N was two-to threefold higher than that of C; the annual fluctuations in these percentages followed a similar trend to that of the microbial biomass. Microbial biomass was positively correlated with soil pH, moisture, organic C, and total N. The mean nutrient flush was 31, 15, 7, and 4 g g^-1 soil for N, K, P, and Mg, respectively, and except for K, the seasonal distribution was autumn spring winter summer. The average increase in available nutrient due to the mineralization of dead microbial cells was 240% for N, and 30, 26, and 14% for P, K, and Mg, respectively. There was a positive relationship between microbial biomass and the N, P, K, and Mg flushes. All the variables studied were significantly affected by the season, the type of soil, and the interaction between type of soil and season, but soil type often explained most of the variance.     

Phänologische Untersuchungen bei verschiedenen Temperaturen an einem Sortiment vonPhaseolus vulgaris L.

Zusammenfassung An einem Sortiment von 12 Genotypen der ArtPhaseolus vulgaris L. wurden phänologische Untersuchungen während der Anzucht bei verschiedenen Temperaturregimen im Langtag (16/8 h) und einem Temperaturregime im Kurztag (12/12 h) gemacht. Unter Berücksichtigung verschiedener Parameter wie Plastochronlänge, Blühbeginn, Blühdauer und Biomasseentwicklung ist die Sorte Lusia als besonders kälteverträglich einzustufen, die Sorte Berggold als besonders empfindlich. Kurztag verzögert nur bei zwei Genotypen mit indeterminiertem Wuchstyp die Entwicklungsgeschwindigkeit, nicht aber bei Genotypen mit determiniertem Wuchs.Die Blattdicke nimmt mit steigender Temperatur ab.

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Phenological investigations at different temperatures within a collection ofPhaseolus vulgaris L

Summary A collection of 12 genotypes of Phaseolus vulgaris L. was investigated at different temperatures with regard to phenological parameters. Considering plastochron length, time for development of first flowers, time of flowering and biomass development the variety Lusia is best adapted to low temperatures and the variety Berggold is most sensitive. Short day conditions delayed development only in two genotypes, characterized by indeterminate growth but not in others with determinate growth.Leaf thickness decreased with rising temperatures.

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Phaseolus vulgaris L.

12 Phascolus vulgaris L. (16/8 .) (12/12 .). , — , , — , — . , , , , . .

     

Das Zentralinstitut für Genetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung Gatersleben der AdW der DDR im Zeitraum 1969–1983 — Versuch einer Rückschau auf Forschungsziele und ausgewählte Forschungsleistungen

Zusammenfassung Es wird ein Überblick über die Entwicklung des Zentralinstitutes im Zeitraum 1969–1983 gegeben. Änderungen der Institutsstruktur und Aufgabenstellung werden umrissen und wesentliche Ergebnisse der Forschungsarbeit dargestellt. Publikationslisten sind in den Bänden XVIII-XXXII der Kulturpflanze enthalten.

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The central institute of genetics and research in cultivated plants of the academy of sciences of the GDR, Gatersleben, during the time span from 1969 to 1983-a retrospective view on research goals and selected results

Summary A survey is given with respect to the development of the institute during the time period encompassing the years 1969–1983. Changes of the institute's structure and research topics as well as the main results of research are summarized. For references the reader should consult the lists of publications in the appropriate volumes of Kulturpflanze (volumes XVIII-XXXII).

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, , 1969 1983 . —

1969–1983 . ; - . 18–32 «».

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Vortrag auf der Festveranstaltung (3. 10. 84) des ZI anläßlich des 35. Jahrestages der Gründung der DDR.     

The effects of feeding by Oniscus asellus on leaf litter sulfur constituents

Summary Feeding by the isopod, Oniscus asellus, produced changes in the sulfur constituents of leaf litter substrates (Acer negundo, A. saccharum, Fagus grandifolia, Picea rubens, and Tsuga canadensis). Isopod consumption of leaf litter generally accelerated the mineralization of carbon-bonded S and increased the formation of ester sulfate in all substrates. After the isopod egestion of A. negundo leaves, fecal decomposition over 6 weeks increased total S concentration from 68 to 120 mol S/g due to the catabolism of organic carbon. During the same period sulfate decreased from 34 to 20 mol S/g and carbon-bonded S increased from 34 to 100 mol S/g. Thus the total S pool in aged feces became enriched with organic S (83% of total S). Macroinvertebrate consumption accelerated the transformation of S constituents and the carbon-bonded S concentration approached that of the Oa organic horizon of a northern hardwood forest.Dedicated to the late Prof. Dr. M.S. Ghilarov     

Influence of oxygen on denitrification and aerobic respiration in soil

Summary The influence of the partial pressure of oxygen on denitrification and aerobic respiration was investigated at defined P02 values in a mull rendzina soil. The highest denitrification and respiration rates obtained in remoistened, glucose- and nitrate-amended soil were 43 1 N₂0 h^–1g^–1 soil and 130 1 O₂ h^–1g^–1 soil, respectively. At -55 kPa matric water potential, corresponding to 40% water saturation, N₂0 was produced only below P0₂ 40 hPa. The K _m, for O₂ was 3.0 x 10^–6 M. Formation of N₂O and consumption of O₂ occurred simultaneously with half maximum rates at P0₂ 6.7–13.3 hPa. Nitrite accumulated in soil below 40 hPa and increased with decreasing pO₂. The upper threshold for N₂0 formation in amended soil was P0₂ 33–40 hPa (39-47 M O₂).     

Resistenzeigenschaften im Gersten- und Weizensortiment Gatersleben

Zusammenfassung Es wurden 1300 Sommergersten des Sortiments Gatersleben mit 11 Rassen vonErysiphe graminis hordei geprüft.Als hochresistent gegen alle Rassen erwiesen sich 48 (4%) der Sorten (Tab. 2), als mäßig resistent weitere 24 Sorten (Tab. 4). Resistent gegen einen Teil der Rassen zeigten sich 83, gleich 6%, der geprüften Gersten (Tab. 3). In weiteren 41 Sippen lagen Gemische von resistenten und anfälligen Pflanzen vor. Als anfällig wurden 85% dieses Sortimentes bewertet.

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Resistance characters in the barley and wheat collection Gatersleben

Summary A total of 1300 spring barley varieties of the Gatersleben collection was tested with 11 races ofErysiphe graminis hordei.Fourty-eight varieties (table 2) or nearly 4 per cent of the total proved to be highly and 24 varieties (table 4) to be moderately resistant to all these races. Resistance to some of the races was shown by 83 varieties or more than 6 per cent of the collection tested (table 3). Mixtures of resistant with susceptible plants were found in 41 samples. About 85 per cent of the total was classified as susceptible.

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1300 11 . 48 (4%; . . 2), — 24 (. 4). 83 6% (. 3). 41 . 85% .

     

Physiological and symbiotic characteristics of Rhizobium fredii isolated from subtropical-tropical soils

Summary Physiological and symbiotic characteristics were identified in Rhizobium fredii isolated from subtropical-tropical soils. The generation times of R. fredii Taiwan isolated-SB 357 and -SB 682 were 1.7 and 2.5 h, respectively. These strains were associated with acid production in yeast-extract mannitol medium. They were able to use hexoses, pentose, sucrose, trehalose and raffinose. Strain SB 357 can resist a high concentration of kanamycin (100 g ml^–1 and penicillin (400 g ml^–1). It can tolerate up to 2.34% NaCl and 1031.3 mosmol kg^–1 (23.4 bars). The growth rate of R. fredii SB 357 under the concentration of approximately 450 mosmol kg^–1 (10.2 bars) was not affected by salinity, but responded to osmotic pressure. Both strains (SB 357 and SB 682) isolated from subtropical-tropical soils were able to form an effective N₂-fixing symbiosis with the US soybean cv Clark lanceolate leaflet.     

Taxonomy and evolution of cultivated plants: Literature review 1984/1985

Summary Important papers on taxonomy and evolution of cultivated plants published in 1984 and 1985 were compiled and briefly discussed.

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Taxonomie und Evolution der Kulturpflanzen: Literaturübersicht 1984/1985

Zusammenfassung Wichtige Arbeiten über Taxonomie und Evolution der Kulturpflanzen aus den Jahren 1984 und 1985 wurden zusammengestellt und kurz kommentiert.

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: 1984–1985

, 1984 1985 . .

     

Cereal land-races from Austria and their utilization in plant breeding

Summary Land-races are somewhat younger than usually mentioned. Also land-races are not abandoned populations but influenced by a simple continuous, equalizing human selection, as well as by natural evolution. Thus the phenotypical uniformity will be high, while the genetical variability is larger than in commercial bred varieties, but much less than in populations grown in a gene centre. Many effects like resistance, adaptation and continuous annual yield are resulting from the land-race's multiline character, which can be seen as biological model for surviving of agricultural populations. The breeder's effort to isolate certain genes will be troublesome and often less effective because of this multiline symbiosis and genes approaching demand and botanical features of a gone period.

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Getreide-Landsorten aus Österreich und ihre Verwendung in der Züchtung

Zusammenfassung Landsorten sind etwas jünger als allgemein angenommen. Landsorten sind auch keine zufälligen Populationen, sondern sie werden sowohl von der ständigen egalisierenden menschlichen Selektion als auch von der natürlichen Evolution beeinflußt. Sie sind deshalb phänotypisch sehr einheitlich. Ihre genetische Variabilität ist zwar höher als bei Zuchtsorten, jedoch nicht so groß wie bei Populationen in einem Genzentrum. Viele Eigenschaften wie Resistenz, Anpassung und kontinuierliche Jahreserträge lassen sich auf den Multilinien-Charakter der Landsorten zurückführen, der wiederum als biologisches Modell für den Fortbestand landwirtschaftlicher Populationen gelten kann. Infolge dieses Multilinien-Charakters der Landsorten ist es für den Züchter schwierig und oft wenig effektiv, bestimmte Gene zu isolieren.

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, — , . , , . — . , , , , , - . , . , , , . , , ë, , ë .

     

Effect of increasing oxygen concentration on total denitrification and nitrous oxide release from soil by different bacteria

Summary The effect of increasing oxygen concentrations (0, 5, 10 and 20 Vol% O₂) on total denitrification and N₂0 release was studied in model experiments using a neutral pH loamy soil relatively rich in easily decomposable organic matter and supplied with nitrate (300 g nitrate N/g dry soil). The sterilized soil was inoculated with three different denitrifying bacteria (Bacillus licheniformis,Aeromonas denitrificans andAzospirillum lipoferum) and incubated (80% WHC, 30°C). The gas volume was analysed for O₂, CO₂, N₂O, NO and N₂ by gas chromatography and the soil investigated for changes in ammonium, nitrite, nitrate, pH, total N and C as well as water-extractable C. WithB. licheniformis andAeromonas denitrificans total denitrification increased remarkably with increasing pO₂ as the result of intensified mineralization.Azospirillum lipoferum, however, showed the highest activity at 5 vol% O₂. WithB. licheniformis N₂O was released only in anaerobic conditions and at 5 Vol% O₂ (maximum) or 10 Vol% 02, but not at 20 Vol%, whereasAeromonas denitrificans produced N₂O only in the presence of He gas (maximum) or at 5 Vol% O₂. In contrast to these bacteria, N₂O production withAzospirillum lipoferum was restricted to 10 Vol% O₂ (maximum) and to 20 Vol% 02, with some traces at 5 vol% O₂. With a certain set of conditions, total denitrification and N₂O formation seem to be governed by the mineralization rate of the organisms in question. The increased demand for electron acceptors by a high turnover rate rather than the presence of anaerobic conditions seems to have determined the rate of denitrification.     

Classification of apple scab resistance in two assortment orchards

The susceptibility to apple scab was evaluated in two assortment orchards in Southern Sweden, Alnarp (339 cultivars) and Balsgård (165). A scab index ranging from 0 to 4 was used and one assessment per tree was made annually from 1998 to 2000 on leaves. At Alnarp, the fruit scab was also evaluated. The over-all mean for the leaf scab index was highest at Alnarp (3.0) in 1999 when 55% of the cultivars were placed in fruit scab index 4, indicating severe scab infections. In 2000, the majority of the cultivars was grouped in classes 2 and 1. In 2000, 60.4% of the cultivars were placed in class 0, without any visible scab symptoms on the fruit. The leaf scab appeared to have a negative effect on fruit setting, since we found a lower number of cultivars bearing fruit when leaf scab index was high. The correlation between leaf and fruit scab was stronger during the first two years with high scab incidence. The most resistant cultivars or selections at Alnarp were Priscilla, Nova Easygro, Prima, Warner's King, Akane, Remo, Co-op 25, Liberty, McShay and Katinka. The over-all scab index mean at Balsgård was higher in 1998 (2.0) and 1999 (1.8) compared to 2000 (0.95). The best cultivars or selections at Balsgård were Co-op 22, Enterprise, McShay, Prima, Priscilla, William's Pride, Luke, Apelsinoe and Judeline.     

Die Geschichte der Entstehung und Verbreitung vonRubus idaeus var.leucocarpus

Zusammenfassung Die an der Stelle von roten mit gelblichweißen Sammelfrüchten ausgestattete var.leucocarpus desR. idaeus läßt sich erstmalig als Gartenpflanze in Deutschland 1588, in Frankreich 1623, in England 1629, in Holland 1633, in Dänemark und in Italien 1642, in Spanisch-Flandern 1644 und in Schweden 1666 nachweisen. Ihr häufigeres Vorkommen in den Gärten kann aber keinen stichhaltigen Grund bilden, um mit Focke ihre Entstehung in die Gärten zu verlegen. Ihr Vorkommen in der Natur wurde für Deutschland zum ersten Male 1588, für Dänemark 1688 und für Schweden 1701 nachgewiesen.R. ideaus var.leucocarpus ist demnach in verschiedenen, entfernt voneinander gelegenen Gegenden unabhängig entstanden. Sie verhält sich damit ebenso wie die wesentlich seltenere var.leucocarpus desR. ulmifolius, deren Geschichte zugleich mit derjenigen anderer Mutanten einen geeigneten mutantengeschichtlichen Hintergrund abgibt, in dem auch der var.leucocarpus R. idaeus der ihr zukommende Platz angewiesen werden kann.

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Summary The var.leucocarpus ofRubus idaeus is characterized by yellowish — white fruits. This variety was for the first time grown in Germany in 1588, in France in 1623, in England in 1629, in Holland in 1633, in Denmark and in Italy in 1642, in Spanish Flanders in 1644 and in Sweden in 1666. Its frequent statements in gardens gives us no reason to place the genesis of this variety in the gardens as Focke did. Natural locations could be observed in Germany for the first time in 1588, in Denmark in 1688 and in Sweden in 1701. Thus the var.leucocarpus has independently developed in different, far distant regions. Its behaviour resembles in this manner that of the much rarer var.leucocarpus ofR. ulmifolius. The history of these and other mutants forms the historical framework in which the var.leucocarpus ofR. idaeus can be arranged too.

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Rubus ideaus var.leucocarpus, - , 1588, 1629, 1633, 1642, 1644 1666 . , (W.O. Focke) . 1588, 1688 1701 . var.leucocarpus . R. ulmifolius var.leucocarpus. , R. idaeus var.leucocarpus .