Recognition of self antigens by skin-derived T cells with invariant gamma delta antigen receptors

Thy-1+ dendritic epidermal T cells (dECs) express invariant gamma delta antigen receptors and are found in intimate contact with keratinocytes in murine epidermis--thus raising the possibility that keratinocytes express a ligand for the antigen receptor of these T cells. Thy-1+ dECs were stimulated to produce lymphokines by interaction with keratinocytes in vitro. This stimulation was mediated through the dEC antigen receptor and did not appear to be restricted by the major histocompatibility complex. Thus, dECs can recognize self antigens and may participate in immune surveillance for cellular damage rather than for foreign antigens.     

Epithelial wound healing enhanced by transforming growth factor-alpha and vaccinia growth factor

Epidermal regeneration following middermal injuries to skin requires both proliferation and migration of keratinocytes. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) stimulates the proliferation of keratinocytes in culture, and topical administration of EGF accelerates epidermal regeneration of partial thickness burns or split-thickness incisions in vivo. Transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF-alpha) and vaccinia growth factor (VGF) have substantial sequence homology with EGF, and all appear to bind to the same receptor protein. Whether TGF-alpha or VGF can affect epidermal wound healing in vivo is not known. The present studies show that topical administration of TGF-alpha or VGF in antibiotic cream to partial thickness burns (second degree) accelerated epidermal regeneration in comparison with untreated or vehicle-treated burns. Low levels of both TGF-alpha and VGF (0.1 microgram per milliliter) appeared to be more effective than EGF in stimulating epidermal regeneration. Regenerated epithelium from burns treated with TGF-alpha or VGF appeared normal histologically. This finding suggests that topical application of selected growth factors may be useful in accelerating healing of partial thickness injuries.     

Accelerated healing of incisional wounds in rats induced by transforming growth factor-beta

The role of polypeptide growth factors in the processes of inflammation and repair was investigated by analyzing the influence of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta), applied directly to linear incisions made through rat dorsal skin. A dose-dependent, direct stimulatory effect of a single application of TGF-beta on the breaking strength of healing incisional wounds was demonstrated. An increase in maximum wound strength of 220 percent of control was observed at 5 days; the healing rate was accelerated by approximately 3 days for at least 14 days after production of the wound and application of TGF-beta. These increases in wound strength were accompanied by an increased influx of mononuclear cells and fibroblasts and by marked increases in collagen deposition at the site of application of TGF-beta. TGF-beta is thus a potent pharmacologic agent that can accelerate wound healing in rats.     

林蛙皮多肽凝胶制剂对兔皮肤损伤的修复作用

林蛙皮多肽是从林蛙皮中提取出的活性多肽,含有多种氨基酸和细胞因子,对皮肤修复具有重要作用,但其水溶液不利于临床使用。试验拟将提纯的林蛙皮多肽与其他皮肤调理剂制备成凝胶制剂并通过建立兔背部皮肤创伤模型来探究林蛙皮多肽凝胶制剂在兔皮肤创伤愈合中的作用。通过观察伤口红肿、出血、渗出和结痂,计算创面愈合,以及通过病理组织学变化评估林蛙皮多肽凝胶制剂的作用。结果表明:林蛙皮多肽凝胶制剂减少炎症反应,促进兔皮肤创伤愈合,提高肉芽组织中新生血管密度和成纤维细胞数量。     

复方ANBP对小鼠创面组织学变化的实验研究

目的 观察中药复方ANBP[由仙鹤草（Agrimonia Eupatoria,A）、藕节（Nelumbo Nucifera Gaertn,N）、乳香（Boswellia Carteri,B）和蒲黄（Pollen Typhae Angustifoliae,P）组成]对全层皮肤缺损小鼠创面愈合的影响,初步探讨复方ANBP对小鼠皮肤创面愈合的治疗机制。方法 将48只C57BL/6小鼠按照随机数字表法分为空白对照组、ANBP组,每组24只。采用全层打孔器制备小鼠背部全层皮肤缺损模型,每组再随机分为6 h、3 d、7 d、14 d 4个时间点。造模后空白对照组不做任何处理,ANBP组创面被覆复方ANBP粉末。通过肉眼和HE染色观察创面愈合情况并计算创面愈合率,对数据进行统计学分析。结果 （1）造模后3 d、7 d和14 d,与空白对照组相比,ANBP组创伤愈合率明显增加,差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）;（2）HE染色结果显示ANBP组表皮舌长度增加、均匀平整,肉芽组织丰富。结论 复方ANBP可以明显改善小鼠创面情况,加快小鼠背部皮肤创面愈合速度,提高愈合质量。     

艾纳香总黄酮对大鼠皮肤创伤愈合的作用及机制研究

探讨艾纳香总黄酮对大鼠皮肤创伤愈合的影响及其作用机制。取大鼠150只,随机分为模型组、京万红组和艾纳香总黄酮高、中、低组,建立大鼠背部双侧圆形创伤模型,连续给药10 d,测定创面面积,计算愈合率;于术后的1、3、5、7、10 d检测创缘组织IL-1、TNF-α表达量并切取创伤边缘皮肤全层,制片,HE染色后镜下观察创面组织形态学的改变。结果表明:艾纳香总黄酮随药物剂量的增加而提高创面愈合百分率,缩短愈合时间,创伤早期增强创面IL-1、TNF-α的表达。艾纳香总黄酮促进大鼠皮肤创伤的愈合机制之一可能是增强创伤早期炎症因子的分泌,从而促进创面的修复愈合。     

Local macrophage proliferation, rather than recruitment from the blood, is a signature of TH2 inflammation

A defining feature of inflammation is the accumulation of innate immune cells in the tissue that are thought to be recruited from the blood. We reveal that a distinct process exists in which tissue macrophages undergo rapid in situ proliferation in order to increase population density. This inflammatory mechanism occurred during T helper 2 (T(H)2)-related pathologies under the control of the archetypal T(H)2 cytokine interleukin-4 (IL-4) and was a fundamental component of T(H)2 inflammation because exogenous IL-4 was sufficient to drive accumulation of tissue macrophages through self-renewal. Thus, expansion of innate cells necessary for pathogen control or wound repair can occur without recruitment of potentially tissue-destructive inflammatory cells.     

蜂蜜对创伤愈合的作用及机理研究进展

蜂蜜具有抗菌、抗氧化、抗炎等多种生物活性,特别是在治疗感染性创伤以及烧伤烫伤、促进伤口愈合等方面具有良好疗效.深入分析了蜂蜜治疗皮肤创伤相关的细胞实验、动物实验、临床试验的研究结果;详细论述了蜂蜜的临床应用及蜂蜜抗菌、抗氧化、抗炎、预防伤口感染、促进自溶清创、刺激创面肉芽组织生长、加速创面愈合的作用机理.蜂蜜对创伤愈合...     

创伤对小鼠热应激蛋白Bag家族基因表达的影响

以小鼠为研究对象,探讨创伤条件下热应激蛋白Bag家族基因在创伤愈合组织中的表达情况。选用巴比西小鼠,建立创伤应激模型,提取创伤愈合组织RNA,经Real-Time PCR检测其表达情况。结果表明:创伤应激时Bag家族基因表达全部下调,其中Bag3、Bag4下调差异显著(P<0.05);对Bag家族各基因进行聚类分析结果显示Bag3与Bag4可聚为一类。说明Bag家族基因在创伤愈合过程中的表达差异可能与细胞凋亡与炎症反应存在一定的联系。     

大鲵皮肤药膏和大鲵黏液药膏烫伤药理试验研究

建立了SD大鼠背部深Ⅱ度烫伤模型,研究大鲵皮肤药膏和大鲵黏液药膏对大鼠皮肤烫伤的治疗作用.结果表明,大鲵皮肤药膏、大鲵黏液药膏能明显缩短烫伤后大鼠创面愈合时间;创面愈合速度较美宝湿润烧伤膏组快,并能使创面面积明显缩小;显微镜下观察真皮内皮肤附件结构完整,未见水肿及炎性细胞浸润.大鲵皮肤药膏、大鲵黏液药膏具有促进实验大鼠烫伤创面愈合的作用.     

中国瘰螈皮肤转录组测序及活性多肽分析

首次对中国瘰螈皮肤组织进行了转录组测序并分析其活性多肽。提取中国瘰螈皮肤组织总RNA用于构建cDNA文库，采用Illumina HiSeq 4000进行测序。测序数据处理后获得unigene，并对其进行基因注释和生物信息学分析。共组装获得了74 371 个非冗余unigene（平均长度为762 bp），其中33 627个unigene在七大功能数据库中得到功能注释，5 137个unigene的注释结果来自两栖类物种，约占注释总数的15%。另外，从转录组数据中识别了一些皮肤活性多肽如胆囊收缩素、防御素、伤口愈合肽、蛋白激酶抑制剂、胸腺素，它们大多数具有皮肤免疫或防御功能，且在其他两栖动物种类中均发现有较高序列相似性的同源多肽。结果为阐明蝾螈皮肤免疫或防御机制提供了前期基础资料。     

Impaired thermosensation in mice lacking TRPV3, a heat and camphor sensor in the skin

Environmental temperature is thought to be directly sensed by neurons through their projections in the skin. A subset of the mammalian transient receptor potential (TRP) family of ion channels has been implicated in this process. These "thermoTRPs" are activated at distinct temperature thresholds and are typically expressed in sensory neurons. TRPV3 is activated by heat (>33 degrees C) and, unlike most thermoTRPs, is expressed in mouse keratinocytes. We found that TRPV3 null mice have strong deficits in responses to innocuous and noxious heat but not in other sensory modalities; hence, TRPV3 has a specific role in thermosensation. The natural compound camphor, which modulates sensations of warmth in humans, proved to be a specific activator of TRPV3. Camphor activated cultured primary keratinocytes but not sensory neurons, and this activity was abolished in TRPV3 null mice. Therefore, heat-activated receptors in keratinocytes are important for mammalian thermosensation.     

德国洋甘菊精油促进皮肤创伤愈合作用的研究

[目的]探讨不同浓度的德国洋甘菊(Matricaria chamomilla L.)精油对成纤维细胞增殖和迁移的影响以及对小鼠皮肤创伤愈合的作用。[方法]用CCK8法检测不同浓度德国洋甘菊精油对成纤维细胞增殖的影响,用划痕法检测其对成纤维细胞迁移的影响,用小鼠切除伤模型检测其对小鼠创伤愈合的影响。[结果]结果表明德国洋甘菊精油可显著促进成纤维细胞增殖和迁移,其促进作用呈剂量依赖性;可显著提高小鼠皮肤创伤愈合速度,增加创面皮肤真皮厚度和成纤维细胞数目。[结论]德国洋甘菊精油能促进皮肤创伤愈合,其机制可能与促进成纤维细胞增殖和迁移有关。     

Burns and other skin lesions: microcirculatory responses in man during healing

Morphological changes in the cutaneous microcirculation during wound healing have been studied by capillaroscopy in man. In experimental and accidental burns, abrasions, and lacerations, in addition to the anticipated revascularization by the deeper dermal vessels, a distinctive pattern of response by the surrounding papillary capillaries was consistently observed. This appears to be a general phenomenon in healing of skin lesions and suggests the possibility that a potent capillary-attracting factor may be produced within the injured tissue.     

Downregulation of L3T4+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes by interleukin-2

Proliferation of activated cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) that recognize foreign histocompatibility antigens is induced by interleukin-2, a potent immunoregulatory molecule originally described as T cell growth factor. Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is widely used to isolate and induce clonal expansion of CTLs for functional studies in vitro and in vivo. However, in studies with CTLs specific for class I and class II histocompatibility antigens, IL-2 rapidly downregulated the lytic activity of some class II-specific CTLs in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Lytic activity of L3T4+ CTLs specific for the murine class II antigen I-Ek was repeatedly up- and downregulated in vitro by alternate exposure to specific (alloantigen) and nonspecific (recombinant IL-2) signals, respectively. These results demonstrate that some CTLs modulate their functional property (cytolysis) while undergoing IL-2-driven cell proliferation without loss of antigen specificity or ability to revert to a lytic phenotype.     

Oxygen tension regulates the expression of angiogenesis factor by macrophages

When cultured in a hypoxic environment similar to that found in the center of a wound, macrophages secreted active angiogenesis factor into the medium. Under conditions similar to those of well-oxygenated tissue, macrophages did not secrete active angiogenesis factor. Macrophages that secreted the factor at hypoxic conditions stopped secreting it when returned to room air. Thus the control of angiogenesis in wound healing may be the result of macrophages responding to tissue oxygen tension without the necessity of interacting with other cell types or biochemical signals.     

愈伤涂膜剂对树干伤口灭菌防腐试验

[目的]对黄斑星天牛危害树木后留下的成虫产卵刻槽、羽化孔、幼虫的排粪孔和打孔注药后所造成的孔洞、伤疤、伤流进行修复,利用愈伤涂膜剂进行涂抹试验,并确定涂药量和涂药时间.促使伤口快速愈合,减少伤流和腐烂病发生.[方法]在树木冬眠初期或早春树木萌动前,将愈伤涂膜剂均匀地涂抹在树干伤口上,以涂满伤疤为宜.[结果]该药剂除了对50 a以上的树木伤口愈合率低外,对其它树木愈伤效果很明显,伤口愈合率可达58.6;,伤流株率下降了41.2;;腐烂病也可降低92.7;.[结论]愈伤涂膜剂在树干伤口上不但能够迅速形成具有透气性强的保护膜,起到封闭、阻隔作用,防止树液流失,而且还具有灭菌防腐,促进愈伤组织的再生能力.     

Extrafollicular activation of lymph node B cells by antigen-bearing dendritic cells

In contrast to na?ve T cells that recognize short antigen-derived peptides displayed by specialized antigen-presenting cells, immunoglobulin receptors of B lymphocytes primarily recognize intact proteins. How and where within a lymph node such unprocessed antigens become available for na?ve B cell recognition is not clear. We used two-photon intravital imaging to show that, after exiting high-endothelial venules and before entry into lymph node follicles, B cells survey locally concentrated dendritic cells. Engagement of the B cell receptor by the dendritic cell (DC)-associated antigen leads to lymphocyte calcium signaling, migration arrest, antigen acquisition, and extrafollicular accumulation. These findings suggest a possible role for antigen-specific B-DC interactions in promoting T cell-dependent antibody responses in vivo.