基于水环境毒理学(Toxicology)的生物标记物研究进展

如何检测并对这些污染物的毒性进行科学的评价,成为当今环境科学关心的热点问题,本文扼要概述常见生物标记物种类、现代组学研究在生物标记物研究的应用、生物标记物敏感实验动物等。     

青岛市渔业环境监测和水产品质量检测工作全面启动

随着青岛市渔业的快速发展,特别是水产养殖面积的日益扩大,环境污染问题已成为制约渔业经济发展的主要因素。因此,及时做好渔业环境的监测与预报,为渔业经济可持续发展保驾护航显得尤为重要。近日,市海洋与渔业局全面启动渔业环境监测和水产品质量检测工作。为确保渔业环境监测     

兰营水库的生物检测与评价

多管发酵法（MPN法）测定大肠菌群数和粪大肠菌群数,稀释平板法测定细菌总数,并对水样进行浮游生物检测,以此对兰营水库水质及远期渔业潜力的合理开发与利用做出初步评价.结果表明,兰营水库可作为养殖水产品基地.     

LabVIEW及其在水产养殖环境监测中的应用

为使水产养殖环境监测控制得更加精确,创造良好的水产养殖环境,本文采用以LabVIEw为代表的虚拟仪器技术,对水产养殖环境监测进行了有益的探讨.设计了水产养殖监测的硬件系统,开发了水产养殖环境监测软件,对水产养殖环境进行实时具体地监测,及时监测环境参数的变化,以便及时地采取相关措施使水产养殖环境处于最佳状态.     

介绍一种研究对虾疾病的生物检测系统

导言在虾病研究中,实验室的生物检测通常是了解各种基本信息的必要步骤,这些基本信息包括虾病病原学、病原的毒力,对虾对药物和具有治疗潜力的化学物质的忍耐性和化疗药物的有效剂量范围。它们对发展和建立可靠而有效的诊断,预防和治疗疾病的方法是至关重要的。用生物检测系统分析对虾幼体,使用传统的水族箱在资金、人力和空间上都有较高的要求,而且在小型实验室都很难实现。鉴于上述问题,我们实验室从1975年开始试验新型生物检测系统,并成功地研制出一种适用于多数实验室幼虾疾病的研究,容易安装,具有很高效益的生物检测系统。     

微藻生物在水产饲料中的应用

藻类含有丰富的虾青素、类胡萝卜素、叶黄素以及多种维生素和蛋白质等物质,具有很高的营养价值,无论是在动物的饲料还是在水产生物的养殖中,都可以看到藻类的应用.针对水产生物养殖饲料中藻类生物的应用进行了研究探讨.     

小鼠生物法快速定量检测河鲀毒素

以 13～ 2 2g体重的ICR小鼠作为实验对象 ,用不同浓度的河毒素 (TTX)溶液注射小鼠后 ,观察其中毒过程 ,探讨了小鼠死亡时间与性别、质量、注射的河毒素溶液浓度三者之间的关系 ,并对有效实验数据进行了统计分析。结果表明 :ICR小鼠从中毒到死亡均出现呼吸困难和挣扎的中毒症状 ;中毒程度与小鼠的性别、质量差异无显著相关 ,而与其所注射的河毒素溶液浓度密切相关 ,毒素溶液浓度是引起小鼠中毒的关键因子。该结论采用经验方程Y =e(a/x -b) 进行了验证 ,在此基础上 ,对常规的小鼠生物法定量检测程序进行了改进 ,改进后的检测方法提高了检测的稳定性和精确性 ,可作基层的水产品安全检测。     

生物修复在水产养殖中的应用

通过生物修复技术,促进C、N、P在养殖水体中循环,保持了水产环境的动态平衡,修复受损的养殖水体生态系统,加速生态系统的物质循环和能量循环,增加水体溶氧,减少水产养殖的污染,改善水质和养殖水体自净能力,提高水产养殖产量和品质,实现水产养殖的可持续发展.     

生物工艺学在渔业中的应用

生物工艺学，(Biotechnology并称生物技术)可以应用在渔业的许多方面，这是由于我们的渔业生产方式很多而生物工艺学所涉及的范围又很广泛的缘故。生物工艺可以控制生物的性状，使之为渔业生产服务，譬如我们能诱导产生三倍体、控制染色体数目、诱导水生动物的雌核发育或雄性繁殖等等。     

现代生物技术检测对虾病毒病在商业化应用中的限制

对虾病毒性疾病有多种,如白斑病毒、桃拉病毒、黄头病毒等。多年来,科研人员对病毒病的诊断方法进行了大量的研究,现代生物检测技术得到较多应用,如酶联免疫吸附（ELISA）、聚合酶链式反应（PCR）、核酸探针斑点杂交等,发表了较多提取病毒、改进病毒检测方法等文章。检测方法越来越简易、灵敏,并开发有WSSV、TSV等病毒检测试剂盒。利用现代生物检测技术诊断对虾病毒病对监测养殖生产中的疾病流行趋势有一定的作用,但各种检测方法大都局限于国家机构的实验室进行,难以大规模商业化应用。是什么原因使先进的检测技术无法服务于养殖生产？现结合生产以及科研实践进行多方面探讨,供参考。     

Improving the detection of rare native fish species in environmental DNA metabarcoding surveys

1. The presence of threatened or endangered species often strongly influences management and conservation decisions. Within the Murray–Darling Basin (MDB), Australia, the presence of threatened native fish affects the management and allocation of water resources. In New South Wales, these decisions are currently based on traditional fisheries data and a predictive MaxEnt model. However, it is important to verify the model's predictive power given the implication it may have, but this requires methods with a high detection sensitivity for rare species.
2. Although the use of environmental DNA (eDNA) monitoring, in particular eDNA metabarcoding, achieves a higher detection sensitivity compared with traditional methods, earlier surveys in the MDB have shown that the highly abundant and invasive common carp (Cyprinus carpio) can reduce detection probabilities for rare species. Consequently, a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) blocking primer designed to block the amplification of carp eDNA could increase the detection probabilities for rare native species while simultaneously reducing the required sampling effort and survey costs. Although PCR blocking primers are often used in ancient DNA and dietary studies, no aquatic eDNA metabarcoding study to date has evaluated the potential benefits of using PCR blocking primers.
3. A laboratory and field-based pilot study was used to address this knowledge gap and assess the impact of a blocking primer, targeting cyprinid fishes (including carp), on the detection probabilities of native species and the minimum sampling effort required.
4. Results showed that the inclusion of the blocking primer increased the detection probabilities for native species by 10–20% and reduced the minimum required sampling effort by 25–50%. These findings provide important insights into possible methods for optimizing eDNA metabarcoding surveys for the detection of rare aquatic species.

     

鱼类“致癌、致畸、致突变”测试技术在渔业环境监测中的应用↑（*）

以毒理学为指导,现代医学测试技术为基础,研制出适合鱼类“致癌、致畸、致突变”的测试技术和方法,并将之应用于渔业环境监测。对长江下游的南京段和镇江段监测表明,两江段受测鱼均发生不同程度的致畸、致突变效应,说明其水域中存在诱变源,且与该水域石油含量过高有关;对无锡河段泥鳅的致癌测试结果表明,该河段的泥鳅肝脏已发生恶性肿瘤,即肝癌     

应用环境DNA技术对邵伯湖浮游动物物种检测的初步研究

为掌握邵伯湖浮游动物物种组成,利用环境DNA技术于2018年11月对其浮游动物群落进行了监测.在邵伯湖15个采样点同步进行了水样采集,抽滤后进行了DNA提取,利用线粒体DNA 12S rRNA引物进行PCR扩增,并进行了高通量测序.结果 显示,从二代测序的1114482条DNA序列中,比对得到浮游动物OTUs数68个....     

环境DNA在长江江豚监测中的应用

为了从水体环境中提取到高质量的eDNA环境DNA(environmentalDNA,eDNA),应用于长江中长江江豚(Neophocaenaphocaenoidesasaeorientalis)的分布调查,本研究比较了滤膜孔径和水样保存方式对eDNA获取的影响,同时对比了eDNA技术与传统调查法对长江江豚的检测结果。结果显示水样抽滤时间与滤膜孔径大小呈负相关关系,且都可以检出目标生物;水样采集后需在6 h内完成抽滤处理,或在冷藏条件下短期保存48 h;长江流域江苏段中观测到长江江豚出现的8个检测点均检测出长江江豚eDNA,而在10个未观测到长江江豚的水域中有3个检测出其eDNA。研究结果表明,相比传统目视监测方法, eDNA技术在长江江豚监测中不仅具有较高的准确性,还具有更高的灵敏性,可作为长江江豚种群调查的有效辅助检测工具。     

微卫星标记在RR-B系剑尾鱼遗传监测中的应用

采用49对微卫星引物对RR-B系剑尾鱼和红眼红体的非选育系剑尾鱼进行PCR扩增,有46个微卫星座位能获得稳定的扩增产物,7个微卫星座位能区分RR-B系与非选育群体剑尾鱼。7个微卫星座位在选育系剑尾鱼为单态纯合,而在非选育群体具有多态性,座位Msa014鉴定RRB系剑尾鱼排除概率最高,为98.75%,座位Msd003排除概率最低达到了87.50%,其余5个座位排除概率介于两者之间。为方便今后的遗传监测,对RR-B系剑尾鱼样品的7个微卫星座位进行了测序,确定了其大小和具体的微卫星结构。本实验建立了RR-B系剑尾鱼分子检测方法,为实验动物剑尾鱼的遗传监测奠定了基础。图4表3参23     

Accounting for variation in species detection in fish community monitoring

Long‐term fish assemblage monitoring requires investigators account for within‐year variation in species' detection. An occupancy modelling framework is presented that accounts for variation in species presence and estimates the effort required to minimise within‐year variation. Species detections from snorkelling surveys and an electrofishing survey were used in single‐species occupancy models to determine the importance of site and sampling covariates on species' occupancy (psi) and detection probabilities (p). Community occupancy models estimated species richness in light of undetected species. For most species, models including patch size and reach as psi‐covariates had higher support whereas models including patch size and sampling method as p‐covariates had higher support. The number of sites and repeated surveys required to estimate occupancy accurately varied among fish species. Community models suggested that the observed number of species underestimated actual richness as much as 27% and the addition of an electrofishing survey increased estimated richness by 13%.     

Effective monitoring of freshwater fish

Freshwater ecosystems constitute only a small fraction of the planet's water resources, yet support much of its diversity, with freshwater fish accounting for more species than birds, mammals, amphibians or reptiles. Fresh waters are, however, particularly vulnerable to anthropogenic impacts, including habitat loss, climate and land use change, pollution and biological invasions. This environmental degradation, combined with unprecedented rates of biodiversity change, highlights the importance of robust and replicable programmes to monitor freshwater fish. Such monitoring programmes can have diverse aims, including confirming the presence of a single species (e.g., early detection of alien species), tracking changes in the abundance of threatened species, or documenting long‐term temporal changes in entire communities. Irrespective of their motivation, monitoring programmes are only fit for purpose if they have clearly articulated aims and collect data that can meet those aims. This review, therefore, highlights the importance of identifying the key aims in monitoring programmes and outlines the different methods of sampling freshwater fish that can be used to meet these aims. We emphasize that investigators must address issues around sampling design, statistical power, species’ detectability, taxonomy and ethics in their monitoring programmes. Additionally, programmes must ensure that high‐quality monitoring data are properly curated and deposited in repositories that will endure. Through fostering improved practice in freshwater fish monitoring, this review aims to help programmes improve understanding of the processes that shape the Earth's freshwater ecosystems and help protect these systems in face of rapid environmental change.     

水产养殖用蛭弧菌类生物制剂的检测

通过双层平板法以不同细菌为宿主测定了八个厂家蛭弧菌类生物制剂的噬斑含量及噬斑分离物的宿主裂解范围;以三对靶向不同类群蛭弧菌类生物的特异引物对各产品及其噬斑分离物进行了PCR检测;对两株代表性蛭弧菌分离物的16S rRNA基因进行了测序,并通过构建蛭弧菌科进化树分析了它们的系统地位。结果表明被检测的绝大多数蛭弧菌类生物制剂质量不合格,仅两个样品被蛭弧菌科特异引物检测为阳性,被双层平板法证实有噬斑出现。其中一个样品JSF中存在两种形态和宿主范围不同的噬斑分离物,且不同宿主菌计数结果存在明显差异。16S rRNA基因序列分析表明这两种噬斑分离物JSF1和JSF2,分别属于蛭弧菌科的噬菌蛭弧菌(类群1)和未定种的类群5。但另一样品的噬斑分离物则被证实为非蛭弧菌类生物。     

无线传感器网络技术在养殖业污染监测上的应用

综述了国际上无线传感器网络技术发展的特点和趋势,提出无线传感器网络技术在畜禽和水产养殖业污染监测上应用需要解决的2个技术问题:一是选择合理的IP无线传输方式;二是选择合理的系统结构,达到较高的性价比。设计出适合不同地域、不同生态环境的无线传感器网络的拓扑结构,实现在户外或野外环境下对畜禽和水产养殖业污染的监测。     

Environmental and biological monitoring for forecasting anchovy recruitment in the southern Benguela upwelling region

Environmental and biological sampling and monitoring have been carried out in the southern Benguela since 1988. The overall goal of this research is to investigate environmental factors affecting anchovy recruitment and to develop the ability to forecast anchovy recruitment from year-to-year using field data obtained during the spawning season (August to March). Sampling was conducted at three different temporal and spatial scales: during annual (November) broad-scale hydro-acoustic surveys to determine spawner biomass on the entire spawning ground and in the core transport and recruitment areas; during monthly surveys in the core spawning, transport and recruitment regions over two entire spawning seasons (1993/94 and 1994/95); and during weekly sampling (since 1995) along a single transect downstream from the spawning area. Annual surveys provide the best spatial coverage, but are inadequate for representing environmental conditions and anchovy spawning success over a prolonged season. Weekly sampling provides the best temporal coverage, but logistical constraints restrict information to a limited portion of the spawning area and a reduced number of variables. Monthly surveys provide intermediate coverage in time and space, but are expensive and labour-intensive. Forecasting anchovy recruitment has been based on two different approaches: the establishment of empirical relationships, and the development of rule-based expert systems. Forecasts from deterministic expert systems have compared well with final estimates of recruitment strength, and indicate that environmental and biological variables may be used in a structured way to forecast anchovy recruitment.