林业议题在坎昆气候大会获突破

<正>11月29日至12月10日,联合国气候变化框架公约第16次缔约方大会在墨西哥坎昆召开。两项林业议题"减少发展中国家毁林、森林退化排放和森林保护、可持续经营、提高森林碳储量的激励机制和政策措施"(REDD+)和"土地利用、土地     

关于“气候智能林业”在山西应用模式的探讨

介绍了“气候智能林业”组成内容,提出了山西发展“气候智能林业”措施,即加强植树造林;将缓解和适应措施纳入森林经营方案的设计与改进;可持续使用木材,增长碳周转周期。     

森林经营综合效益评价方法与发展趋势

加强森林经营和提高森林质量是我国林业现代化过程的重要内容和环节。不同经营模式对森林多功能影响及经济效益评价已经成为森林经营领域关注的热点之一。文中对森林经营综合效益评价的理论和方法进行评析, 综述近几十年来国内外森林经营的木材生产和碳储存效益评价, 重点介绍不同时期研究评价内容的变化; 在此基础上, 总结我国森林效益评价存在的不足, 指出今后研究的重点和发展趋势, 为推进我国森林经营朝着技术上可行、生态上友好、经济上可接受的可持续方向发展提供参考。     

我国森林碳库特点与森林碳汇潜力分析

森林生态系统在稳定全球碳循环和缓解全球气候变暖方面发挥着重要的作用,合理发展林业,可以实现固碳增汇,是缓解全球气候变化的重要措施。综述了森林碳库的重要地位、我国森林生态系统碳库特点,分析了通过增加森林面积和提高森林经营水平来增加森林碳汇的潜力。     

2005—2020年江西省森林碳储量时空变化趋势及影响因素

森林生态系统对减缓和适应气候变化方面具有重要作用,全面了解森林碳储量的时空变化趋势,对于维持区域碳平衡、预测森林碳储量潜力、调整保护管理措施至关重要。基于森林碳储量(FCS)、土地利用覆盖变化(LUCC)、数字高程模型(DEM)等3个遥感数据集,采用Mann-Kendall检验、相关性分析方法,分析2005—2020年江西省森林碳储量的时空变化趋势及其对土地利用变化的响应。结果表明：1)江西省森林碳储量呈向上波动趋势,年均增长率为12.59%,最小值出现在2009年,为5.3×10⁸tC;最大值出现在2018年,为6.5×10⁸tC。2)森林碳储量在中南部的丘陵区域呈增加趋势,地势较低的北部地区呈下降趋势。3)江西省森林面积呈下降趋势,而森林碳储量呈上升趋势,城市扩张及该地区持续开展森林可持续经营是形成该趋势的主要原因。4)生态保护修复措施是促进江西省森林碳储量稳定增加的主要因素之一。未来应充分开发丰富的森林资源,通过开发国家核证自愿减排量(CCER)林业碳汇项目的方式促进环境保护与经济发展、消除贫困的协同增效。     

森林可持续经营与天然林保护

天然林保护工程是实施森林可持续经营的途径之一,其主要措施森林分类经营的实施,使林业经营面临着大幅度调减木材产量后,林业资金的调整、森林企业的生存以及林产工业原料的供应等问题,森林可持续经营也面临着基础薄弱,林业产业与生态体系建设资金投入不足,森林资源的综合开发利用程度低,范围浅,对市场经济的适应性不强等问题。因此要把有关政策落实到位,必须实施合理的生态补偿制度,用系统工程的方法和技术,实行科学的管理来实现森林资源的可持续经营利用。     

森林可持续经营与天然林保护

天然林保护工程是实施森林可持续经营的途径之一,其主要措施森林分类经营的实施,使林业经营面临着大幅度调减木材产量后,林业资金的调整、森林企业的生存以及林产工业原料的供应等问题,森林可持续经营也面临着基础薄弱,林业产生与生态体系建设投入不足,森林资源的综合开发利用程度低,范围浅,对市场经济的适应性不强等问题。因此要把有关政策落实到位,必须实施合理的生态补偿制度,用系统工程的方法和技术,实行科学的管理来实现森林资源的可持续经营利用。     

基于森林可持续经营的林业碳汇开发路径初探 ——以乌尔旗汉林业局为例

乌尔旗汉林业局可持续经营碳汇试点研究项目是自治区2016年应对气候变化及低碳发展科研课题之一。该项目仅选取森林可持续经营试点中人工林落叶松中龄林林分,通过森林经营类碳汇方法学在可持续经营中的运用,探索森林可持续经营中森林固碳功能提升的具体措施。研究表明,影响森林碳储量及其稳定性的主要因子是森林结构、合理的经营密度、森林公顷蓄积量等质量指标,而经营密度是核心因子。本项目通过不同抚育强度措施,找到森林结构和密度的最佳调整值,研究结论是:在中龄林范围内,基线株数密度平均为3225株/hm^2,时,最佳抚育强度为20%,应该在合理的经营间隔期内进行后续抚育经营;基线株数密度平均为2417株/hm^2时,最佳抚育强度为20%,在合理的间隔期内进行后续抚育经营;基线株数密度平均为1842株/hm^2,时,最佳抚育强度为10%o应打破现行落叶松人工林龄组限制,通过后续监测,找到落叶松人工林年生长率低于2%的数量成熟林龄,在林分数量成熟时,及时均匀伐除部分林木,林下栽植其他幼龄喜阴树种,营造复层异龄混交林,以改善林分内林木生长发育的环境,提髙林分稳定性,促进林地生产力提升,使森林多重效益得到提高,最终实现林分碳储量的最大化。经专家论证,该项目填补了内蒙古大兴安岭林区自主开发森林经营碳汇项目的空白。     

浙江省林业应对气候变化成效及措施研究

在全球气候变化大背景下,森林碳汇能力成为国际社会公认的减缓气候变暖的重要措施之一.文章总结了近年来浙江省林业应对气候变化成效:森林蓄积量从2005年的1.72亿m3提高到2019年的3.61亿m3,全省森林植被总碳储量达到2.8亿t;2006-2019年全省共完成造林更新41.2万hm2,共实施中幼林抚育面积约181....     

第二届森林科学论坛在北京举办

10月14-16日,第二届森林科学论坛——森林可持续经营国际学术研讨会在北京召开来自世界20多个国家约300名林业专家学者,围绕“以应对气候变化下的森林可持续经营”的主题,共同探讨了森林可持续经营的途径、方法,交流了森林可持续经营的先进理念与技术措施。     

全球人工林环境管理策略研究

全球人工林为木材生产和缓解贫困做出了重要贡献, 在减缓和适应气候变化中起到了非常重要的作用。文中在介绍全球人工林资源的基础上, 分析了人工林对生物多样性、水分循环、养分循环和碳循环的影响和相互作用机制, 提出了人工林环境管理策略, 即建立人工林多功能经营制度、通过森林认证助推人工林可持续经营、充分利用REDD+机制提高人工林固碳效应的政策推动策略, 加强生物多样性保护、降低人工林对水循环负面影响、提高人工林的养分循环、促进人工林生态系统碳循环的生态系统完整性策略, 以及保育高保护价值区域策略和鼓励利益相关者参与人工林规划与管理策略。     

Optimal forest rotation periods: integrating timber production and carbon sequestration benefits in Pinus tabulaeformis plantations on the Loess Plateau,P.R. China

Determining the optimal rotation period was a crucial component of forest sustainable management strategies, especially under climate change. This paper had two objectives: (1) to determine the economic benefits and optimal rotation periods for timber production when coupled to carbon sequestration, as predicted by time series prediction models for Pinus tabulaeformis plantations in China; and (2) to evaluate how different carbon prices and interest rates affected optimal rotation periods using the forest land expectation value. The results suggested that time series prediction models were valuable for estimating timber volumes and carbon sequestrations based on surveys of different-aged stands. Importantly, since integrating carbon sequestrations into timber production benefits did not increase optimal rotation periods, this should promote P. tabulaeformis plantation management. In the sensitivity analysis, a higher carbon price increased the profitability of carbon sequestration and timber production, but not optimal rotation periods, though they were reduced under higher interest rates. In conclusion, incorporating both timber production and carbon sequestration benefits would sharply increase forest-based revenues, while realizing the carbon sequestration potential of P. tabulaeformis plantations. This approach was clearly useful to the development of reforestation/afforestation projects trying to mitigate climate change and also provided a theoretical basis for sustainable forest management.     

Effects of management regimes on carbon sequestration under the Natural Forest Protection Program in northeast China

Carbon sinks constitute an important element within the complex phenomenon of global climate change,and forest ecosystems are important global carbon sinks.The Natural Forest Protection Program(NFPP) is an ecological program in China that was established after catastrophic flooding in the country in 1998.The goals of the NFPP are to curb the deterioration of the ecological environment,strengthen the protection and restoration of habitat to increase biodiversity,and rehabilitate natural forests to support sustainable development in forest regions.This study looked at changes in carbon sequestration in a forested area of northeast China after the inception of the NFPP.The program divides China's natural forests into three classes—commercial and two types of noneconomic forests—that are subject to management regimes prescribing varying levels of timber harvest,afforestation,and reforestation.During the 18-year period from 1998 to 2015,the total amount of carbon sequestration increased at an average annual rate of 0.04 MT C.This trend reflects a transformation of forest management practices after implementation of the NFPP that resulted in prohibited and/or restricted logging and tighter regulation of allowable harvest levels for specific areas.In documenting this trend,guidelines for more effective implementation of forestry programs such as the NFPP in other countries in the future are also suggested.     

Multiple-use forest management in consideration of climate change and the interests of stakeholder groups

In this study, the overall utility of forest management alternatives at the forest management unit level is evaluated with regard to multi-purpose and multi-user settings by a multi-criteria analysis (MCA) method. The MCA is based on an additive utility model. The relative importance of partial objectives of forest management (carbon sequestration, ground water recharge, biodiversity, and timber production) is defined in cooperation with stakeholders. The forest growth model 4C (Forest Ecosystems in a Changing Environment) is used to simulate the impact of six forest management strategies and climate on forest functions. Two climate change scenarios represent uncertainties with regard to future climatic conditions. The study is based on actual forest conditions in the Kleinsee management unit in east Germany, which is dominated by Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and oak (Quercus robur L. and Quercus petraea Liebl.) stands. First, there is an analysis of the impact of climate and forest management on forest functions. Climate change increases carbon sequestration and income from timber production due to increased stand productivity. Secondly, the overall utility of the management strategies is compared under the priority settings of different stakeholder groups. From an ecological perspective, a conservation strategy would be preferable under all climate scenarios, but the business as usual management would also fit the expectations under the current climate due to high biodiversity and carbon sequestration in the forest ecosystem. In contrast, a forest manager in public-owned forests or a private forest owner would prefer a management strategy with an intermediate thinning intensity and a high share of pine stands to enhance income from timber production while maintaining the other forest functions.     

Adapting the Congo Basin forests management to climate change: Linkages among biodiversity,forest loss,and human well-being

Tropical forests are at the center of any global debate on climate change and sustainable forest management because of their twin roles in climate change adaptation and mitigation and for resilient development. However, in the countries of the Congo Basin forests receive very little attention in national planning and policies. Climate change is not currently considered in decisions and long-term forest management plans in these countries. This paper demonstrates that: (1) Congo Basin forests are needed for adaptation because they can help to decrease human vulnerability to climate change; and (2) Congo Basin forest management practices need to be adapted to accommodate climate change because these forests are vulnerable to climate change. A framework for facilitating adaptation in forestry is discussed and a review of adaptive actions presented. The paper recommends the adoption of sustainable forest management approach that includes a climate change focus. Such management should not only avoid any adverse effects on the forest resources and conservation of biodiversity, but also provides opportunities for greater, more sustainable rural development and poverty alleviation through income generation and employment opportunities.     

Exploring adaptation to climate change in the forests of central Nova Scotia, Canada

The threat of climate change is now recognized as an imminent issue at the forefront of the forest sector. Incorporating adaptation to climate change into forest management will be vital in the continual and sustainable provision of forest ecosystem services. The objective of this study is to investigate climate change adaptation in forest management using the landscape disturbance model LANDIS-II. The study area was comprised of 14,000 ha of forested watersheds in central Nova Scotia, Canada, managed by Halifax Water, the municipal water utility. Simulated climate change adaptation was directed towards three components of timber harvesting: the canopy-opening size of harvests, the age of harvested trees within a stand, and the species composition of harvested trees within a stand. These three adaptation treatments were simulated singly and in combination with each other in the modeling experiment. The timber supply was found to benefit from climate change in the absence of any adaptation treatment, though there was a loss of target tree species and old growth forest. In the age treatment, all trees in a harvested stand at or below the age of sexual maturity were exempt from harvesting. This was done to promote more-rapid succession to climax forest communities typical of the study area. It was the most effective in maintaining the timber supply, but least effective in promoting resistance to climate change at the prescribed harvest intensity. In the composition treatment, individual tree species were selected for harvest based on their response to climate change in previous research and on management values at Halifax Water to progressively facilitate forest transition under the altered climate. This proved the most effective treatment for maximizing forest age and old-growth area and for promoting stands composed of climatically suited target species. The size treatment was aimed towards building stand complexity and resilience to climate change, and was the most influential treatment on the response of timber supply, forest age, and forest composition to timber harvest when it was combined with other treatments. The combination of all three adaptation treatments yielded an adequate representation of target species and old forest without overly diminishing the timber supply, and was therefore the most effective in minimizing the trade-offs between management values and objectives. These findings support a diverse and multi-faceted approach to climate change adaptation.     

Typology of Nonindustrial Private Forest Landowners and Forestry Behavior: Implications for Forest Carbon Sequestration in the Southern US

To implement effective climate change mitigation and carbon sequestration activities in the southern US, nonindustrial private forest landowner (NIPF) participation is necessary because of the significant area of forest land under their ownership. For policy implementation to involve this major ownership group in climate change mitigation activities in this region, it is important to understand their forest management motivations and understanding toward carbon sequestration. This study develops a regional typology of NIPF landowners based on reasons for owning forest land in the southern US. The specific goals were to: (1) segment NIPF landowners into smaller homogeneous groups based on reasons for owning forest land; (2) identify landownership characteristics and forest management behavior by ownership groups; and (3) assess their climate change beliefs and understanding of forest carbon sequestration by ownership groups. A principal component-cluster analysis of 735 responses to a mail questionnaire distributed to NIPF landowners in the southern US revealed three groups, which were named amenity, multi-objective, and timber-oriented landowners. The amenity group included 21% of the landowners, while the timber and multi-objective groups included 40% and 39% of the landowners, respectively. These landowner groups varied in terms of owner characteristics, forest species type and management behavior, climate change beliefs and understanding of carbon sequestration. The amenity and multi-objective owners tend to have more positive belief toward climate change than the timber group, but more landowners in each group indicated having poor understanding of forest carbon sequestration. The study fills a knowledge gap in research efforts by developing a regional typology of NIPF landowners and linking it with their forestry resources and management strategies along with their climate change beliefs and understanding of forest carbon sequestration.     

Effects of using certain tree species in forest regeneration on volume growth,timber yield,and carbon stock of boreal forests in Finland under different CMIP5 projections

We studied how the use of certain tree species in forest regeneration affected the volume growth, timber yield, and carbon stock of boreal forests in Finland under the current climate (1981–2010) and recent-generation global climate model (GCM) predictions (i.e., multi-model means and individual GCMs of CMIP5), using the representative concentration pathways RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 over the period 2010–2099. Forest ecosystem model simulations were conducted on upland national forest inventory plots throughout Finland. In a baseline management regime, forest regeneration was performed by planting the same tree species that was dominant before the final cut. In alternative management regimes, either Scots pine, Norway spruce, or silver birch were planted on medium-fertility sites. Other management actions over rotation were done as in a baseline management. Compared to baseline management, an increased planting of birch resulted in relative sense highest increase in the volume growth, timber yield, and carbon stock in forests in the south, especially under severe climate projections (e.g., multi-model mean RCP8.5, and GCMs such as HadGEM2-ES RCP8.5 and GFDL-CM3 RCP8.5). This situation was opposite for Norway spruce. In the north, the volume growth, timber yield, and carbon stock of forests increased the most under severe climate projections (e.g., multi-model mean RCP8.5 and CNRM-CM5 RCP8.5), regardless of tree species preference. The magnitude of the climate change impacts depended largely on the geographical region and the severity of the climate projection. Increasing the cultivation of birch and Scots pine, as opposed to Norway spruce, could be recommended for the south. In the north, all three species could be cultivated, regardless of the severity of climate change.     

Increase of forest carbon biomass due to community forestry management in Nepal

Community forest management helps in mitigating deforestation and forest degradation by addressing the negative aspects of rural livelihoods such as poverty and social exclusion. It is important in regulating global climate by encouraging sequestration of carbon in shoots, roots and soils. We studied the status of community forest management, forest resource harvest and carbon stocks in two community forests of the mid hill region of central and western Nepal. The study was based on primary and secondary data collected through carbon stock measurement from field visits and allometric equations, household surveys, focus group discussions, key informant interviews, and review of past studies. Socioeconomic variables such as gender, age group, livestock and landholding status were related to resource utilization, conservation, and management of community forest. Forest resources such as timber, firewood, fodder and leaf litter were harvested in sustainable ways. People were involved in forest thinning, co-management meetings, guarding and planting trees for forest conservation and management. Density and carbon stock of trees increased gradually in comparison to a previous study. We recommend further research on other community forests for more accurate and better results.     

全球气候变化及森林生态系统的适应性管理

人类活动所引起的温室效应及由此造成的全球气候变化对全球生态环境的影响正越来越引起人们的关注。森林作为全球陆地生态系统的一个重要组分, 对全球气候变化的响应较为敏感。文中系统总结了全球气候变化对物种和森林类型分布、森林生态系统结构和物种组成、森林生产力、森林土壤碳氮循环和森林灾害等几个方面的影响, 以及森林生态系统管理面临的挑战, 在此基础上提出了适应未来气候变化的森林生态系统管理策略。