双唑草腈对3种水生生物的急性毒性及初级生态风险评估

为研究双唑草腈对水生生物的毒性和水体环境风险,在实验室条件下,以斜生栅藻、大型溞和斑马鱼为研究对象,分别采用OECD推荐的生长抑制法、活动抑制法、静态法和TOP-RICE模型,开展了双唑草腈的急性毒性试验和初级生态风险评估。结果表明:双唑草腈对斜生栅藻细胞增殖的72 h半数抑制效应浓度 (72 h-EC₅₀) 为1.44 × 10?2 mg/L,对大型溞活动的48 h半数抑制效应浓度 (48 h-EC₅₀) 为15.09 mg/L,对斑马鱼的96 h半数致死效应浓度 (96 h-LC₅₀) 为23.05 mg/L,根据我国《化学农药环境安全评价实验准则》中的毒性等级划分标准,相应毒性等级分别为高毒、低毒和低毒;在水生生态系统中,双唑草腈对脊椎动物和无脊椎动物的急性毒性风险商(RQ) 值小于1的分组占所有模拟场景的60%以上,超过60% 的分组对初级生产者的RQ值大于1,说明双唑草腈对大型溞和斑马鱼较为安全,对水生生态系统中脊椎动物和无脊椎动物的风险在可接受范围,但其对斜生栅藻毒性高,且对初级生产者的风险为不可接受。因此,生产中在施用双唑草腈时应避免药剂进入稻田周边水体,可通过减少农药使用量、合理调整施药时期等方法来减少双唑草腈对水生生态环境的风险,建议在早稻分蘖前期和晚稻分蘖后期使用。     

基于种间关系预测评估稻菜轮作区地表水中吡虫啉的生态风险

吡虫啉(imidacloprid)在我国(亚)热带地表水体中频繁被检出,然而因本土水生生物相关毒理学数据严重缺乏,目前关于其在热带常见作物系统周围水体中生态风险的评估明显不足。本研究基于网络种间关系预测(web-interspecific correlation estimation,Web-ICE)结合物种敏感度分布(species sensitivity distribution,SSD)曲线,通过获取本地水生生物急性毒性风险阈值——5%物种危害质量浓度(HC5),利用风险商值法(risk quotient,RQ),评估了吡虫啉在海南省澄迈县稻菜轮作区地表水中的生态风险。结果表明：海南省澄迈县稻菜轮作区地表水中吡虫啉的HC5值为4.30μg/L,其中有41.7%水样的RQ值高于1,且中位数和最大浓度对应的RQ值明显高于我国其他区域地表水,表明吡虫啉残留对所研究区域地表水中水生生物具有较高的潜在生态风险;在稻菜轮作过程中,4月份作物播种期(92.3%水体RQ>1)、蔬菜种植期(平均RQ=2.53,68%水体RQ>1)和澄迈中部区域水体中的吡虫啉呈现较高的生态风险,表明吡虫...     

Evaluation of probabilistic risk assessment of pesticides in the UK: chlorpyrifos use on top fruit

The use of probabilistic risk assessment (PRA) for examining chemical impacts has become an important area of debate within the European Union. This paper describes a case study on probabilistic techniques to assess pesticide risks in the UK aquatic environment. The main aim of this paper is to demonstrate both the potential strengths and weaknesses of PRA for assessing pesticides when compared with the conventional deterministic approach, and to examine whether PRA is useful within the European regulatory context. The organophosphate insecticide, chlorpyrifos, was selected as a model compound and toxicity exposure ratios calculated using Monte Carlo analysis and different distributions of spray drift and toxicity values following application to top fruit. Chlorpyrifos is highly toxic to arthropods but less toxic to fishes. Species sensitivity followed a log-normal distribution when fitted to all toxicity data. Toxicity data quantity had little influence on species sensitivity distribution model parameters when n was greater than 10 species. Below this, estimates were less accurate and precise, possibly because of the inclusion of data from many different sources. Estimates of chlorpyrifos exposure derived from the standard spray drift model differed substantially from measurements of chlorpyrifos in European surface waters. When a distribution based on measured concentrations was used in a PRA, the risk of acute fish mortality was low, and the risk of acute arthropod mortality was lower than in other scenarios, although not negligible. If PRA is used to assess pesticides, risk managers need further guidance on how to conduct a PRA and what constitutes 'unacceptable risk' under EC Directive 91/414/EEC, as judgement is required when simple trigger values are no longer used.     

Ecological Considerations in Pesticide Risk Assessment for Aquatic Ecosystems

Risk assessment of pesticides for aquatic ecosystems is typically based on comparisons of exposure and effect concentrations at a variety of levels (tiers). At the highest tier, effects assessment can involve generating data under field conditions, typically in mesocosm experiments. However, interpreting the ecological significance of effects measured in these studies can be difficult because ecological factors can influence the outcome of perturbations in the real world. The influence of ecological factors is not readily addressed experimentally and so a strategic modelling approach is proposed which may aid in defining acceptability of effects. © 1997 SCI.     

农药投入量毒性系数及其在水稻安全生产中的应用

本文针对农药应用后的风险评价问题,提出农药投入量毒性系数的概念,反映了农药投入量与急性毒性间的关系。作为风险评估的一个指标,将该系数在吡虫啉-阿维菌素和毒死蜱-甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐复配制剂研制中得到应用。该系数衡量了农药使用与生物风险的关系,为研制复配制剂和农药使用后生物风险评价提供了参考。     

基于点评估方法的渤海湾产区苹果中农药残留膳食暴露风险研究

为评估渤海湾产区苹果中主要农药的残留情况及其产生的风险,在山东、辽宁及河北3个主要省份的150个生产基地进行了苹果样品采集与测定分析,并对我国不同人群的膳食暴露风险进行了评估。结果表明:93.3%的苹果样品检出有低浓度农药残留,经最大残留限量值(MRL)判定后100%合格,82.0%的样品中农药残留种类在3种及以下;共检出17种农药残留,大多为低毒或无毒农药,无禁用和高毒农药。采用点评估方法,选择检出率在20%以上的多菌灵、毒死蜱、啶虫脒和戊唑醇进行不同消费人群暴露点评估。结果显示:4种农药的急性和慢性摄入风险均为儿童高于成年人,绝大多数女性人群的摄入风险高于男性;4种农药急性摄入风险均高于慢性摄入风险,风险水平由高到低为多菌灵毒死蜱戊唑醇啶虫脒,但点评估结果均远低于100%,说明通过食用苹果摄入的农药残留极其微量,不会对人体产生急性或慢性风险。     

丙环唑在稻田使用后对水生生物的影响

为探究丙环唑在稻田使用后对水生生物的风险。首先运用PRAESS模型对丙环唑在稻田使用后对水生生物的风险进行预测,然后开展"稻田-鱼塘"模拟系统研究,研究丙环唑在实际使用条件下对水生生物的风险。模型预测结果和模拟系统研究结果均表明丙环唑对鲫鱼、日本沼虾和中华绒螯蟹的风险较低。研究一方面可为丙环唑在稻田使用的安全性提供科学依据,另一方面,可为其他稻田用药的风险评价提供有益借鉴。     

正确认识化学农药的问题

针对当前我国农药使用中存在的一些主要问题作了详细地分析,其中有些属于基本概念,应须统一认识,但很多属于农药使用中实际操作如何规范化的问题。文中提出了解决问题的一些建议和措施。     

中国水稻上登记吡虫啉单剂的水生生态风险评估

为评估吡虫啉药剂对水生生态系统的风险,对目前中国水稻上登记使用的吡虫啉单剂品种进行了梳理,基于风险评估保守性的原则,归纳出不同剂型产品所适用的施用量,采用Top-Rice模型和风险商值 (RQ)法,对现有吡虫啉单剂产品进行了水生生态风险评估。结果显示:截至2020年6月,近3年中国水稻上登记的有效吡虫啉单剂产品共375种,其中可湿性粉剂(WP)占比最大,为56.53%;其次为可溶液剂(SL),占11.47%;乳油(EC)、悬浮剂(SC)、水分散粒剂(WG)、微乳剂(ME)、悬浮种衣剂(FS)、泡腾片剂(EB)、片剂(TA)、种子处理可分散粉剂(WS) 分别占9.87%、8.27%、8.00%、3.73%、1.33%、0.27%、0.27%和0.27%。水生生态风险评估结果表明:7种吡虫啉单剂产品在各种场景-时间点施用后,其预测环境浓度(PEC)范围为质量浓度0.19 ~ 51.28 μg/L;在现有登记施用条件下,对鱼类和无脊椎动物的急性暴露风险均可接受;就慢性暴露风险而言,对鱼类和初级生产者的慢性暴露风险均可接受,而对以大型溞和溪流摇蚊为代表的无脊椎生物,仅13.58%的模拟组其 RQ 值小于1,故具有一定的潜在风险。研究结果表明,按照目前登记的施用方法,吡虫啉单剂产品在水稻上使用时对水生生态系统存在一定的风险,但需要说明的是,为综合评价吡虫啉单剂产品对水生生态系统可能产生的风险,本研究中对施用方法的取值分析偏保守,且由于代谢物数据不充分,使得评估结果存在一定的不确定性。     

中国食品中农药MRL标准对急性膳食暴露评估需求的研究

为了评估当前国内相关农药最大残留限量(MRL)标准及我国居民的急性膳食暴露风险水平,采用FAO/WHO农药残留专家联席会议(JMPR)推荐的农药残留急性膳食暴露评估方法,利用我国居民大份额膳食消费数据、国内登记农药的规范残留试验数据和JMPR推荐的农药毒理学数据,对我国普通人群、0~6岁儿童和育龄妇女的农药残留摄入情况进行了急性膳食暴露评估。结果表明:白菜中的虫螨腈和丙森锌、甘蓝中的高效氯氰菊酯和灭多威对三类人群的国家估算急性暴露水平(NESTI)均大于急性参考剂量(ARf D);香蕉中的氟硅唑对0~6岁儿童和普通人群的NESTI分别为ARf D值的300%和160%;苹果中的二氰蒽醌、甘蓝中的高效氯氟氰菊酯、花椰菜中的阿维菌素及番茄中的丙森锌仅对0~6岁儿童有较高的急性膳食暴露风险;儿童相比其他人群摄入农药残留的急性膳食暴露风险更高、概率更大。建议我国采取相应的风险管理措施,降低农药残留摄入的急性膳食风险,同时尽快完善短期膳食消费数据库和农药残留数据库,在制定农药MRL标准时进行相应的急性膳食暴露评估,以保障消费者的农药急性膳食暴露风险在可接受水平。     

Risk assessment for honey bees and pesticides—recent developments and ‘new issues’

In 2008, major areas of discussion at the ICPBR Bee Protection Group meeting were the development of a honey bee risk assessment scheme for systemic pesticides and revision of the test guidelines for semi‐field and field studies. The risk assessment scheme for systemic pesticides is based on analysis of conditions for exposure of bees to residues. These are based on a stepwise approach, starting with simple calculations based on existing data in dossiers and progressing to higher‐tier semi‐field and field studies (the guidelines for these have been modified in line with this). The proposed scheme has been tested with data packages of high‐ and low‐risk PPPs. A future area of interest for the group may be the risks posed by guttation fluid containing systemic pesticides. A recent paper on ‘Translocation of neonicotinoid insecticides from coated seeds to seedling guttation drops: a novel way of intoxication for bees’ has focused significant interest on the possible risks posed by the presence of residues of systemic pesticides in guttation fluid to water‐collecting honey bees. The occurrence of guttation and the presence of pesticide residues in the fluid are discussed, together with remaining questions that will need to be addressed in answering whether such a route of exposure may pose a risk to honey bees. © Crown copyright 2010. Reproduced with permission of Her Majesty's Stationery Office. Published by JohnWiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Ranking the risk of pesticide dietary intake

Pesticide residues in various foods were assessed for the relative risk to the consumer. The analysis took into account criteria such as a pesticide's toxicity, usage, frequency of occurrence in foods, frequency of Maximum Residue Level (MRL) exceedances, and the overall risks of specific pesticide/food combinations. Examination of the top ten ranked pesticides for each criterion showed that there are no trends of commonality. Thus, no single pesticide is of particular concern from a consumer's point of view. This suggests that the consumer's risk perception is likely to be higher than justified.     

Ecotoxicity testing of chemicals with particular reference to pesticides

Ecotoxicity tests are performed on vertebrates and invertebrates for the environmental risk assessment of pesticides and other chemicals and for a variety of ecotoxicological studies in the laboratory and in the field. Existing practices and strategies in ecotoxicity testing are reviewed, including an account of current requirements of the European Commission for the testing of pesticides and the recent REACH (Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restrictions of Chemicals) proposals for industrial chemicals. Criticisms of existing practices have been made on both scientific and ethical grounds, and these are considered before dealing with the question of possible alternative methods and strategies both for environmental risk assessment and for ecotoxicological studies more generally. New approaches from an ecological point of view are compared with recent developments in laboratory-based methods such as toxicity tests, biomarker assays and bioassays. With regard to the development of new strategies for risk assessment, it is suggested that full consideration should be given to the findings of earlier long-term studies of pollution, which identified mechanisms of action by which environmental chemicals can cause natural populations to decline. Neurotoxicity and endocrine disruption are two cases in point, and biomarker assays for them could have an important role in testing new chemicals suspected of having these properties. In a concluding discussion, possible ways of improving testing protocols are discussed, having regard for current issues in the field of environmental risk assessment as exemplified by the debate over the REACH proposals. The importance of flexibility and the roles of ecologists and ecotoxicologists are stressed in the context of environmental risk assessment.     

Temporal and regional variability of cumulative ecological risks of pesticides in Japanese river waters for 1990–2010

We quantitatively evaluated the cumulative ecological risks from multiple pesticides used in paddy fields in Japan. Moreover, we visualized the temporal and regional variability of those risks for 1990–2010. Considering the region-specific parameters of environmental conditions, region-specific predicted environmental concentrations were estimated at 350 river-flow monitoring sites in Japan. Then the multi-substance potentially affected fraction (msPAF) was calculated as a risk index of multiple pesticides by using the computation tool NIAES-CERAP. The median msPAF values for insecticides and herbicides decreased by 92.4% and 53.1%, respectively, from 1990 to 2010. This substantial reduction in ecological risk was attributed to the development of low-risk pesticides by manufacturers, the efforts of farmers in risk reduction, and tighter regulation by the Japanese government. In particular, the substantial reduction of the ecological risk from insecticides was largely due to the decrease in the use of organophosphorus insecticides.     

Are honeybees suitable surrogates for use in pesticide risk assessment for non‐Apis bees?

Historically, bee regulatory risk assessment for pesticides has centred on the European honeybee (Apis mellifera), primarily due to its availability and adaptability to laboratory conditions. Recently, there have been efforts to develop a battery of laboratory toxicity tests for a range of non‐Apis bee species to directly assess the risk to them. However, it is not clear whether the substantial investment associated with the development and implementation of such routine screening will actually improve the level of protection of non‐Apis bees. We argue, using published acute toxicity data from a range of bee species and standard regulatory exposure scenarios, that current first‐tier honeybee acute risk assessment schemes utilised by regulatory authorities are protective of other bee species and further tests should be conducted only in cases of concern. We propose similar analysis of alternative exposure scenarios (chronic and developmental) once reliable data for non‐Apis bees are available to expand our approach to these scenarios. In addition, we propose that in silico (simulation) approaches can then be used to address population‐level effects in more field‐realistic scenarios. Such an approach could lead to a protective, but also workable, risk assessment for non‐Apis species while contributing to pollination security in agricultural landscapes around the globe. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry     

农药生态毒理学概念及方法学探讨

农药生态毒理学是横跨毒理学、农药学和生态学的一门交叉学科。文章从"关注对象"、"关注层面"、"学科归属"和"成果应用"4个方面归纳了"农药生态毒理学"与"农药环境毒理学"的区别,并从"试验历期"、"剂量设置"、"可控性"、"暴露评估"以及"研究的阶段性"等不同侧面阐述了农药生态毒理学研究的方法学要素。对于除人类以外的非靶标生物的关注以及提倡用生态学方法进行研究,是农药生态毒理学区别于农药环境毒理学的明显特征。按照试验历期的长短,农药生态效应评估试验可分为"急性"、"亚急性"和"慢性"3类;按照试验条件的可控性,则可分为"室内"、"半田间"和"田间"3个层次。从经济和时效性角度考虑,农药生态效应评估试验应遵从先急性、后慢性,先室内、后田间的顺序;为避免出现"假阴性"结果,试验设计时应确保受试生物在室内试验中所受的胁迫强度高于半田间或田间试验。鉴于农业生态系统的多样性和复杂性,农药生态毒理学家应该有意识地使其研究内容和研究方法与现有的农药生态风险评估体系相衔接,惟其如此,相关研究成果的生态学意义才能够得到充分体现。随着人们对农药与农业生态系统相互关系认识水平的提高,农药生态毒理学在理论及实践方面将会得到进一步发展,并将反过来促进农药生态风险评估体系的发展和完善。     

黄河兰州段多环芳烃生态风险的初步评价

以黄河兰州段11个不同采样点3种多环芳烃的临测浓度及其对6～38种水生生物的LC50为基础资料,分别应用商值法、概率密度函数重叠面积和联合概率曲线3种风险浮价方法对黄河兰州段苯并(a)芘、荧蒽、芘的生态风险进行了评价.结果表明:黄河兰州段3种PAHs残留具有一定的生态风险.其中低暴露风险条件下(受威胁生物不超过1%),...     

农药多残留联合暴露风险评估研究进展

近年来,单个样品含有多种农药残留的现象在食品安全风险监测结果中较为普遍,联合暴露风险评估技术已成为食品质量安全领域的研究热点。文章概述了联合暴露的3种主要作用类型:浓度相加、独立作用和相互作用。浓度相加法是联合暴露风险评估的基本方法,以之为基础,介绍了具有相同作用机理农药的联合暴露评估分组方法和常用评估方法,以实际案例重点阐述了危害指数法、相对毒效因子法、暴露阈值法和分离点指数法,并分析了各方法的应用范围、数据要求及优缺点。随着风险评估技术的发展,我国农药残留限量的制定将更趋于科学化,多残留的风险评估结果也将逐步得到关注和应用。因此,现阶段开展农药多残留联合暴露风险评估技术研究对完善我国的农药残留限量标准体系具有重要的推进作用。     

农药对蚯蚓的生长和繁殖毒性及其在生态风险评价中的应用

蚯蚓占了陆生无脊椎生物生物量的绝大部分,是农田生态系统土壤物质循环中的重要一环,且蚯蚓对某些污染物比许多其它土壤动物更为敏感,是陆生生态系统中土壤农用化学品污染的理想指示生物。死亡率是最常用于评估化学品对蚯蚓毒性的参数,但大多数情况下蚯蚓死亡率变化对农用化学品暴露并不敏感,因此急性毒性测试结果并不能为评估化学品对蚯蚓种群危害提供最敏感的风险预测。因此,研究更多可应用于土壤污染评价的蚯蚓生物标志物十分有意义,可对保护整个土壤动物区系的安全阈值设定提供参考。本文从蚯蚓常用毒理学研究方法入手,重点综述了农药对蚯蚓的生长和繁殖毒性效应以及相关毒理学测试指标在农药土壤生物风险评价中的应用,并讨论了影响蚯蚓生态毒理学测试结果的各项因素,最后对该领域未来研究提出了展望和建议。     

中国主要蜜源作物上登记的农药品种及其中杀虫剂对蜜蜂的初级风险评估

对目前中国主要蜜源作物上登记的农药品种进行了梳理,并采用现有的风险评估标准方法,对其中毒死蜱、吡虫啉等共61种杀虫剂对蜜蜂的风险进行了初级评估。结果表明:在58种喷雾施用的杀虫剂中,35种对蜜蜂的风险商值均大于1,风险为不可接受;其余23种的风险商值小于1,风险为可接受;所评估的6种土壤或种子处理内吸性杀虫剂中,5种对蜜蜂的风险商值大于1,风险为不可接受,仅氯虫苯甲酰胺的风险商值小于1,风险为可接受。但由于文中是以药剂在所登记作物上的单次最高施药剂量为暴露量进行的初级评估,并未考虑农药在花粉、花蜜中的降解及降雨引起的淋洗损耗,以及施药时间与作物花期之间的关系等影响因素,因而使得评估结果具有较大的保守性。研究结果一方面可为这些农药的合理使用和管理提供参考,另一方面提示了目前中国关于农药对蜜蜂的初级风险评估程序需进一步优化。