比浊法和酶联免疫吸附法测定仔猪血清溶菌酶的比较研究

溶菌酶参与机体内多种免疫反应,测定其在血清中的含量可作为了解机体免疫功能的重要指标。本研究以36头22日龄仔猪的血清为试验样本,利用比浊法和ELISA法2种方法测定血清中的溶菌酶。结果分析表明,ELISA法样本3次重复测定间的变异系数差异极显著（P〈0．01）,小于比浊法测定结果的变异系数;ELISA方法测定的36个样本溶菌酶含量标准差和变异系数也均极显著（P〈0．01）小于比浊法的测定结果;2种方法测定结果间的相关系数为0．33,差异不显著（P〉0．05）。所以本研究结果显示ELISA方法比比浊法精确度高。     

互叶百千层提取物对仔猪血清溶菌酶的影响

溶菌酶是动物机体非特异性免疫的重要指标。通过测定仔猪血清中溶菌酶的含量变化来评价互叶百千层提取物对仔猪非特异性免疫力的影响。以灌服方式给仔猪饲喂不同浓度的提取物,以黄芪多糖、长效土霉素、以及不添加药物的空白组作为试验对照;观察测定仔猪腹泻发病率、死亡率,检测血清中溶菌酶含量。结果显示,该提取物能够显著提高仔猪血清中溶菌酶的含量,效果可与黄芪多糖媲美。该试验结果对提高植物提取物在防治仔猪腹泻中的开发与运用具有重要的意义。     

基于E^rns蛋白的猪非典型瘟病毒间接ELISA检测方法的建立

猪非典型瘟病毒(APPV)是新近发现的仔猪先天震颤的病原体,其血清学检测方法亟待建立.E^rns蛋白是APPV诱导机体产生中和抗体的重要保守性抗原,是血清学检测的特异性靶标之一.本研究制备了猪非典型瘟病毒原核表达的Erns蛋白,以其作为包被抗原,建立了间接ELISA检测方法.结果表明,最佳抗原包被浓度为8μg/mL,最佳血清稀释度为1:10,阴阳性临界值D450=0.318,灵敏度达到1:64,特异性好,与猪瘟、猪伪狂犬、猪繁殖与呼吸障碍综合征、猪流感及圆环病毒病的阳性血清均不发生交叉反应.该检测方法重复性好,批内变异系数最大值为7.84%,批间变异系数最大值为8.57%.利用建立的间接ELISA方法对50份猪临床血清样本进行了检测,其阳性率为10%.基于Erns蛋白间接ELISA检测方法的建立为APPV的流行病学调查和临床诊断提供了有效的工具.     

仔猪副伤寒血清抗体水平与其保护力的相关性研究

用已经建立的检测仔猪副伤寒血清抗体的Dot—PPA—ELISA，对不同仔猪副伤寒抗体水平试验组14头仔猪和对照组4头仔猪进行了血清抗体效价测定，并以沙门菌强毒攻击受试猪，测定血清抗体效价与保护力的关系。试验结果表明，以Dot—PPA—ELISA检测的仔猪副伤寒血清抗体几何平均效价不低于28^8.2时，85．7％的猪能够抵抗沙门菌强毒的攻击。试验初步确定以Dot—PPA—ELISA进行猪群免疫监测时，血清抗体的几何平均效价2^8.0。为仔猪副伤寒的保护临界标准，该标准的确定为集约化猪场用Dot—PPA—ELISA检测仔猪副伤寒血清抗体，进行仔猪副伤寒的诊断、免疫监测及流行病学调查提供了科学依据。     

养猪业中自然抵抗力的利用

作者分析了同一窝体弱和健康仔猪机体的免疫生物学反应性.一月龄体弱仔猪杀菌和噬菌活性分别比健康仔猪低4和7%.4月龄体弱仔猪血清溶菌酶活性、杀菌活性、嗜中性细胞的噬菌活性、噬菌指数分别比同龄健康仔猪     

溶菌酶对仔猪腹泻的预防作用

本文通过用溶菌酶饲喂猪来研究其应用价值。试验1通过用溶菌酶饲喂怀孕母猪来研究预防仔猪腹泻及对仔猪增重的影响;试验2通过用溶菌酶饲喂仔猪来研究预防仔猪腹泻的效果,同时对饲喂溶菌酶怀孕母猪所产的仔猪和产后才开始饲喂溶菌酶的仔猪进行了效果对比。试验结果表明:饲喂溶菌酶可以降低仔猪的腹泻率,同时对仔猪的生长也有积极的意义。     

溶菌酶对仔猪生长性能及免疫的影响

溶菌酶作为一种存在于动物机体正常体液及组织中的非特异性免疫因素,具有抗菌、抗病毒、抗肿瘤、增加免疫力、修复伤口的功效,是替代抗生素的理想产品。本试验旨在研究溶菌酶对仔猪生长及免疫性能的影响,旨在为绿色生态养殖提供理论依据。     

河南省猪传染性胃肠炎血清流行病学调查分析

正为了解河南省猪传染性胃肠炎的流行情况和流行规律,采用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)对河南省36个规模化养猪场的2536份血清样本进行传染性胃肠炎抗体水平检测。结果表明,河南省猪传染性胃肠炎抗体总阳性率为1.5%,成年猪抗体阳性率为1.1%,仔猪抗体阳性率为0.4%,无效血清52份,其余2447份血清为阴性。猪传染性胃肠炎抗体阳性率较低,但病毒仍然在猪场存在,因此仍应该重视对该病的防治。     

检测猪流行性腹泻病毒S1蛋白抗体的间接ELISA方法

为了建立检测猪流行性腹泻病毒(porcine epidemic diarrhea virus,PEDV)抗体的间接ELISA方法,初步分析PED灭活疫苗免疫母猪所产仔猪的血清母源特异抗体动态,笔者应用重组PEDV部分纤突(spike,S)蛋白作为检测抗原,建立了基于PEDV S1蛋白的间接ELISA抗体检测方法,并用该方法检测了产前4周用PED灭活疫苗免疫母猪的初乳、分娩当天血清及其仔猪1、7、14、21、28和35日龄(d)时血清中的PEDV抗体。结果显示:建立的间接ELISA方法能够特异地检测PEDV抗体,与猪瘟病毒、猪圆环病毒2型、猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒、伪狂犬病病毒、猪传染性胃肠炎病毒及猪轮状病毒的抗血清无交叉反应;敏感性高于免疫过氧化物酶单层试验(immunoperoxidase monolayer assay,IPMA),与IPMA检测结果的符合率为97.14%;批内和批间重复性试验的变异系数小于10%。免疫母猪初乳、分娩当天血清中的PEDV抗体阳性率为100%,初乳比血清中的平均抗体水平低;1d仔猪血清PEDV抗体阳性率为50%,平均抗体水平低,与初乳中的抗体水平接近,7d以后所有仔猪血清全部转为PEDV抗体阴性。建立了检测PEDV抗体的间接ELISA方法;产前用PEDV灭活疫苗给怀孕母猪免疫1次时,其所产仔猪血清中的母源特异抗体阳性率和抗体水平低,且维持时间短暂。     

益生菌制剂对仔猪免疫机能的影响

文章通过探讨不同剂量益生菌制剂对仔猪机体免疫功能的影响,确定了益生菌制剂在仔猪生产中的最适添加剂量。试验选择100头体重无显著差异、健康无病的“杜×长×大”仔猪按照单因素随机试验原则分为4个处理组,每组25头仔猪。A组（对照组）仔猪饲喂基础饲料,B组仔猪饲喂基础饲料+0.1%益生菌制剂,C组仔猪饲喂基础饲料+0.2%益生菌制剂,D组仔猪饲喂基础饲料+0.4%益生菌制剂。试验周期分为1周的预试验期和4周的正式试验期。试验结束后,从每组中选择10头仔猪采集血液,提取血清,检测血清中的免疫球蛋白及细胞因子含量。结果显示,C组和D组仔猪血清中的免疫球蛋白A含量显著高于对照组（P<0.05）;B组、C组和D组仔猪血清中的免疫球蛋白G含量显著高于对照组（P<0.05）;C组和D组仔猪血清中的白细胞介素-10含量显著高于对照组和B组（P<0.05）;C组和D组仔猪血清中的肿瘤坏死因子一α含量显著低于对照组和B组（P<0.05）。研究表明,在仔猪生产中,添加适量益生菌制剂可以增强仔猪机体的体液免疫功能和细胞免疫功能,且益生菌制剂最适添加剂量为0.2%。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.