不同氮肥用量下镁对大豆碳氮代谢的影响

试验采用框栽法,在N50kg/hm2,N75kg/hm2两个水平下施用MgO15kg/hm2,测定了大豆叶片可溶性蛋白、含氮量、可溶性糖、淀粉、植株酰脲以及产量和籽粒蛋白含量.结果表明,与N50相比,N50 Mg的产量增加了12.95%,但差异不显著;与N75相比,N75 Mg的各指标在各时期都有所增加,并达到了差异显著水平.其中可溶性蛋白含量在V4和R2期分别增加了68.04%和52.07%;酰脲含量在R2、R4、R6期分别增加了75.47%、21.04%和46.39%;淀粉含量在R4、R6期分别增加了59.34%和99.02%;产量和籽粒蛋白含量分别增加了28.67%和3.43%.与N50相比,N75的可溶性蛋白含量在V4、R2、R4期分别增加了36.67%、65.90%和19.70%,但酰脲含量在生殖生长期降低,淀粉含量在R4、R6期分别降低了22.34%和18.21%;而N75 Mg的酰脲含量比N50在R2、R4、R6期分别增加了59.81%、8.47%和25.67%,淀粉含量在R4、R6期也分别增加了23.60%和62.78%,差异显著,产量和籽粒蛋白含量各增加了34.38%,2.93%,均达到了5%的显著水平.这些结果表明,在较高氮肥用量下施用适量的镁可协调碳氮代谢平衡,促进光合产物向碳氮方向合理分配,实现优质高产.     

氮素对不同来源大豆氮代谢相关指标的影响

在田间条件下,以12个不同来源大豆品种为试验材料,采用二因素裂区设计,研究了不同大豆品种间叶片氮代谢相关指标的差异,以及氮素对叶片氮代谢相关指标的影响.结果表明:氮肥处理对不同来源大豆品种叶片氮代谢指标影响不同,不同生育时期大豆对氮肥的反应也有所差别.施肥处理会降低开花期辽宁当代品种叶片的谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)活性;中等肥力处理(100 kg hm-2)会提高结荚期俄亥俄当代品种叶片的GS活性,而高肥处理则会降低该酶的活性;辽宁当代品种和辽宁老品种叶片GS活性随着施氮量的提高而降低.在鼓粒期,中等肥力处理会提高俄亥俄当代品种和辽宁当代品种叶片的GS活性,而施肥处理会降低辽宁老品种的GS活性.在开花期,三组不同来源品种叶片的硝态氮含量均随着施氮水平的提高而增加.施肥处理能显著提高叶片的氨态氮含量.     

在接种和施氮胁迫下应用综合等级指数对大豆种质固氮的评价

在根瘤菌接种和施氮胁迫下,应用综合等级指数对田间种植的东北40个大豆品种(系)固氮能力进行了评价。高N(80kg)/ha)抑制大豆结瘤固氮;低N(40kg/ha)接种产量最高。评价了对氮反应为耐氮和氮敏感的大豆种质和对接种反应亲合力高、低的大豆种质。     

STUDIES OF RESPONSE TO FERTILIZER NITROGEN

The effect of applying 62.8 or 125.6 kg/ha fertilizer N, 4 or 18 days before, 4 days after or immediately after harvesting primary growth at the hay stage on yield of DM, yield of digestible OM (DOM), uptake of N, % CP and % digestibility of OM (OMD) of the primary growth and regrowth from S24 perennial ryegrass were compared with harvesting the primary growth 4 or 18 days earlier. Pre–harvest application of N had no effect on yield of DM or DOM or on % OMD, but significantly increased uptake of N and % CP on a DM basis in the primary growth. The regrowth response was less than from equivalent amounts of N applied after harvest in proportion to the amount of N removed with primary growth. 20–40% N was taken up in the primary growth, even when applied 4 days before harvest. The proportion taken up was not influenced by the interval between application and harvest, but tbere was a marked increase in uptake wben rate of application rose to 125.6 kg N/ha. Harvesting 4 days earlier resulted in slight loss of bulk in the hay which was fully compensated by its extra quality, by improved regrowth and its more effective response to fertilizer N. The low yield of the primary growth harvested 18 days earlier was not compensated by the mass of the regrowth but it produced tbe highest quality primary growdi and top yield of regrowth.     

INTERACTIONS BETWEEN FIRST AND SECOND APPLICATIONS OF FERTILIZER NITROGEN AND IMPLICATIONS IN EFFICIENCY OF NITROGEN USE

DM yield and N uptake data are presented from primary growth and two successive regrowths of perennial ryegrass treated with combinations of three N treatments for the primary growth viz. 0, 50 and 100 kg N/ha (PN) and four N treatments applied for the second growths, viz. 0, 33, 66 and 100 kg N/ha (SN). Primary growth gave a response of 24·2 kg DM/kg applied N to PN50 with only a further l±0 kg DM/kg applied N from the second PN increment. A significant interaction between PN and SN treatments was shown in second growth. The residual DM response to PN was highest at SN0 and reduced as the level of SN was raised. Substantially greater residual responses to PN treatments were shown in the third growth. Third growth DM responses to SN treatments were high. High apparent recovery of fertilizer N reached 111% of primary N where SN66 followed PN50. High available soil N is partly responsible for both high apparent recovery of N and high DM response. The latter appears to be associated with inclusion of growths given no fertilizer N so that the full residual effects of fertilizer N and ‘priming’ of available soil N can be realised.     

STUDIES OF RESPONSE TO FERTILIZER NITROGEN

The uptake of N was measured in 2 successive regrowths harvested on 12 June and 13 Aug. following harvests of primary growths 8, 12, 16, 23, 29, 45 and 57 (12 June) days after applying N at 59, 118 or 177 kg N/ha on 16 Apr. Residual responses were obtained to both increments of N, leading to high apparent recoveries of fertilizer N, especially to the higher increment. This increased availability of soil N when high rates of N are applied is shown to vary with date of harvest of primary growth, reaching a maximum equivalent to 151% apparent fertilizer N recovery 23 days after N application. In the second regrowth, percentage N in the herbage showed a negative response to N applied to the primary growth. This appears to reflect a reduction in available soil N brought about by its increased availability and uptake in primary growth and first regrowth. The possibilities of improving the efficiency of fertilizer N by exploiting soil N are considered against the possible reduction in available N for future regrowths.     

STUDIES OF RESPONSE TO FERTILIZER NITROGEN

The effects of 59, 118 or 177 kg N/ha were measured on 7 occasions from 8 to 57 days after application to a perennial ryegrass sward in terms of changes in composition. The first increase Dt of N significantly raised percentages of CP, non-protein N, K, P, Ca, Na and Mg and significantly depressed percentages of DM, OM and OM digestihility. The second increment of N resulted in a further rise in the percentages of CP, true protein, non-protein N, K, P, Ca, Na and Mg; the percentages of DM and OM were further depressed but OM digestihility was not significantly depressed. Percentages of P and Na showed increased responses for the more mature herbage; while percentage non-protein N showed a more marked response in younger herbage. As herbage matured percentages of OM and Na rose, the latter only from days 16 to 45. All other attributes showed falling percentages to levels which could be inadequate for a 500 kg dairy cow yielding 15 kg milk. CP percentage reached this critical level (1.4% N) at days 37, 45 or 56 given 59, 118 or 177 kg N/ha; P percentage became critically low (< 0.36%) at days 27, 35 or 38, respectively; Mg percentage fell to the critical level (0.12%) at days 23, 35 and 46. Na percentage showed the reverse trend, being deficient (< 0.13%) in the earliest samples and becoming satisfactory from days 23 or 27 at 118 and 177 kg N/ha but it remained inadequate at 59 kg N/ba.     

STUDIES OF RESPONSE TO FERTILIZER NITROGEN

Fifteen out of 36 possible combinations of 3 cutting dates for hay, 3 rates of N application and 4 intervals between N application and cutting date were compared to study the effects of pre-harvest application of N on the N, P, K, Mg and Ca contents of the aftermath and the effectiveness of utilization of these elements. According to the method of calculation given by ARC (1), the control haycrop harvested on 16 June was deficient in N, Ca, P and Mg, and the aftermath which was given no further N after harvest was of low bulk, but adequate in mineral content. Earlier harvesting improved the quality of the hay, and increased the bulk and reduced the mineral content of the aftermaths. Applying 125.6 kg N/ha after harvest resulted in a satisfactory increase in bulk, plus an improved mineral content in the aftermath. Applying N before harvest resulted in increased uptake of N, K, Ca, P and Mg in the hay and in the increased percentage of N, K, and Ca in the DM of the hay. Very early application of pre-harvest N increased the percentage of Mg. The general effect of pre-harvest N on the aftermath was to reduce yield and uptake of N, K, Ca, P and Mg. Doubling the pre-harvest N raised the mineral uptake. Very early pre-harvest application resulted in low mineral uptake in the aftermath. The percentage of N, K and P in the aftermath was reduced by pre-harvest N applied at both levels and on both dates. Deferring the application of fertilizer N until 4 days after harvesting the hay crop produced the highest mineral contents in the aftermath, without reducing its bulk. Mineral uptake in the regrowths was linearly related to N uptake at 1.43 kg K, 0.34 kg Ca, 0.157 kg P, 0.006 kg Mg/kg N uptake.     

氮肥对大豆不同类型品种结瘤固氮影响的差异性研究

本研究选用生育期和蛋白质含量不同的六个夏大豆品种，在磷钾肥基础上施用三个氮肥水平（０、６、１２ｋｇ氮／亩）。结果表明：施氨抑制结瘤，氮肥越多抑制越严重；抑制作用主要在盛花期前，至鼓粒期有的品种受抑制作用较小；对固氮的抑制在不同品种间存在明显差异，品种豫豆８号表现出较耐氮。酰脲相对丰度与根瘤干重极显著正相关，六叶期、盛花期和鼓粒期两者的相关系数分别为ｒ＿ａ＝０．９５４５、ｒ＿ｂ＝０．８０２５、ｒ＿ｃ＝０．６５３１，Ｐ＜０．０１。酰脲的相对丰度反映了品种的固氮差异和不同氮肥水平下固氮的变化。     

硝酸盐对大豆共生固氮的影响

大豆施用硝酸盐的试验结果表明,高浓度硝酸盐对吉林20号和长农4号的共生固氮有明显的抑制作用。低浓度硝酸盐在生育前期对吉林20号根瘤固氮酶活性有促进作用,酰脲含量增加,在生育后期有抑制作用。但生育前期低浓度硝酸盐对长农4号根瘤固氮酶活性有明显的抑制作用,酚脲含量减少。施用硝酸盐对大豆根瘤尿囊素酶活性都有抑制作用,生育前期比后期明显,高浓度比低浓度明显。     

不同施氮量对马铃薯的影响

本试验在固定Ｐ、Ｋ肥下，研究有无农家肥［Ｆ１（１５００ｋｇ／亩），Ｆ０（０ｋｇ／亩）］下不同施Ｎ量（０，２．５，５．０，７．５ｋｇ／亩）对马铃薯（品种疫不加）生长发育、矿物质营养吸收及产量品质的影响。结果表明：随施Ｎ量增加，叶面积、茎叶生长量、净同化率及块茎膨大速率也增加，Ｎ７．５处理明显优于Ｎ２．５及Ｎ０处理。施Ｎ增加了Ｎ的吸收，特别是Ｎ７．５处理，对Ｐ、Ｋ的影响不大，同时，也增加了Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ的转运率。有农家肥时增强了上述作用。最高产量施Ｎ为７．５ｋｇ／亩。Ｎ７．５Ｆ０处理鲜产为１６０４．９８ｋｇ／亩，Ｎ７．５Ｆ１处理为１６１３ｋｇ／亩。Ｆ０时Ｎ肥的产量效应方程为Ｙ＝１２９０．１４＋７４．３Ｘ，Ｆ１时效应方程为Ｙ＝２６１９．８７０＋７６．２３４Ｘ－２．４０Ｘ２（Ｘ从０→７．５ｋｇ／亩）。且随施Ｎ增加，淀粉含量有下降趋势，而淀粉产量逐渐增加，Ｎ５．０Ｆ１处理的淀粉产量为１７８．５１ｋｇ／亩。     

THE EFFECTS OF WHITE CLOVER AND APPLIED NITROGEN ON THE NITROGEN CONTENT OF VARIOUS GRASS/CLOVER MIXTURES

Percentages and yields of N in various grasses and grass mixtures with clover and in associated clover grown at various levels of N application over 5 years are given. Grasses varied consistently in N content, percentages being highest in meadow fescue (cv. S53) and lowest in perennial ryegrass (cv. S24). N application did not significantly affect the N percentage in clover, but the associated grasses had a highly significant effect Percentages were highest in clover associated with meadow fescue and lowest in clover associated with ryegrass. The apparent transfer of N to grass per Ib N in associated clover was calculated for various treatments each year. Reasons for the changing levels of apparent transfer from year to year are considered.     

胶园人工生态群落生态效益的多级模糊综合评判

本文采用多级模糊综合评判的方法,对广东垦区几种主要类型胶园的人工生态群落的生态效益进行综合的、定量的评价。选土壤肥力、水土保持、橡胶产量或胶树茎围增长量为评判因子。结果表明,目前采用的防护林——胶树——豆科覆盖人工生态群落,是广东垦区最好的人工生态群落。文中所用资料是笔者在不同类型胶园定应观测的资料,同时还介绍了观测要素、观测方法及综合评判的详细过程。     

THE EFFECTS OF LEVEL OF NITROGEN FERTILIZER ON BEEF PRODUCTION FROM GRAZED PERENNIAL–RYEGRASS/WHITE–CLOVER PASTURES

The treatments in this summer–grazing experiment were designed as a 2 × 3 factorial, there being two levels of nitrogenous fertilizer (nitro–chalk), supplying 0 and 336kg of N/ha per annum (NO and N3, respectively) and three stocking rates. The fertilizer was applied in 7 dressings at approximately three–weekly intervals. The animals used were Hereford x Friesian steers; these were slaughtered at the end of the grazing season. The stocking rates were calculated on the basis of expected herbage production. The experiment was laid out in 6 randomized blocks which were grazed in rotation. Two blocks were cut for conservation before grazing each year; up to the end of June only 4 blocks were used for grazing.
There was little contamination of the swards with unsown species. With the NO swards the clover contents declined each year, but remained fairly high at over 20% in 1965. Clover contents also declined each year in the N3 swards and by 1965 were only 2 to 4%.
The quantities of herbage cut for conservation were higher from the swards receiving N. The live–weight gains of the cattle (per head) were higher at the lower stocking rates, the effect of stocking rate being more noticeable in the July to Oct. period. Live–weight gains per ha increased at the higher stocking rates. In 1963 and 1965, as stocking rates increased carcass weights per animal decreased and carcass quality, as indicated by the commercial grades, was poorer. In 1964, a dry spell from July to Oct. necessitated the removal of cattle from the experiment and the effects of treatment on carcass weight and quality were not apparent.     

不同大豆品种对氮肥反应的差异

5个不同大豆品种的盆栽试验结果表明,品种间生物产量和籽粒产量的差异,尤其在高氮条件下的差异更明显,而籽粒粗蛋白含量差异在低氮条件下较明显;大豆品种间根系鲜重、根系活力、叶绿素含量的差异与产量差异趋势基本一致。根鲜重、根活力和叶绿素含量与生物产量和籽粒产量呈显著或极显著正相关。宁镇1号和87A6根系发达、活力强,叶绿素含量和氮素利用率、收获指数及产量较高。     

氮源对马铃薯微型薯的影响

本文报道不同氮素来源对马铃薯微型薯形成的影响。结果表明:NO_3~-—N 浓度与成薯指数呈直线负相关关系;NH_4~+—N 浓度与成薯指数呈二次抛物线形式;NO_3~-—N/NH_4~+—N 比值对微型薯形成的影响呈双曲线形式;当总氮浓度在30～40m 时,成薯指数有较大值;降低 NO_3~-—N/NH_4~+—N 比值或总氮含量有利于微型薯的形成。NO_3~-—N 与 NH_4~+—N 的最佳组合为[NO_3—N]=17.325mM,[NH_4~+—N]=16.612mM。