不同包装规格与绿茶品质的关系研究

用不同的包装规格,不同的贮藏条件,研究茶叶在贮藏过程中外形、香气、汤色、滋味随时间的变化规律,结果表明,冰箱(0～5℃)贮藏比室内自然贮藏效果要好;外形的变化主要受密封、光线影响;香气主要受密封条件影响;滋味、汤色受光线、温度、水分影响较大;光线对干茶色泽、汤色有较大影响。     

不同包装规格与绿茶品质的关系研究

用不同的包装规格，不同的贮藏条件，研究茶叶在贮藏过程中外形、香气、汤色、滋味随时间的变化规律，结果表明，冰箱(0～5℃)贮藏比室内自然贮藏效果要好；外形的变化主要受密封、光线影响；香气主要受密封条件影响；滋味、汤色受光线、温度、水分影响较大；光线对干茶色泽、汤色有较大影响。     

花生不同贮藏时间对黄曲霉菌侵染和产毒的影响

通过对在常温条件下分别贮藏1～4年的10个抗黄曲霉菌产毒的花生材料进行人工接种鉴定研究,初步探讨了花生种子贮藏时间对黄曲霉菌侵染和产毒的影响.结果表明,通过多年连续选择的抗产毒花生种质材料在人工接种条件下黄曲霉毒素含量普遍低于高产毒对照品种.随着种子贮藏时间的增加,黄曲霉菌对花生的侵染和产生分生孢子所需的时间缩短.贮藏2～4年花生种子的产毒量显著高于贮藏不足1年的种子,而且贮藏环境的湿度对种子活性和黄曲霉产毒量有很大影响.不同抗性种质在耐贮能力和抗性的持久性方面存在明显差异.     

不同贮藏条件对花生种子活力的影响及其生理机制的研究

研究了花生种子含水量、贮藏温湿度、贮藏容器对花生种子活力的影响及其生理机制。结果表明,温度是影响花生种子活力及寿命的主要因素,花生种子在高温条件下贮藏活力下降快,在２０℃以内种子受环境湿度影响较小,寿命长,贮藏９～１２个月仍具有种用价值。种子含水量低贮藏寿命长,南方花生种子的安全含水量是５％ ～６％ 左右。湿度低种子贮藏寿命长,适宜的环境湿度似在５２％ 左右。研究还阐明了不同贮藏条件和种子水分对种子生理代谢的影响及与种子活力的关系,为春花生种子妥善贮藏提供了依据。     

贮藏期对花生种质籽粒成分影响研究

常温干燥贮藏是植物种质资源保存的重要方式之一。研究表明,在常温干燥条件下,经过11年的保存,花生不同类型籽粒成分发生程度不同的变化,其中总糖含量随贮藏时间而增加,蛋白质和粗脂肪含量整体呈降低趋势,脂肪酸中除油酸含量随贮藏时间延长而升高外,棕榈酸与亚油酸含量均降低。VE除多粒型与中间型外,其余类型花生种质均随贮藏时间延长而降低。同时,花生种质的外观品质性状不随贮藏时间延长而发生显著变化。     

花生籽粒大小和贮存时间对烤花生风味和其它质量因素的影响

人们已对花生籽粒的大小及贮存时间进行了调查,以探讨它对烤花生的风味、花生酱的颜色、烤花生的去皮率、氧化稳定性以及生花生的碘值会产生什么影响。如果烘烤时间不变将花生烤至均匀花生酱颜色,那么籽粒的大小会对产品的风味产生巨大影响。同时,籽粒的大小及贮存时间也在很大程度上影响着烘烤后花生的去皮率。生花生籽粒越大、贮存时间越长、其氧化稳定性越低。小粒花生含碘量相当高,花生碘值不受贮存时间影响。以上情况说明,使用孔径为5.95毫米的筛网作为最小级别筛选弗吉尼亚型美国1号花生,会使质量差的花生进入销售市场。     

低温贮藏花生嫩果病变及真菌状况初步研究

对低温贮藏花生嫩果果实的研究表明,在花生嫩果果实上有真菌15种,以酵母菌、毛霉、曲霉菌、青霉菌、镰孢霉和交链孢霉等6种为优势菌,不同地区的花生嫩果果实上真菌状况有较大差异,花生嫩果果实上真菌数量随贮藏时间的延长而大幅度增加,贮藏花生嫩果的病变有褐(黑)、红(白)腐,果实长霉等3种类型。     

彩色花生种皮色泽变化及色素沉积规律

以白花生、黑花生,紫花生和粉红色花生为试验材料,利用色彩色差计和透射电子显微镜观察花生种皮形态变化及色素沉积过程,旨在明确花生种皮发育过程中种皮色泽和超分子结构变化及色素沉积规律。结果表明,彩色花生种皮色素沉积时间及部位存在一定的差异,色素分布在花生种皮的1~2层表皮细胞内。紫花生和黑花生的亮度在果针入土25d前呈现下降趋势,随后处于平稳状态,在果针入土15~25d发生颜色突变现象;白花生和普通花生的亮度变化不大。随着种皮的发育,黑花生种皮细胞内的色素物质逐渐累积并均匀分布在种皮细胞内;紫花生种皮细胞形状发生了改变,出现了细胞被横向拉伸的现象,色素聚集在细胞壁周围;白花生种皮中含有微量色素;粉红色花生种皮色素环绕在细胞壁周围后均匀分布于细胞中,至成熟期,均匀分布的色素向细胞壁附着。     

不同催熟条件对香蕉后熟均匀性的影响研究

粉、蔗糖、果糖和葡萄糖含量作为参考指标,研究采收后贮藏时间、催熟时间和催熟温度对2种香蕉果实后熟速度的影响。结果表明,采收后仅贮藏5 h的香蕉,在22 ℃、12 h乙烯催熟处理的条件下,尾蕉的成熟指数、表皮颜色、可溶性总糖和葡萄糖的含量和头蕉相比有显著差异,尾蕉成熟速度显著低于头蕉;22 ℃下贮藏5 d后再进行乙烯催熟处理,头蕉和尾蕉的成熟速度基本一致;适当提高催熟温度或延长催熟时间至24 h,也能提高头蕉和尾蕉的后熟一致性     

花生的贮藏

花生是半易腐败物质,在适宜的条件下可以贮藏5年,但是在不适于贮藏的情况下,在一个月内就可能由于霉菌、昆虫、变色、吸收异味变味或酸败而不能食用。 通常花生的收获和消费之间要有一个期间,经验证明这个期间的包装和冷藏非常重要。首要的问题是:怎样贮藏;在什么地方贮藏;什么时候贮藏和贮藏什么?冬季贮藏花生无需予以特别注意,但当春季气温逐渐升高时,除非冷藏或采取保护措施,否则几个星期内荚果就会败坏或受虫伤。Woodrog和Heaton(1961)确定     

不同真空预冷终温对豆腐品质的影响

研究不同终温（4、6、8℃）时真空预冷对豆腐降温速率、失水率，及其在4℃环境下1W内的蛋白质、持水性、pH值、硬度和色泽等指标的影响。结果表明：终温变化对降温速率和质量损失率无显著的影响，然而，对豆腐的品质（蛋白质、持水性、pH值、硬度及色泽）影响显著。综合比较得知，在压力500Pa条件下预冷终温为4℃的样品品质最优，当贮藏温度为4℃时贮藏期不宜超过5d。     

花生感官品质研究

从山东省花生研究所搜集、保存的国内外花生种质资源中随机抽取265份，并对265份花生品种的感官品质米型、米色以及口味进行量化评分。结果表明，栽培花生五大类型间米色、米型、口味的表现差异大，多粒型花生的口味优均达到一级水平；普通型花生的米型较优，与另外四种类型花生品种的米型相比平均值最高；龙生型花生品种米色、米型和口味最差；中间型花生品种米色、米型和口味变异范围比较大，这与其系统来源有相当大关系。     

The storage effects of calcium-fortified orange juice concentrate in different packaging materials

Orange juice concentrate has been fortified with calcium in order to fulfil part of the recommended daily allowance of calcium and to overcome the problem of the shortage of milk and dairy products in Egypt. The loss of quality of calcium-fortified and unfortified orange juice concentrate was evaluated in three different packaging materials and when stored for ten weeks at room temperature. The results showed that vitamin C content decreased during storage for both the fortified and the unfortified samples. The trend of ascorbic acid breakdown was similar in all packaging treatments. The total titratable acidity declined during storage period; however, the decline was higher in the unfortified sample than in the fortified one. Also, the pH values increased along with the storage period. The results illustrated that the color values of both the fortified and unfortified diluted orange juice concentrate changed little at the end of the storage period. However, the samples packaged in low density polyethylene bags had the higher orange in the color values R and Y. The changes in the iron content for both samples was negligible during the storage period. However, a very slight change in the calcium content (4.5% and 4%) was observed after ten weeks of storage for both the unfortified and the fortified samples respectively. The acceptability of fortified orange juice rated higher than the unfortified one. The panelists' evaluation values were affected by the packaging treatment and storage time. The samples packaged in low density polyethylene bags had a higher level of decline of the panelists' evaluations than the ones packaged in laminated pouches or cans, while the latter had a lower level of decline.     

花生种皮颜色智能识别模型的建立与应用

为解决花生群体种皮颜色快速鉴定难题,建立一种准确、简便和经济的种皮颜色识别标准,采用阿里云智能云计算平台颜色识别系统,测定黑、紫、粉、白等不同种皮颜色花生的HSV颜色空间(Hue,Saturation,Value col?or mode)数据,同时结合花生种皮花青素含量数据,构建花生种皮颜色指数(p)与种皮花青素含量(...     

The Use of UV-Visible Reflectance Spectroscopy as an Objective Tool to Evaluate Pearl Quality

Assessing the quality of pearls involves the use of various tools and methods, which are mainly visual and often quite subjective. Pearls are normally classified by origin and are then graded by luster, nacre thickness, surface quality, size, color and shape. The aim of this study was to investigate the capacity of Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) to classify and estimate the quality of 27 different pearls from their UV-Visible spectra. Due to the opaque nature of pearls, spectroscopy measurements were performed using the Diffuse Reflectance UV-Visible spectroscopy technique. The spectra were acquired at two different locations on each pearl sample in order to assess surface homogeneity. The spectral data (inputs) were smoothed to reduce the noise, fed into ANNs and correlated to the pearl's quality/grading criteria (outputs). The developed ANNs were successful in predicting pearl type, mollusk growing species, possible luster and color enhancing, donor condition/type, recipient/host color, donor color, pearl luster, pearl color, origin. The results of this study shows that the developed UV-Vis spectroscopy-ANN method could be used as a more objective method of assessing pearl quality (grading) and may become a valuable tool for the pearl grading industry.     

Effect of microwave pre-treatment on physical quality,bioactive compounds,safety risk factor,and storage stability of peanut butter

Microwave, as a new heat treatment technology, has the characteristics of uniform and fast heating speed. It is an energy-saving technology known for improving oilseed product quality. Its efficiency mainly depends on the roasting power and time. However, the production of high-quality peanut butter using short-time roasting conditions are limited. Herein, we determined an appropriate microwave roasting power and time for peanuts and evaluated its impacts on the quality of peanut butter. Different roasting powers (400 ​W, 800 ​W and 1200 ​W) and times (4, 4.5, 5, and 5.5 ​min) were preliminarily tested. Among them, 800 ​W at 5 ​min was the most suitable. The roasting efficiency was further evaluated using color, sensory, bioactive compounds, storage stability, and safety risk factors of peanut butter produced from four peanut cultivars (Silihong, Baisha-1016, Yuanza-9102, and Yuhua-9414). The pre-treated butter obtained from three cultivars (Silihong, Yuanza-9102, and Yuhua-9414) with moisture content between 5% and 7.2% had a similar sensory score (6–7) as the commercial on a 9-point hedonic scale compare to the other. The color of the pre-treated peanut butter varies statistically with the commercial but remained in the recommended range of Hunter L1 values of 51–52, respectively, for high initial moisture peanut cultivars. The total polyphenol (35.20-31.59 ​± ​0.59 ​μmol GAE/g) and tocopherol (19.05 ​± ​0.35 ​mg/100 ​g) content in the butter obtained from three cultivars (Yuahua-9102, Yuhua, and Baisha-1016) and Silihong respectively, were significantly (P ​< ​0.05) higher than those in the commercial butter. The induction times of all pre-treated butter (19.80 ​± ​0.99–7.84 ​± ​0.07 ​h) were significantly (P ​< ​0.05) longer during storage at accelerated temperature than commercial samples. In addition, no benzo[a]pyrene was found in the pre-treated samples. Collectively, the microwave pretreated peanut butter was superior to the commercial one. These findings provided data support and a reference basis to promote microwave use for peanut butter production.     

利用GGE双标图分析花生品质性状的基因型-环境互作

花生品质性状的稳定性和基因型-环境互作研究，可为花生品质育种及不同生态区域花生品种的选择提供参考依据。本研究利用GGE-biplot工具，对我国黄淮海花生主产区16个花生品种两年间的品质性状进行了综合分析，包括含油量、油酸、亚油酸、棕榈酸和蛋白质含量等。结果显示，5个品质性状均有较高的GGE总变异值（主成分因素PC1和PC2变异的总和），变幅在61.5%-79.9%之间，以含油量的GGE变异值最低，为61.5%，油酸含量的GGE变异值最高，为79.9%。16个花生品种2年间部分品质性状表现较为一致，其中濮花9519的含油量表型值波动最小，山花9号的亚油酸含量表型值波动最小，开农49是油酸含量表型值最为稳定的品种，天府23号是棕榈酸含量和蛋白质含量表型值最为稳定的品种。初步明确了徐州和濮阳分别适合高油花生和高油酸花生种植，确定了不同生态类型试点下较适合种植的品种，为花生品种推广应用提供了参考。     

花生红衣色素提取工艺条件的研究

花生中的红衣色素是一种可食用的天然色素,除具有一定的药理保健作用外、其还以安全可靠、毒副作用小、色调自然等优点而作为添加剂广泛应用于现代食品工业,因此研究花生红衣色素的提取有重要的意义遥本文对花生红衣在不同溶剂、提取时间、温度、料液比和浸提次数等条件下分别进行色素的提取,通过单因素试验确定了花生红衣色素提取的最佳工艺条件。     

Effect of thermal packaging temperature on Chinese steamed bread quality during room temperature storage

In order to investigate the influence of different packaging temperature on thermal-vacuum packaged Chinese steamed bread (CSB) quality under room temperature storage, the packaging temperatures of 50 °C, 70 °C and 90 °C were set respectively to study the effect on the packaging vacuum degree (VD) and starch retrogradation properties. The VD and moisture content of thermal-vacuum packaged CSB significantly increased with the increase of the packaging temperature from 50 °C to 90 °C, while the hardness of CSB decreased, and there was no significant difference in moisture migration during room temperature storage. The results of X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) indicated that CSB packaged at different temperatures formed B-type crystals, leading to an enhanced the ordered and dense state of starch structure, and the semi-crystalline growth ring structure disappeared during storage. The influence of different packaging temperatures on VD of CSB could effectively hinder the formation of ordered and dense state of CSB starch, consequently delaying the crystallization of amylopectin and inhibiting the progress of staling. The result of this study is of great significance for improving the quality of starchy foods and guiding the industrial development of Chinese steamed bread.     

Effect of Packaging Material on Shelf Life and Quality of Ware Potato Tubers Stored at Ambient Tropical Temperatures

The effect of seven packaging materials (transparent perforated and non-perforated high-density polyethylene (HDPE) bags, black perforated and non-perforated low-density polyethylene (LDPE) bags, nylon gunny sacks, khaki bags and net bags) on post-harvest quality of tubers from three potato cultivars was evaluated. Data were collected on time and percentage of sprouting, weight loss rates and percentage tubers with greening and rotting. Packaging significantly reduced weight loss and rate of tuber greening but increased the rate of sprouting and decay incidences. Non-perforated PE bags were the most effective in reducing weight losses, recording losses of 0.7 to 0.9% after 32 days in storage while unpackaged tubers had weight losses of 11 to 12%. Tuber rotting was highest (60 to 66% of the tubers) in non-perforated PE bags. Greening was faster in non-packaged tubers recording 55 to 100% after 2 weeks in storage and showed high cultivar differences, but did not occur in black bags, whether perforated or non-perforated. Sprouting was complete by week 3 in all tubers packaged in non-perforated HDPE bags irrespective of cultivar. Although the non-perforated HDPE bag packaging prevented weight loss, its positive effect was counteracted by the high incidence of rotting and sprouting. Amongst the different materials evaluated, perforated low-density black PE bags were the best method for ware potato packaging due to low sprouting, reduced weight loss, low rate of tuber greening and reduced rate of tuber decay compared to other packaging materials. The study also indicated that the interaction between cultivars, packaging and storage period also affected shelf life of ware potatoes under ambient tropical conditions.