Efficacy of phosphomycin in the control of Escherichia coli infection of broiler chickens

Seventy-five 25-day-old broilers were divided into three groups: group I unmedicated and challenged with E coli 078:K80; group F infected and treated with 150 ppm of phosphomycin in their drinking water, and group C acted as a control. Their weights, feed intake, clinical signs, macroscopic lesions, E coli reisolation, and serum biochemistry were compared. Group F showed fewer symptoms and gross lesions than those from group I while the average daily gain, bodyweight, and feed intake were similar to the control group. E coli was reisolated in 32 per cent of the livers and spleens from group I, compared with 4 per cent of liver and 8 per cent of spleens from group F. There was an increase in the levels of total protein and globulins in group I but not in group F. These results provide evidence of the therapeutic efficacy of phosphomycin in the control of an experimental E coli infection in broiler chickens.     

噬菌体裂解酶Lysep3的毕赤酵母重组表达和活性分析

试验以突破噬菌体裂解酶Lysep3应用瓶颈为切入点,采用酵母表达系统对其进行重组表达以期降低生产成本,同时初步探究其体外抗菌活性和安全性,以期为临床试验提供数据参考。根据毕赤酵母密码子偏爱性优化并合成Lysep3基因,将其连接至表达载体pPICZαA。经菌落PCR和测序验证后,将线性化重组载体pPICZαA-Lysep3电转化巴斯德毕赤酵母Pichia pastoris X-33。重组酵母转化子经菌落PCR和摇瓶水平甲醇诱导重组蛋白初筛后,在5 L发酵罐中高密度发酵,发酵上清液经His-trap HPGE纯化柱纯化。通过抑菌试验和浊度试验进行rLysep3的抑菌活性分析,通过测定rLysep3对巨噬细胞RAW264.7细胞毒性和小鼠血红细胞溶血性进行rLysep3的安全性分析。结果显示,重组菌在5 L发酵罐中甲醇诱导120 h后Lysep3的表达量达749.2 mg/L。抑菌活性分析发现,rLysep3对肠炎沙门氏菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、猪葡萄球菌及无乳链球菌均具有抑菌活性,且rLysep3可与EDTA联合作用使肠炎沙门氏菌菌落数下降1.6~1.7个数量级。此外,细胞毒性试验发现,rLysep3在1 024 μg/mL浓度下细胞存活率仍可达78.75%;溶血性分析显示,1 024 μg/mL浓度下溶血率仅为1.58%。上述结果证明,通过毕赤酵母表达系统实现了Lysep3的重组表达,rLysep3具有体外抑菌活性,且具低细胞毒性和低溶血性。从抗菌活性、产业化制备及安全性等方面初步显示出rLysep3具有开发为临床治疗禽肠炎沙门氏菌感染的新型抗菌药物的潜力。     

Transduction of bla(CMY-2), tet(A), and tet(B) from Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Heidelberg to S. Typhimurium

Antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella spp., especially resistance mediated by extended spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL), is a growing public health concern. Understanding the mechanisms through which Salmomella spp. acquire the resistance genes can lead to the development of intervention and mitigation strategies. Thirty-one Salmonella isolates of bovine origin were analyzed by serotyping, antimicrobial susceptibility testing, phage induction and bacterial host range determination, and phage transduction of antimicrobial resistance. The Salmonella isolates consisted of 12 serovars. Resistance to 1 or more antibiotics was detected in 12 isolates. Inducible phages were recovered from 19 Salmonella (61%) by spot lysis assay. Of the 19 phage samples, 13 were able to multiply in 2 or more Salmonella of various serovars. A cross-serovar transduction of antimicrobial resistance was observed from S. Heidelberg to S. Typhimurium. Transfection of an antimicrobial-susceptible strain of S. Typhimurium with a phage propagated in a S. Heidelberg resistant to multiple β-lactam antibiotics and tetracycline resulted in independent acquisition of bla_CMY-2, tet(A), and tet(B). These data indicate that inducible phages are common in Salmonella of bovine origin, many of them demonstrate a broad host range, and wild-type phage mediated transduction may contribute to the dissemination of antimicrobial resistance, including the resistance mediated by ESBL.     

Serological and bacteriological observations on experimental infection with Salmonella hadar in chickens

Over the past 3 years the frequency of Salmonella hadar infections has increased in Belgium in both poultry and humans. Therefore, the course of infection with S. hadar in poultry was investigated. One day-old and 4 week-old specific pathogen-free chickens were orally infected with one of two S. hadar strains, SH1 or SH2. Mortality was 6% (SH1) and 17% (SH2) in birds infected at 1 day-old. Chickens infected at 1 day-old with SH2 showed a mild diarrhoea. The S. hadar faecal excretion in birds infected at 1 day-old remained high throughout the experiment until 12 weeks post-inoculation (pi). Faecal excretion was lower in older birds. Antibodies to S. hadar were observed from 2 weeks pi (SH2, infected at 1 day-old) or 4 weeks pi (SH1, both groups; SH2, chickens infected at 4 weeks of age). The percentage of chickens with antibodies was higher after infection at 1 day-old than after infection at 4 weeks of age. In a second experiment 1 day-old chicks were infected with SH1 and autopsied at regular intervals until 42 days pi. SH1 was isolated from the caeca from 3 h pi onwards and from the liver and spleen from 18 h until 14 days pi. Serous typhlitis and omphalitis were the main lesions. The number of macrophages in the lamina propria of the caecal tonsils was slightly increased from 18 h until 2 weeks pi. In the liver, inflammation was observed in the portal triads and in the sinusoids. This study indicates that infections with S. hadar lead to intense colonisation of the gut and extensive faecal shedding. It may also cause invasive infections in 1 day-old chickens.     

泰乐加和呋喃它酮对大肠杆菌与沙门氏菌病的药效研究

本文对引进的抗菌兽药一泰乐加和呋喃它酮。在我国的条件下,用人工发病的方法进行了药效学研究。首先用体外药敏试验法筛选出三株对泰乐加和呋喃它酮敏感的致病菌,然后进行实验性药物预防治疗试验。试验结果表明。大肠杆菌O_2和O_(78)及沙门氏菌S_9对泰乐加和呋喃它酮高度敏感。呋喃它酮和泰乐加能显著降低沙门氏菌S_9及大肠杆菌O_2和O_(78)人工感染鸡群的发病率和死亡率(P<0.01),在鸡群发病时,用两种药物治疗,能有效地控制病情的发展和减少死亡率;粪便中接种菌的分离鉴定结果表明,两种药物均能显著降低排菌鸡的百分率。两药均不影响雏鸡的增重。实验性药物预防和治疗试验结果与药物临床试验结果相符。     

Characterization of Salmonella isolates from beef cattle, broiler chickens and human sources on Prince Edward Island

Non-typhoid Salmonella serovars remain a potential threat to human health, and beef cattle and broiler chickens are possible sources of these organisms on Prince Edward Island (PEI). In this study, the ceca of beef cattle belonging to fasted and non-fasted groups, and broiler chickens were examined for Salmonella at the time of slaughter. The characteristics of the isolates, including antimicrobial resistance patterns and virulence genes, were studied along with the isolates obtained from cases of human salmonellosis on PEI during the study period (1996–97). The prevalence of Salmonella in beef cattle was 4.6% (11/240). The rate was significantly higher in fasted cattle (7.46%), than in non-fasted cattle (0.94%). The prevalence rate in chickens was 32.5% (39/120). In beef cattle, Salmonella typhimurium phage type (PT) or definitive type (DT) 104 which was resistant to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, sulfisoxazole and tetracycline, was the most predominant type (64%). In chickens, S. heidelberg, with resistance to gentamicin, streptomycin and sulfisoxazole, predominated. Of 26 isolates from humans, the most common serovar was S. typhimurium, including a multidrug-resistant strain of DT104. Examination by PCR revealed presence of the virulence gene invA in all serovars, and the spvC gene in all S. typhimurium isolates, of both beef cattle and human origin. Among the other serovars the latter gene was found in 7 human isolates, but in none of the chicken or beef isolates. All but 3 of the spvC-positive isolates possessed a 90 kilobasepair (kbp) plasmid suggesting that the 3 isolates had the spvC gene on their chromosome. These findings were confirmed by plasmid DNA isolation using 3 different protocols and by sequence analysis of the spvC-PCR product.     

Prevalence of anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in serum and aqueous humor samples from cats with uveitis or systemic diseases in France

The present study sought to elucidate whether Schistosoma japonicum eggs could survive a passage through dogs and chickens. Three dogs and three chickens were used for the experiment. The dogs were allowed to eat goat faeces containing 80 S. japonicum eggs per gram. The chickens were given 2 ml of water containing more than 100 S. japonicum eggs per ml. The hatchability of the eggs was 51.8% prior to administration. All faeces were collected for 3 days from the dogs and for 2 days from the chickens and egg excretion and hatchability were measured. The results showed that nearly 50% of the eggs administered to the dogs were recovered in the faeces during the first 2 days and during the first 25 h 39% of the recovered eggs were viable and able to hatch. In the chickens 9% of the administered eggs were recovered within 27 h and within the first 3.5 h after administration 19% of the recovered eggs were viable and able to hatch. The results suggest that both dogs and chickens may act as transport hosts for S. japonicum in endemic areas.     

Herd-level risk factors for Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica in U.S. market pigs

Midwest U.S. herds (n = 63) were studied to identify risk factors for harboring Salmonella enterica among slaughter-weight pigs. Samples collected on farms (feces) and at slaughter (distal colonic content, cecal content and ileocolic lymph nodes) were cultured using conventional means. Approximately 15 pigs were studied per herd, for a total of 3754 samples. The proportion of pigs positive in one or more samples was calculated for each herd. Herd characteristics were described by a combination of interview and written survey. Logistic regression was used to detect relationships between the detection of Salmonella and potential herd-level risk factors. The mean individual pig prevalence was 5% for feces, 4% for distal colonic content, 15% for ileocolic lymph nodes, and 17% for cecal contents. One or more Salmonella isolates were detected in at least one sample type in every herd. The five most common serovars were S. Agona, S. Derby, S. Schwarzengrund, S. Typhimurium and S. Senftenberg, with 25 additional serovars detected. Salmonella prevalence estimates were positively correlated among all samples except distal colonic content and ileocolic lymph nodes. Pigs with culture positive fecal samples were at increased odds of being detected positive for each of the slaughter-collected samples examined, namely distal colonic content (OR = 30.5), ileocolic lymph nodes (OR = 12.9) and cecal content (OR = 23.2). Herds with positive fecal sample(s) had increased odds of having positive cecal content (OR > 1.5), distal colonic content (OR = 15.3) and ileocolic lymph nodes (OR = 12.7). Pigs from herds with at least some bowl drinkers had eight-fold higher odds of testing Salmonella positive than did pigs from herds with only nipple drinkers. Pigs from herds with only dry feeders had five-fold higher odds of testing Salmonella positive when compared with pigs from herds with combinations of wet/dry style feeders. Interventions at these two points should be considered when designing growing pig facilities to reduce Salmonella shedding.     

Fowl typhoid: assessment of a disinfectant oral dose to reduce horizontal spread and mortality

To determine the most appropriate dose in drinking water of the disinfectant N-alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride (TIMSEN), a fowl typhoid challenge trial was carried out using 21-day-old Salmonella-free chickens. In a pretrial, performed with six groups of 10 chickens each, it was shown that the disinfectant was atoxic and safe when administered during 15 days at doses of 0 ppm, 200 ppm, 400 ppm, 800 ppm, 1600 ppm, or 3200 ppm. Thereafter, a challenge trial was performed with 390 chickens divided into six groups of 65 birds each. Chickens were treated during 9 days with oral doses of 0 ppm, 25 ppm, 50 ppm, 100 ppm, 250 ppm, and 500 ppm (groups identified as A, B, C, D, E, and F, respectively). Twenty-four hours after the beginning of the treatment, 30 chickens of each group were orally inoculated with 10(9) colony-forming units of Salmonella Gallinarum strain INTA 91 per bird. The remaining 35 unchallenged chickens from each group were left in the same cage in close contact with the other challenged birds of their group. All surviving chickens were sacrificed 8 days after challenge. Livers from all birds were examined for the presence of Salmonella Gallinarum. Salmonella Gallinarum was isolated from all challenged chickens and from some unchallenged chickens of groups A (4/35), E (3/35), and F (6/35), but not from any unchallenged chicken from groups B, C, and D. Doses of 50 ppm (group C) significantly reduced mortality (30%) in comparison with the untreated control group A (65%). Mortality in group B (45%) was not significantly different from group C. Administration of higher doses of the disinfectant resulted in significantly higher mortality rates, 70% in group E and 85% in groups D and F. Increased infection and mortality rates of groups D, E, and F might have been caused by inhibition of the protective action of the normal gut flora. To reduce horizontal infection and mortality, the manufacturer's prescribed oral dose of 25 ppm may be increased up to 50 ppm. Nevertheless, higher doses should be avoided because they may cause horizontal increased spread of the disease and mortality.     

Isolation,Identification and Analysis of Serotype and Antibiotic Susceptibility of Pathogenic Salmonella from Chickens

To investigate the situations of predominant strain and antibiotic resistance of pathogenic Salmonella from chickens in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous region, Salmonella was pre-enriched and isolated from tissues of clinical suspected chickens, and the Salmonella isolates were identified by biochemical test using ID 32E System for the identification of Enterobacteriaceae of VITEK System ATB Expression, serotypes were determined by slid agglutination test, antibiotic susceptibility was analyzed by ATB VET Susceptibility Test Strip of Enterobacteriaceae antibiotics.The results showed that 34 Salmonella strains were obtained from 310 clinical samples, of which 1 strain belonged to A serogroup, 1 to C2 serogroup, 15 to B serogroup, 14 to D serogroup and 3 to untyped serogroup, and S.typhimurium of B serogroup and S.pullorum of D serogroup were the predominant serotypes.All Salmonella isolates were sensitive to meropenem, imipenem, spectinomycine and apramycine, and the resistance rates to chloramphenicol, kanamycine and gentamicine were less than 10%, and the resistance rates to amoxicillin, streptomycine, flumequine, oxolinique, sulfamethizol, tetracycline and nitrofurantoine ranged between 50% and 90%, while the resistance rates to penicilline, oxacilline, fusidique, rifampicine and metronidazole reached to 100%.The results indicated that the serotype distribution of pathogenic Salmonella from chickens exhibited regional characteristics, and S.typhimurium and S.pullorum were the predominant serotypes in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous region, and antibiotic resistance of Salmonella isolates was very serious which should be highly concerned.     

鸡源致病性沙门氏菌的分离鉴定及血清型和药物敏感性分析

为了解当前广西鸡源致病性沙门氏菌的优势流行菌株及耐药情况,掌握其最新流行特点,本试验采集疑似病鸡的组织病料,对沙门氏菌进行增菌和分离培养,运用VITEK System ATB Expression法ID 32E肠杆菌鉴定试剂条对分离菌株进行生化试验鉴定,应用玻片凝集试验进行血清型鉴定,采用ATB VET药敏试剂条对30种肠杆菌抗菌药物进行药物敏感性试验。结果显示,从310份疑似鸡病料中分离鉴定出34株致病性沙门氏菌;这些分离菌株中有A群1株、C2群1株、B群15株和D群14株,另有3株未定型,其中以B群鼠伤寒沙门氏菌和D群鸡白痢沙门氏菌为优势菌株;34株分离株均对美洛培南、亚胺培南、大观霉素和安普霉素敏感,对氯霉素、卡那霉素、庆大霉素的耐药率小于10%,对阿莫西林、链霉素、氟甲喹、噁喹酸、磺胺甲噁唑、四环素和呋喃妥因耐药率介于50%和90%之间,而对青霉素、苯唑西林、夫西地酸、利福平和甲硝唑的耐药率达到100%,并且存在多重耐药现象。结果表明,鸡源致病性沙门氏菌的流行菌株具有一定的地域性,当前广西以鼠伤寒沙门氏菌和鸡白痢沙门氏菌为主,流行菌株耐药性严重,应高度关注。     

Efficacy of Calcium Fosfomycin for the Treatment of Experimental Infections of Broiler Chickens with Escherichia Coli O78:K80

Two trials were made to assess the efficacy of including calcium fosfomycin in the drinking water or in the feed for four days to control the adverse effects of experimentally induced colibacillosis in broiler chickens. Trial 1 had five groups of 15 chicks each: one group of negative controls; an untreated infected control group and three groups treated with 50, 100 or 200 ppm of calcium fosfomycin in drinking water. Trial 2 had the same groups but the antibiotic was incorporated into the feed. The chickens were infected via their air sacs with 1.7 x 10⁸–3.6 x 10⁸ CFU/chick of Escherichia coli O78:K80. The morbidity and mortality, a score for the gross lesions, the relative weight of the liver and spleen, performance and re-isolation of the challenge bacteria were recorded. Calcium fosfomycin in the drinking water controlled the colibacillosis, particularly in the group treated with 200 ppm. However, no effect of the antibiotic was seen when calcium fosfomycin was incorporated into the feed, the mortality, score of lesions and re-isolation of E. coli from the organs in the three treated groups being similar to those for the infected unmedicated group. The amount of antibiotic ingested in trial 1 was three times more than in trial 2. These results suggest that calcium fosfomycin is best used in the drinking water for the treatment of colibacillosis.     

Prevalence of intestinal pathogens in Danish finishing pig herds

Our aim was to determine the prevalence of the intestinal bacteria: Lawsonia intracellularis, Brachyspira hyodysenteriae, Serpulina intermedia, Brachyspira innocens, Brachyspira pilosicoli, pathogenic Escherichia coli (serogroups O138, O139, O141 and O149) and Salmonella enterica in Danish finishing pig herds. A total of 79 herds was randomly selected and visited during 1998. From each herd, 20 faecal samples were collected from individual pigs weighing 30–50 kg. Furthermore, 10 pooled pen samples were collected and examined for S. enterica. In total, 1580 faecal samples and 790 pen samples were collected and examined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or culture. L. intracellularis was found in 74 herds (93.7%), B. hyodysenteriae in two herds (2.5%), S. intermedia in 10 herds (12.7%), B. innocens in 27 herds (34.2%), B. pilosicoli in 15 herds (19.0%), pathogenic E. coli in 19 herds (24.1%) and S. enterica in eight herds (10.1%). The within-herd prevalences of L. intracellularis and B. hyodysenteriae were 25–30%; the within-herd prevalences of the other agents were 5–10%. Three herds (4%) were not infected with any of the bacteria and 25 herds (32%) were only infected with L. intracellularis.     

Genomic lineage of Salmonella enterica serovar Dublin

Thirty five strains of the host adapted Salmonella serotype Dublin (S. Dublin) have been characterized by IS200 patterns, ribotyping, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), restriction fragment polymorphism after hybridization with five randomly cloned DNA-framents of S. enteridis (RFLP), and plasmid profiling in order to divide the strains into ‘genomic lines’. For comparison, 20 other strains of 9 different group-D serotypes were included. The IS200 patterns were identical in all strains of S. Dublin examined. These patterns were different from those observed in other group-D Salmonella with the exception of one strain S. Enteritidis phage type 11 and a strain of S. Rostock. The insertion element IS200 was not detected in strains of S. Dar-es-Salam, S. (II) 9,12:z -, and S. Panama. RFLP, based on probing with five random cloned chromosomal fragments gave the same pattern in all strains except for one isolate from the UK. This strain was also found to have an unique PFGE pattern and ribotype. Among the remaining strains, three different PFGE patterns and 7 different ribotypes were observed. Based on all four typing methods, 8 different ‘genomic lines’ of S. Dublin were identified. The same grouping could be obtained from the use of ribotyping alone, but PFGE and RFLP were found to provide valuable information on possible relationships between ribotypes. Seven different plasmid profiles and a group of strains without plasmids were observed. In several cases, the same plasmid profile was shown to be present in more than one ‘genomic line’.     

减毒沙门氏菌为载体传递DNA疫苗诱导对新城疫病毒的免疫保护

探讨了以减毒鼠伤寒沙门氏茵为栽体传递新城疫病毒DNA疫苗的安全性、免疫原性和可行性。将含新城疫病毒(NDV)F48E9株融合蛋白(F)基因的真核表达质粒pcDNA3-F的重组减毒鼠伤寒沙门氏菌ZJ111株(ZJ111／pcD-NA3一F菌株)，以10^8CFU进行首免，2周后二免，三免后4周攻击强毒株F48E9，观察其安全性和免疫原性，同时设只含空载体pcDNA3的ZJ111／pcDNA3菌株对照及口服PBS对照。结果表明：重组ZJ111／pcDNA3-F菌株具有良好的安全性。对强毒株攻击的保护率达64．7％。重组ZJ111／pcDNA3-F菌株不仅能诱导雏鸡产生NDVELISA抗体，而且诱导产生的法氏囊B淋巴细胞和胸腺T淋巴细胞增殖反应显著高于ZJ111／pcDNA3时照组。这些结果提示，减毒沙门氏菌为载体不仅可直接将NDVF基因呈递给鸡体细胞进行表达，产生抗NDV的体液免疫，而且还可诱导细胞免疫应答。     

紫锥菊通过调控TLR4-NF-κB通路增强免疫抑制鸡的免疫功能

紫锥菊是一种重要的免疫增强剂,常作为替抗药物用于饲料添加剂,但其作用机制有待进一步研究。本试验旨在研究紫锥菊对免疫抑制鸡免疫功能的影响及其机制。将120羽7日龄的雏鸡随机均分为：对照组、环磷酰胺组、紫锥菊组、紫锥菊+环磷酰胺组(联合组)。环磷酰胺组和联合组雏鸡连续3 d胸肌注射生理盐水配制的环磷酰胺溶液(80 mg·kg^-1),同时对照组和紫锥菊组连续3 d注射等量生理盐水,除紫锥菊组和联合组每天饲喂含紫锥菊全草粉末(含量为1%)的基础日粮外,其余各组雏鸡饲喂基础日粮,每天称重并记录,连续饲喂21 d。试验结束时,分析体重及脾脏指数的变化,检测炎性因子(NF-κB、IκB、IL-2、IL-4、IL-6、TNF-α、IFN-γ)和TLR家族(TLR2、TLR4、TLR7、MyD88)基因mRNA及蛋白的表达含量。结果显示,紫锥菊处理提高了雏鸡的生长性能,环磷酰胺抑制了雏鸡的生长并显著降低了脾脏系数(P<0.05),且环磷酰胺组脾组织病理变化明显,而在联合组中上述病理变化得到缓解。与对照组相比,环磷酰胺组的NF-κB、IL-2、IL-4、IL-6、IFN-γ、TLR2、TLR4、TLR7、MyD88的mRNA水平均显著下调(P<0.05、P<0.01或P<0.001),而联合组相比于环磷酰胺组,除TLR7外,上述基因mRNA表达量均显著上调(P<0.05、P<0.01或P<0.001)。此外,紫锥菊的添加显著提高了炎性因子和TLR家族相关蛋白的表达水平。结果表明：紫锥菊可通过调控TLR4/NF-κB通路增强免疫抑制鸡的免疫功能。     

75株蛋鸡源沙门菌的MLST分型与耐药性分析

旨在掌握2017年7月至2019年5月期间云南地区蛋鸡源沙门菌血清型、药物敏感性及毒力基因携带等基本情况。无菌采集发病鸡肝组织，共分离到沙门菌75株，对分离株进行MLST分型、药物敏感性及相关耐药基因和毒力基因检测。结果显示，MLST鉴定到ST78序列型鸡伤寒沙门菌54株(72.00%)、ST92序列型鸡白痢沙门菌21株(28.00%)；分离株对青霉素的耐药率为100%，对其它抗生素的耐药率分别为: 四环素26.67%、强力霉素26.67%、复方新诺明22.67%、阿莫西林18.67%、氨苄西林16.00%、恩诺沙星14.67%、链霉素8.00%、环丙沙星2.67%、庆大霉素1.33%，共存在7种耐药谱型，28.00%的菌株表现为多重耐药，且集中于鸡伤寒沙门菌；耐药基因tetA、sul2和blaTEM的检出率分别为26.67%、10.67%和8.00%；毒力基因mogA、mgtC、bcfA、araB、stn和spvC的检出率均高达100%，而spvB的检出率为 89.33%。结果表明，鸡伤寒沙门菌和鸡白痢沙门菌为云南地区蛋鸡源沙门菌主要流行血清型，多重耐药情况严重，耐药基因与毒力基因检出率较高。     

Estimation of animal-level prevalence from pooled samples in animal production

Often, the prevalence of an infection in the animal-production sector is determined at the group level. The prevalence at animal level (p) gives more-precise information on the infection status of the sector. This paper shows that pooled-sample data together with mathematical models allow for estimation of p. For this, model assumptions have to be made on the variation of p between groups separated in space and/or time. Formulas were derived for four models that were based on different assumptions. Model 1 assumed that p has the same value for all groups. Models 2–4 assumed that some of the groups were not infected. In addition, model 2 assumed that p has the same value for all infected groups; model 3 assumed that for an infected group, p is equal to either p₁ or p₂; and model 4 assumed that p was Beta distributed among infected groups. The models were applied to data sets on Salmonella infection in broiler flocks, including serotype data dominated by S. Hadar and S. Paratyphi B, var. Java. Based on likelihood-ratio tests, models 3 and 4 consistently fitted significantly better to the data. The applicability of model 4 is numerically bounded, related to the shape of the Beta distribution of p. Model calculations show that flock-level prevalence of Salmonella is much higher after than before slaughter. This difference (which possibly is related to different types of samples) is much smaller at the animal level. An important result of the estimation of p is that it in turn allows for an estimation of the proportion of false-negative groups — which is important in estimating the effect of veterinary or public-health measures.     

火炭母缓解鼠伤寒沙门菌致小鼠肝损伤的机制研究

【目的】探讨火炭母口服液对鼠伤寒沙门菌感染小鼠肝脏的保护作用及其机制。【方法】将48只雄性BALB/c小鼠随机分为6组：空白对照组、模型组、阳性药物组及火炭母高、中、低剂量组,每组8只。阳性药物组小鼠灌胃庆大霉素(20 mg/kg),火炭母高、中、低剂量组小鼠分别灌胃16、8和4 g/kg火炭母,空白对照组和模型组小鼠分别给予等体积的PBS,连续给药8 d。预防性给药2 d后,空白对照组小鼠灌胃0.2 mL PBS,其他组小鼠一次性灌胃0.2 mL 5×10⁴ CFU/mL鼠伤寒沙门菌溶液。给药结束后处死小鼠,解剖取肝脏,制作组织切片并经HE染色观察肝脏病理变化,平板培养基培养肝脏组织悬液检测小鼠肝脏载菌量,Western blotting检测α干扰素(IFN-α)、IFN-β、IFN-γ、肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)、白介素1β(IL-1β)、TANK结合激酶1(TBK1)、干扰素调节因子3(IRF3)蛋白表达水平。【结果】肝脏病理观察结果显示,模型组小鼠肝脏有淤血,大量炎性细胞浸润,肝细胞明显肿胀、排列紊乱,胞质染色加深,肝细胞坏死和凋亡;经火炭母处理后,高剂...