Torsional carbon nanotube artificial muscles

Rotary motors of conventional design can be rather complex and are therefore difficult to miniaturize; previous carbon nanotube artificial muscles provide contraction and bending, but not rotation. We show that an electrolyte-filled twist-spun carbon nanotube yarn, much thinner than a human hair, functions as a torsional artificial muscle in a simple three-electrode electrochemical system, providing a reversible 15,000° rotation and 590 revolutions per minute. A hydrostatic actuation mechanism, as seen in muscular hydrostats in nature, explains the simultaneous occurrence of lengthwise contraction and torsional rotation during the yarn volume increase caused by electrochemical double-layer charge injection. The use of a torsional yarn muscle as a mixer for a fluidic chip is demonstrated.     

空间约束混合高斯运动目标检测

目的 针对传统混合高斯模型前景检测运算量过大问题,提出一种基于空间约束的混合高斯前景检测算法。方法 通过快速初始化缩短模型的初始建立过程;采用双重背景模型机制,以自适应背景减法的前景检测结果作为混合高斯前景检测的空间约束条件,降低模型在背景区域的冗余运算;运用多策略自适应模型更新,提高前景检测的准确性。结果 在各种测试场景下,与传统混合高斯法、CodeBook、GMG、偏差均值混合高斯模型(MODGMM)等算法相比,该算法具有更好的准确率以及4倍以上的处理速度。结论 在固定相机场景下的运动目标检测中,算法能有效提高传统混合高斯法的准确性且具有极高的实时性。     

基于单摆的自动平板控制系统

根据单摆大角度运动的特点,为保证单摆上固定的平板运动的稳定性,定量分析摆角与平板运动的关系,设计以MC9S12XS128为核心的自动平板控制系统,利用角度传感器采集摆角信息,采用先进的二项步进电机进行平板角度控制,系统控制精度高,经测定,平板运动稳定性大大提高。     

Self-assembled hexa-peri-hexabenzocoronene graphitic nanotube

An amphiphilic hexa-peri-hexabenzocoronene self-assembles to form a pi-electronic, discrete nanotubular object. The object is characterized by an aspect ratio greater than 1000 and has a uniform, 14-nanometer-wide, open-ended hollow space, which is an order of magnitude larger than those of carbon nanotubes. The wall is 3 nanometers thick and consists of helical arrays of the pi-stacked graphene molecule, whose exterior and interior surfaces are covered by hydrophilic triethylene glycol chains. The graphitic nanotube is redox active, and a single piece of the nanotube across 180-nanometer-gap electrodes shows, upon oxidation, an electrical resistance of 2.5 megohms at 285 kelvin [corrected]. This family of molecularly engineered graphite with a one-dimensional tubular shape and a chemically accessible surface constitutes an important step toward molecular electronics.     

Carbon nanotube-based nonvolatile random access memory for molecular computing

A concept for molecular electronics exploiting carbon nanotubes as both molecular device elements and molecular wires for reading and writing information was developed. Each device element is based on a suspended, crossed nanotube geometry that leads to bistable, electrostatically switchable ON/OFF states. The device elements are naturally addressable in large arrays by the carbon nanotube molecular wires making up the devices. These reversible, bistable device elements could be used to construct nonvolatile random access memory and logic function tables at an integration level approaching 10(12) elements per square centimeter and an element operation frequency in excess of 100 gigahertz. The viability of this concept is demonstrated by detailed calculations and by the experimental realization of a reversible, bistable nanotube-based bit.     

Multifunctional carbon nanotube yarns by downsizing an ancient technology

By introducing twist during spinning of multiwalled carbon nanotubes from nanotube forests to make multi-ply, torque-stabilized yarns, we achieve yarn strengths greater than 460 megapascals. These yarns deform hysteretically over large strain ranges, reversibly providing up to 48% energy damping, and are nearly as tough as fibers used for bulletproof vests. Unlike ordinary fibers and yarns, these nanotube yarns are not degraded in strength by overhand knotting. They also retain their strength and flexibility after heating in air at 450 degrees C for an hour or when immersed in liquid nitrogen. High creep resistance and high electrical conductivity are observed and are retained after polymer infiltration, which substantially increases yarn strength.     

DNA-templated carbon nanotube field-effect transistor

The combination of their electronic properties and dimensions makes carbon nanotubes ideal building blocks for molecular electronics. However, the advancement of carbon nanotube-based electronics requires assembly strategies that allow their precise localization and interconnection. Using a scheme based on recognition between molecular building blocks, we report the realization of a self-assembled carbon nanotube field-effect transistor operating at room temperature. A DNA scaffold molecule provides the address for precise localization of a semiconducting single-wall carbon nanotube as well as the template for the extended metallic wires contacting it.     

基于恒等变换的单摆振动解析逼近

应用修正的谐波平衡法构造了单摆大幅振动的解析逼近周期和周期解．通过引入三角变换或反三角变换将单摆振动方程恒等变形为关于新变量的Duffing方程或其他易于处理的非线性振动方程，利用牛顿谐波平衡法构造了单摆振动的解析逼近解．给出的解析逼近周期及周期解简单易用，几乎在振幅（初始摆角）的全部取值范围内，都有很高的逼近精度．     

Single-molecule lysozyme dynamics monitored by an electronic circuit

Tethering a single lysozyme molecule to a carbon nanotube field-effect transistor produced a stable, high-bandwidth transducer for protein motion. Electronic monitoring during 10-minute periods extended well beyond the limitations of fluorescence techniques to uncover dynamic disorder within a single molecule and establish lysozyme as a processive enzyme. On average, 100 chemical bonds are processively hydrolyzed, at 15-hertz rates, before lysozyme returns to its nonproductive, 330-hertz hinge motion. Statistical analysis differentiated single-step hinge closure from enzyme opening, which requires two steps. Seven independent time scales governing lysozyme's activity were observed. The pH dependence of lysozyme activity arises not from changes to its processive kinetics but rather from increasing time spent in either nonproductive rapid motions or an inactive, closed conformation.     

中文双字词字体与词频在 N400上的交互作用

为验证中文的N400字体效应,探索字体和使用频率在语义提取上的交互作用,以大学生为被试,采用事件相关电位(ERP)技术和真假词判断任务,操控双字词的字体和频率,记录被试对真假双字词的判断反应和ERP,结果表明:行楷体比宋体引发更负的N400波幅,且在低频真词上更显著,另外在真词条件下,频率和字体在N400上存在交互作用.认为字形在语义通达中起到重要作用,支持中文形-义加工说和交互激活模型,不支持多阶段激活模型.     

质量摆数值模拟及其在抗震中的有限元分析

基于ANSYS有限元软件讨论了高层建筑结构利用悬挂质量摆减震的原理及减震性能。首先,分析得到了体系的振动方程和不同质量的悬挂质量摆在动力荷载作用下对结构的影响。通过数值分析,提出了更有效的方法。在利用ANSYS有限元软件研究过程中,用COMBINE和MASS21两种单元来模拟悬挂质量摆,线性和非线性振动响应被得到。其次,提出了一种简单的设计方法和一些建议。最后,给出一个利用悬挂质量摆减震的范例。结果表明这种系统对减少动力响应是有效的。     

Subnanometer motion of cargoes driven by thermal gradients along carbon nanotubes

An important issue in nanoelectromechanical systems is developing small electrically driven motors. We report on an artificial nanofabricated motor in which one short carbon nanotube moves relative to another coaxial nanotube. A cargo is attached to an ablated outer wall of a multiwalled carbon nanotube that can rotate and/or translate along the inner nanotube. The motion is actuated by imposing a thermal gradient along the nanotube, which allows for subnanometer displacements, as opposed to an electromigration or random walk effect.     

棉秆切碎还田装置的设计与试验

为南方小面积田块棉秆切碎还田机设计了棉秆切碎还田装置。该装置由切割装置、扶秆装置、除茬装置组成,棉秆由扶秆装置喂入,从上至下依次被切断、除茬。将该装置挂接在土槽试验机上,对影响棉秆切割长度合格率、功耗和除茬率的主要因素,即机具前进速度、锯盘转速和导向槽口宽度进行了单因素试验和回归正交试验。结果表明:影响合格率与除茬率的因素大小依次为机具前进速度、锯盘转速、导向槽口宽度;影响功耗的因素大小依次是锯盘转速、机具前进速度、导向槽口宽度。利用规划求解进行参数优化,在棉杆长度合格率与除茬率分别不低于85%和90%的情况下,锯盘转速为860 r/min,机具前进速度为0.65 m/s,导向槽口宽度为60 mm时,功耗为5.91 k W。     

Logic circuits with carbon nanotube transistors

We demonstrate logic circuits with field-effect transistors based on single carbon nanotubes. Our device layout features local gates that provide excellent capacitive coupling between the gate and nanotube, enabling strong electrostatic doping of the nanotube from p-doping to n-doping and the study of the nonconventional long-range screening of charge along the one-dimensional nanotubes. The transistors show favorable device characteristics such as high gain (>10), a large on-off ratio (>10(5)), and room-temperature operation. Importantly, the local-gate layout allows for integration of multiple devices on a single chip. Indeed, we demonstrate one-, two-, and three-transistor circuits that exhibit a range of digital logic operations, such as an inverter, a logic NOR, a static random-access memory cell, and an ac ring oscillator.     

易地扶贫搬迁户的生存之困与发展之惑研究——基于云南省H县的考察

异地扶贫搬迁对于减轻生态压力和解决贫困人口的生存和发展都起到了重要的作用,是中国扶贫经验的重要组成部分。云南省H县作为深度贫困县,贫困面广、贫困程度深,搬迁基数大、资金需求多,自然条件恶劣、基础设施薄弱;搬迁户迁入移民社区后,面临着内生发展动力不足、资源处置困难、社会融入艰难等问题。易地扶贫搬迁应着力加强以下三个方面的工作:正确处理好客观环境与主观因素的关系、政策执行的程序性和灵活性问题、搬迁户的社会隔阂与社会融入问题。     

磺胺类药物光催化降解活性与分子电子结构相关性研究

以碳纳米管-二氧化钛为光催化剂,在可见光和紫外光照射条件下,研究磺胺、磺胺甲恶唑、磺胺噻唑及磺胺二甲嘧啶4种磺胺类药物在纯溶液和混合溶液中的光催化降解行为。采用量子化学理论中杂化密度泛函理论(DFT/B3LYP)对磺胺类分子构建几何模型,计算4种磺胺类药物的分子电子结构,研究它们光催化降解活性与分子电子结构的相关性。研究结果表明:4种磺胺类药物的可见光降解速率快慢为:磺胺>磺胺噻唑>磺胺甲恶唑>磺胺二甲嘧啶;纯溶液中磺胺类药物的光催化降解活性与分子电子结构存在密切的相关性,正辛醇-水分配系数越小、偶极矩越大、EHOMO越大、HOMO-LUMO能隙越小,降解速率越快;混合溶液中磺胺类药物的光催化降解速率不仅与其分子电子结构有关,也与其在光催化剂表面的吸附有关。     

Controlled atomic doping of a single C60 molecule

We report a method for controllably attaching an arbitrary number of charge dopant atoms directly to a single, isolated molecule. Charge-donating K atoms adsorbed on a silver surface were reversibly attached to a C60 molecule by moving it over K atoms with a scanning tunneling microscope tip. Spectroscopic measurements reveal that each attached K atom donates a constant amount of charge (approximately 0.6 electron charge) to the C60 host, thereby enabling its molecular electronic structure to be precisely and reversibly tuned.     

Self-oriented regular arrays of carbon nanotubes and their field emission properties

The synthesis of massive arrays of monodispersed carbon nanotubes that are self-oriented on patterned porous silicon and plain silicon substrates is reported. The approach involves chemical vapor deposition, catalytic particle size control by substrate design, nanotube positioning by patterning, and nanotube self-assembly for orientation. The mechanisms of nanotube growth and self-orientation are elucidated. The well-ordered nanotubes can be used as electron field emission arrays. Scaling up of the synthesis process should be entirely compatible with the existing semiconductor processes, and should allow the development of nanotube devices integrated into silicon technology.     

High-performance carbon nanotube fiber

With their impressive individual properties, carbon nanotubes should form high-performance fibers. We explored the roles of nanotube length and structure, fiber density, and nanotube orientation in achieving optimum mechanical properties. We found that carbon nanotube fiber, spun directly and continuously from gas phase as an aerogel, combines high strength and high stiffness (axial elastic modulus), with an energy to breakage (toughness) considerably greater than that of any commercial high-strength fiber. Different levels of carbon nanotube orientation, fiber density, and mechanical properties can be achieved by drawing the aerogel at various winding rates. The mechanical data obtained demonstrate the considerable potential of carbon nanotube assemblies in the quest for maximal mechanical performance. The statistical aspects of the mechanical data reveal the deleterious effect of defects and indicate strategies for future work.     

Nanotube molecular wires as chemical sensors

Chemical sensors based on individual single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) are demonstrated. Upon exposure to gaseous molecules such as NO(2) or NH(3), the electrical resistance of a semiconducting SWNT is found to dramatically increase or decrease. This serves as the basis for nanotube molecular sensors. The nanotube sensors exhibit a fast response and a substantially higher sensitivity than that of existing solid-state sensors at room temperature. Sensor reversibility is achieved by slow recovery under ambient conditions or by heating to high temperatures. The interactions between molecular species and SWNTs and the mechanisms of molecular sensing with nanotube molecular wires are investigated.