复合蛋白替代鱼粉对花鲈生长、消化能力和肠道健康的影响

以初均重为(5.80±0.07) g的花鲈(Lateolabrax maculatus)幼鱼为实验对象,研究复合蛋白替代鱼粉对花鲈生长、消化和肠道健康的影响。用复合蛋白分别替代对照组饲料中0、20%、40%、60%和80%的鱼粉,配制成5种等氮等脂的实验饲料,分别用这5种饲料投喂花鲈70 d;养殖实验期间水温为(29.5±1.5)℃,盐度为29±1,溶解氧≥6.5 mg/L。养殖实验结束后采集样品进行分析,结果显示,20%替代组花鲈生长性能与对照组无显著差异(P>0.05),但随鱼粉替代比例的升高,花鲈增重率(WGR)、存活率(SR)、饲料效率(FE)以及蛋白质效率(PER)显著下降(P<0.05),花鲈肠道蛋白酶活性以及饲料干物质、粗蛋白与粗脂肪表观消化率皆显著降低(P<0.05),且花鲈后肠黏膜组织结构出现损伤,肠道促炎因子TNF-α、IL-1β基因表达量升高,抗炎因子基因IL-4、IL-10表达量相应降低。研究表明,复合蛋白替代花鲈饲料中鱼粉比例不宜超过20%。     

晶体氨基酸提高混合动物蛋白替代花鲈饲料中鱼粉的潜力

实验以鸡肉粉∶牛肉骨粉∶喷雾血球干燥粉∶水解羽毛粉=40∶35∶20∶5的比例组成的混合动物蛋白(animal protein blend,APB)分别直接替代或在补充赖氨酸、蛋氨酸、苏氨酸后替代花鲈饲料中50%、75%、100%的低温干燥鱼粉,研究其对花鲈生长及生理功能的影响。经过8周的饲养后发现,花鲈的生长性能随替代比例的提高而降低;摄食含APB饲料的花鲈,其成活率,摄食率和生长性能均显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。与APB直接替代鱼粉的处理组相比,添加3种必需晶体氨基酸极显著提高了花鲈的生长性能及全鱼蛋白、脂肪、能量含量(P<0.01),显著降低了花鲈的全鱼水分、灰分,肝指数及脏体比(P<0.05)。晶体氨基酸与APB的替代水平对花鲈的生长性能、形体指标及体组成成分存在显著的交互作用(P<0.05)。实验结果表明,(1)混合动物蛋白替代初始体重为13.2 g的花鲈饲料中白鱼粉的比例应小于50%;(2)添加必需晶体氨基酸能显著提高APB在花鲈饲料中的应用潜力;(3)花鲈具备一定的利用晶体氨基酸的能力。     

不同蛋白水解物对花鲈(Lateolabrax japonicus)生长性能及非特异性免疫的影响

实验以基础饲料组[含30%鱼粉蛋白(FM)]为对照组,用鱼蛋白水解物(FPH)、猪血蛋白水解物(PBPH)、酵母蛋白水解物(YPH)和豆粕蛋白水解物(SPH)分别替代配方中10%的鱼粉蛋白,配制成5组等氮等脂的饲料,喂养初始平均体重为31.99 g的花鲈(Lateolabrax japonicus)8周,探讨饲料中不同蛋白水解物对花鲈生长、饲料利用、体组成成分及非特异性免疫的影响。结果显示:各处理组实验鱼存活率在97.78%–98.89%之间,没有显著性差异(P0.05);FPH组与FM组的末重和特定生长率最高,两者之间没有显著差异(P0.05),但显著高于PBPH组、SPH组和YPH组(P0.05);FPH组饲料效率高于FM组、PBPH组和YPH组(P0.05),且显著高于SPH组(P0.05);各实验处理组鲈鱼摄食率没有显著差异(P0.05);FPH组蛋白效率比显著高于FM组、PBPH组、SPH组和YPH组(P0.05);FPH组、FM组和YPH组的蛋白质沉积率显著高于PBPH组和SPH组(P0.05)。饲料中添加FPH和YPH会显著增加花鲈肝脏和血清中碱性磷酸酶、酸性磷酸酶、超氧化物歧化酶、溶菌酶活性和总抗氧化能力,显著高于FM组、PBPH组和SPH组(P0.05)。FPH组的花鲈鱼体粗蛋白含量高于FM组和YPH组,但差异不显著(P0.05),FPH组显著高于PBPH组和SPH组(P0.05)。综上所述,4种不同蛋白水解物替代鱼粉后投喂花鲈幼鱼,鱼蛋白水解物效果最好,其次是酵母蛋白水解物、猪血蛋白水解物和豆粕蛋白水解物。     

荚膜甲基球菌蛋白替代鱼粉对珍珠龙胆石斑鱼生长性能、血清生化指标和肠道健康的影响

为了研究荚膜甲基球菌蛋白(MBM)替代鱼粉对珍珠龙胆石斑鱼生长性能和肠道健康的影响,实验以鱼粉含量40%为对照组(MBM0),在饲料中添加2%、4%、8%和12%的荚膜甲基球菌蛋白(MBM),分别替代饲料中鱼粉含量的5%(MBM5)、10%(MBM10)、20%(MBM20)和30%(MBM30),配制5组等氮等脂饲料,投喂初始体质量为(28.85±0.04) g的石斑鱼8周。结果显示,各组石斑鱼存活率均为100%;各替代组增重率、特定生长率、摄食率、饲料系数和蛋白质效率与对照组相比无显著差异;各替代组血清甘油三酯、总胆固醇含量、低密度脂蛋白含量和谷草转氨酶活性显著低于对照组,各组间血清白蛋白和高密度脂蛋白含量无显著性差异;各替代组肠道总抗氧化能力和超氧化物歧化酶活性高于对照组,丙二醛含量低于对照组,但均无显著性差异;各组肠道肌层厚度无显著差异,MBM10、MBM20和MBM30组肠道绒毛高度和宽度与对照组相比无显著差异,MBM10、MBM20、MBM30组和对照组肠道绒毛高度显著高于MBM5组,MBM30组肠道绒毛宽度显著高于MBM5组。实验表明,当基础饲料中鱼粉含量为40%时,MB...     

豆粕替代鱼粉对牛蛙生长性能、消化酶活性和肠道健康的影响

为探讨豆粕替代鱼粉对牛蛙(Rana catesbeiana)生长性能、表观消化率、消化酶活性和肠道健康的影响,以基础饲料为对照,豆粕替代基础饲料中50%和100%的鱼粉形成3种等氮等能的试验饲料,分别记为FM、B1和B2组,饲喂初始体重为(40±0.3)g的牛蛙,进行为期30 d的摄食生长试验,测定增重率、特定生长率、饲料效率、营养物质消化率、蛋白酶、淀粉酶、脂肪酶等指标。结果显示:各组间牛蛙成活率无显著差异;豆粕替代鱼粉显著降低牛蛙的增重率、饲料效率和蛋白质效率,显著降低其对饲料干物质、蛋白质和总能的表观消化率。肠道消化酶分析结果显示,豆粕100%替代鱼粉显著降低了牛蛙空肠和回肠蛋白酶活性,B1和B2组牛蛙回肠脂肪酶活性显著低于FM组,淀粉酶活性显著高于FM组。对牛蛙肠道组织形态观察发现,豆粕替代鱼粉后肠道绒毛高度、肌层厚度和柱状上皮高度显著降低。豆粕替代鱼粉后肠道促炎因子IL-1β、IL-17、IL-8和TNF-αmRNA的表达量显著升高。结果表明,牛蛙饲料中大量使用豆粕会对其生长和饲料利用产生负面的影响,并诱导肠道炎症发生。     

脱脂黑水虻虫粉替代鱼粉对大黄鱼幼鱼生长、体成分、血清生化指标及抗氧化能力的影响

本实验旨在探讨脱脂黑水虻(Hermetia illucens)虫粉(DBSFLM)替代鱼粉(FM)对大黄鱼(Larimichthys crocea)幼鱼生长、体成分、血清生化指标及抗氧化能力的影响。实验设计6组等氮(粗蛋白45%)等脂(粗脂肪10%)饲料,用黑水虻脱脂虫粉分别替代饲料中0%、20%、40%、60%、80%和100%的鱼粉蛋白,分别记为G0、G20、G40、G60、G80和G100。选用2160尾平均体重为(50.08±3.31)g的大黄鱼幼鱼随机分为6组,每组3个重复,每个重复120尾,在室内水泥池(2 m×1 m×1 m)进行为期7周的投喂实验。结果表明:(1) G100组大黄鱼幼鱼存活率显著低于其他实验组, G40组大黄鱼增重率(WGR)、蛋白质效率(PER)均显著高于其他组(P0.05);(2)大黄鱼肌肉粗蛋白含量随着DBSFLM替代FM水平的增加而下降,替代40%及以上鱼体粗蛋白含量显著降低(P0.05);肌肉的粗脂肪和粗灰分含量则随DBSFLM替代FM水平的增加而升高,其中替代60%及以上鱼体粗脂肪和粗灰分含量显著升高(P0.05);(3)随着替代水平的升高(40%),大黄鱼血清谷丙转氨酶(ALT)和谷草转氨酶(AST)活性显著上升(P0.05),甘油三酯(TG)和胆固醇(CHOL)水平显著下降(P0.05);(4)G20组大黄鱼肝脏总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)及G40组实验鱼肝脏超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性均为最高,G40组大黄鱼肝脏丙二醛(MDA)含量最低。过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性随着DBSFLM替代FM水平升高呈现下降趋势,替代40%及以上CAT活性显著下降(P0.05)。综上所述,在本实验条件下,脱脂黑水虻虫粉替代饲料中40%鱼粉蛋白对大黄鱼幼鱼的生长性能、体成分及健康状况无负面影响。     

不同蛋白水解物对花鲈(Lateolabrax japonicus)生长性能及非特异性免疫的影响

实验以基础饲料组[含30％鱼粉蛋白(FM)]为对照组,用鱼蛋白水解物(FPH)、猪血蛋白水解物(PBPH)、酵母蛋白水解物(YPH)和豆粕蛋白水解物(SPH)分别替代配方中10％的鱼粉蛋白,配制成5组等氮等脂的饲料,喂养初始平均体重为31.99 g的花鲈(Lateolabrax japonicus)8周,探讨饲料中不同蛋白水解物对花鲈生长、饲料利用、体组成成分及非特异性免疫的影响.结果显示:各处理组实验鱼存活率在97.78％-98.89％之间,没有显著性差异(P＞0.05);FPH组与FM组的末重和特定生长率最高,两者之间没有显著差异(P＞0.05),但显著高于PBPH组、SPH组和YPH组(P＜0.05);FPH组饲料效率高于FM组、PBPH组和YPH组(P＞0.05),且显著高于SPH组(P＜0.05);各实验处理组鲈鱼摄食率没有显著差异(P＞0.05);FPH组蛋白效率比显著高于FM组、PBPH组、SPH组和YPH组(P＜0.05);FPH组、FM组和YPH组的蛋白质沉积率显著高于PBPH组和SPH组(P＜0.05).饲料中添加FPH和YPH会显著增加花鲈肝脏和血清中碱性磷酸酶、酸性磷酸酶、超氧化物歧化酶、溶菌酶活性和总抗氧化能力,显著高于FM组、PBPH组和SPH组(P＜0.05).FPH组的花鲈鱼体粗蛋白含量高于FM组和YPH组,但差异不显著(P＞0.05),FPH组显著高于PBPH组和SPH组(P＜0.05).综上所述,4种不同蛋白水解物替代鱼粉后投喂花鲈幼鱼,鱼蛋白水解物效果最好,其次是酵母蛋白水解物、猪血蛋白水解物和豆粕蛋白水解物.     

蚕粉替代鱼粉对加州鲈幼鱼生长、饲料利用及体成分的影响

本研究评价了蚕粉对加州鲈(Micropterus salmonides)幼鱼生长、饲料利用率和体成分的影响。选用初始均体重为(3.13±0.04) g的加州鲈540尾,随机分成6个实验组,每组3个重复,每个重复30尾实验鱼,分别以蚕粉替代0(对照组)、10%、20%、30%、40%和50%的鱼粉设计出6种等氮、等能的饲料配方,按照配方配制实验饲料。由于后期养殖气温下降,不适合继续进行实验,本养殖时间为45 d。结果显示,加州鲈的增重率(WGR)、特定生长率(SGR)及蛋白质效率(PER)均随蚕粉替代水平的升高呈先上升后下降的变化趋势,且其WGR、SGR和PER均在蚕粉替代水平为30%时达到最大(分别为227.87%、1.98%/d和164.55%)(P0.05);饲料系数(FCR)则随蚕粉替代水平的升高呈先降后升的变化趋势,且在蚕粉替代水平为30%时达到最低(为1.43)(P0.05);肥满度(CF)、肝体比(HSI)、脏体比(VSI)则随蚕粉替代水平的升高而呈先上升后下降并趋于稳定的趋势(P0.05);实验期间各组实验鱼的成活率(SR)差异不显著(P0.05)。通过二次回归分析可知,加州鲈幼鱼WGR、SGR、FCR及PER最优时饲料的蚕粉替代比例分别为19.90%、22.00%、18.11%和17.90%;加州鲈全鱼粗脂肪含量随蚕粉替代水平的升高呈先降低后升高的变化趋势(P0.05),粗蛋白含量随蚕粉替代水平的升高无明显变化(P0.05),水分除蚕粉替代水平为10%和40%组差异显著外(P0.05),其余各实验组差异不显著(P0.05),蚕粉替代水平大于20%时,全鱼灰分显著降低(P0.05)。在本实验条件下,综合考虑实验鱼的生长指标、饲料利用和体成分,饲料中蚕粉适宜的替代水平为17.90%～22.00%。     

脱脂亮斑扁角水虻幼虫粉替代鱼粉对黄颡鱼幼鱼生长性能、营养素沉积率、血清生化指标和消化酶活性的影响

为研究脱脂亮斑扁角水虻幼虫粉(DBSFLM)替代鱼粉对黄颡鱼幼鱼生长性能、营养素沉积率、血清生化指标和消化酶活性的影响,本实验选用平均体质量为(1.67±0.01) g的黄颡鱼幼鱼480尾,随机分为4个处理组,分别投喂基础饲料(T0)和实验饲料[脱脂亮斑扁角水虻幼虫粉分别替代鱼粉20%(T20)、40%(T40)和60%(T60)],每个处理组3个重复,每个重复40尾鱼,养殖8周。结果显示,随着DBSFLM替代量的增加,黄颡鱼生长呈先增加后降低的趋势;T20组的终末均重、增重率和特定生长率最高,且显著高于T60组;实验组T20和T60的摄食量显著高于对照组和T40组;实验组的腹脂指数、灰分和钙沉积率呈下降趋势,其中T60组的腹脂指数、T40和T60组的灰分和钙沉积率达到显著水平;与对照组T0相比,实验组的肥满度、脏体比、肝体比、肠体比和胃体比、蛋白质、脂肪和磷沉积率及黄颡鱼体蛋白、体脂肪和灰分均没有显著差异;血清胆固醇和甘油三脂显著降低,高密度/低密度脂蛋白胆固醇显著升高,实验组T40的胃蛋白酶活性有增加趋势、肠道胰蛋白酶活性显著增加。研究表明,在本实验条件下,脱脂亮斑扁角水虻幼虫粉替代鱼粉不影响黄颡鱼幼鱼的生长性能和体组成含量,并可降低腹脂指数、血清甘油三酯、胆固醇含量及灰分、钙的沉积率,还可增加蛋白酶活性,以20%替代比例生长最佳,且优于对照组。     

发酵豆粕、肉骨粉及其混合物替代鱼粉对大口黑鲈生长、血清生化指标和肠道组织学的影响

为探究2种蛋白源单一和混合替代鱼粉对大口黑鲈生长性能、血清生化指标和肠道组织学的影响,实验用发酵豆粕(FSM)、肉骨粉(MBM)和发酵豆粕+肉骨粉(FSM+MBM)混合物(1∶1)等蛋白替代基础饲料(FM,含鱼粉350 g/kg)中150 g/kg的鱼粉,使鱼粉含量降为200 g/kg,共配制成4种等氮等脂的实验饲料,记为FM (对照组)、FSM、MBM和FSM+MBM组,投喂初始体质量为(21.2±0.1) g的大口黑鲈8周。结果显示,与对照组相比,各替代组的增重率均无显著差异,但FSM组的增重率显著低于FSM+MBM组。此外,FSM组的饲料系数较对照组和MBM组显著升高。各组在全鱼成分(水分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗灰分)和干物质消化率、蛋白质消化率以及蛋白质沉积率上无显著差异,而FSM组的蛋白质效率和脂肪沉积率显著低于对照组。此外,FSM组的血清谷草转氨酶显著增加,而血清总抗氧化能力以及超氧化物歧化酶、溶菌酶活性显著降低。在前肠形态学方面,各替代组的绒毛宽度均显著低于对照组,FSM组的绒毛高度、肌层厚度以及绒毛周长显著高于对照组。以上结果表明,在鱼粉含量为350 g/kg的饲料中,MB...     

Apparent digestibility of rendered animal protein ingredients for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

The apparent digestibility of 20 rendered animal protein ingredients from various origins was determined in three digestibility trials. The ingredients consisted of eight blood meals, four feather meals, six meat and bone meals and two poultry by-product meals. Within each type of ingredient, a relatively large range of raw materials, processing conditions and equipment were represented. In each of three trials, a reference diet was mixed with test ingredients in a 70:30 ratio to produce a series of test diets. The reference and test diets were fed to rainbow trout reared at 15°C and fecal samples were collected using the “Guelph system”. Apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) for protein and energy of the four feather meals varied between 81 and 87% and 76 and 80%. Significant differences in the ADC for protein of feather meal were observed and may be related to the drying equipment. The ADC for protein of the two poultry by-product meals was 87 and 91% and that of energy 77 and 87%. The ADC for protein and energy of the six meat and bone meals varied between 83 and 89% and 68 and 83%, respectively. Treatment of one of the meat and bone meals by air-classification to reduce its ash content resulted in a significant increase in the ADC for protein and lipid. ADC for protein of the blood meals varied between 82 and 99% whereas ADC for energy varied between 79 and 99%. Spray-dried blood products (whole blood, blood cells, blood plasma) were highly digestible (ADC protein=96-99%). Rotoplate-, steam-tube- and ring-dried blood meals had significantly lower ADC for protein and energy than spray-dried blood products.     

利用豆粕、菜粕和棉粕替代饲料中鱼粉对苏氏圆腹鱼芒摄食、生长和饲料利用的影响

摘要：通过8周网箱实验评价了利用豆粕、菜粕和棉粕作为苏氏圆腹鱼芒 （Pangasius sutchi）饲料中鱼粉替代蛋白源的潜力。配制了7种等氮、等能饲料,其中基础饲料含45%鱼粉,按等量蛋白替代的原则,在其余6种饲料中分别添加31%和46%豆粕替代基础饲料中鱼粉的50%和75%,或添加20%和40%菜粕替代基础饲料中鱼粉的25%和50%,或添加19%和39%棉粕替代基础饲料中鱼粉的25%和50%。实验中所用的苏氏圆腹鱼芒初始体重为11.3 g。实验结果表明：添加豆粕将饲料中鱼粉含量从45%降低到23%,添加菜粕或棉粕将鱼粉含量降低到34%,对鱼成活率、摄食、鱼体增重、特定生长率（SGR）、饲料系数（FCR）、饲料蛋白储积率、脏体指数和红血细胞比积（Hct）未产生显著不良影响。添加豆粕将鱼粉含量降低到11%导致鱼摄食、鱼体增重和SGR下降,添加菜粕将鱼粉含量降低到23%导致FCR和鱼体能量储积率下降,添加棉粕将鱼粉含量降低到23%导致鱼体增重、SGR和Hct明显下降。上述结果显示,可通过添加豆粕（31%）将苏氏圆腹鱼芒 鱼种饲料中鱼粉含量降低到23%,或通过添加菜粕（20%）和棉粕（19%）将饲料中鱼粉含量降低到34%。     

High dietary incorporation levels of rendered animal protein ingredients on performance of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum, 1972)

Two growth trials were conducted using spray-dried blood meal (BM), feather meal (FEM), meat and bone meal (MBM) and poultry by-product meal (PBM) as major protein sources in the diet of rainbow trout. In the first trial, five diets were formulated to examine the nutritive value of spray-dried BM and PBM. Increasing levels of BM (6, 12%) or PBM (10, 20, and 30%) replaced fish meal and corn gluten meal in the diet. For the second trial, eight diets were formulated to contain the following combinations: FEM + MBM, FEM + PBM or MBM + PBM. The diets containing FEM + MBM and FEM + PBM were supplemented with either L-lysine or DL-methionine, the amino acids predicted to be the two most limiting in these diets. Each experimental diet was allocated to three tanks of fish and fed for 20 weeks in the first trial or 16 weeks in the second trial. All the experimental diets were readily consumed by the fish and high growth and good feed efficiency ratio (FER) were achieved for all diets. In the first trial, there were no significant differences (P > 0.05) in weight gain or FER of fish fed the five experimental diets, suggesting that BM and PBM had high nutritive values for rainbow trout. In the second trial, growth of the fish fed the diet containing the FEM + PBM combination was not statistically different from growth of fish fed the control diet. Growth of fish fed diets with FEM + MBM or PBM + MBM combinations were slightly lower than that of fish fed the control diet. Supplementation of diets with either L-lysine or DL-methionine had no effect on the performance of the fish. The results from this study show that feather meal, poultry by-product meal, blood meal and meat and bone meal have good potential for use in rainbow trout diets at high levels of incorporation.     

Effect of casein substitution with fishmeal, soybean meal and crustacean meal in the diet of the abalone Haliotis discus hannai Ino

The effect of dietary substitution of casein with fishmeal, soybean meal and crustacean meal on the growth of the abalone Haliotis discus hannai Ino was determined. A 350 g casein per kilogram diet was included into the CS diet. The whole casein was then substituted by: (1) 300 g fishmeal and 200 g soybean meal per kilogram diet (FS), (2) 200 g fishmeal, 200 g soybean meal and 130 g krill meal per kilogram diet (FSK), (3) 200 g fishmeal, 200 g soybean meal and 280 g red crab meal per kilogram diet (FSC) or (4) 200 g fishmeal, 200 g soybean meal and 130 g shrimp head meal per kilogram diet (FSS). In addition, a 50‐g by‐product of green tea per kilogram diet was included in the FS diet to form the FSG diet. Sea tangle (ST)diet was supplied to abalone as a control feed. Weight gain, final shell length and final shell width of abalone fed with the various substitution feeds (FS, FSK, FSC, FSS and FSG) were not different from those obtained with the CS diet. All the formulated feeds, however, produced higher weight gain and final shell width values than the ST diet. The results of this study show that casein can be replaced with a combination of fishmeal, soybean meal, krill meal, crab meal and/or shrimp head meal in the diet without a retardation of growth of abalone.     

Partial substitution of fish meal with soybean and cottonseed meals in diets for African bonytongue,Heterotis niloticus (Cuvier, 1829) fingerlings: effects on growth,feed efficiency and body composition

A feeding trial was conducted to examine the suitability of soybean meal (SBM) and cottonseed meal (CSM) as a partial substitute for the dietary protein supplied by fish meal for H. niloticus fingerlings. Fish were fed with four isonitrogenous (350 g kg^?1 crude protein) and isoenergetic (18.8 kJ g^?1 GE) diets in which fish meal protein was gradually replaced by plant protein from a mixture of SBM and CSM (0%, 25%, 50% and 75% in diets 1, 2, 3 and 4 respectively). Triplicate groups of fingerlings H. niloticus (mean weight of 5 g) were handfed twice daily to apparent satiation for 60 days inside net hapas. Growth performances (SGR varied from 3.09% to 3.16% day^?1) of fingerlings fed diets containing 0%, 25% and 50% plant protein were not significantly different (P>0.05). At 75% fish meal substitution, growth and feed utilization efficiency indicators were significantly reduced (P<0.05). The carcass composition were also significantly (P<0.05) affected by the replacement level of fish meal, except dry matter and ash. Results suggest that the dietary fish meal protein could efficiently be substituted by a mixture of soybean and cottonseed meals up to 50%, without adverse effects on maximal growth in practical diets for H. niloticus fingerlings.     

Growth and body composition of rohu (Labeo rohita) fed diets containing oilseed meals: partial or total replacement of fish meal with soybean meal

A 56‐day feeding trial was conducted to evaluate growth, feed utilization and body composition of fingerling rohu, Labeo rohita (4.5 ± 0.2 cm; 2.58 ± 0.04 g), fed five isonitrogenous (350 g kg^?1 crude protein) and isoenergetic (15.7 kJ g^?1 metabolizable energy) diets in which the main protein contributors were: diet I, fish meal (FM); diet II, soybean meal (SBM); diet III, groundnut meal (GNM); diet IV, equal amounts of SBM, GNM and canola meal (CM); diet V, equal amounts of FM, SBM, GNM and CM. Fish were stocked in triplicate groups of 25 fish held in 70 L flow‐through tanks (water volume 55 L) and fed twice daily (0900 and 1700 hrs) to apparent satiation. Fish fed diet I exhibited the highest (P < 0.05) values for live weight gain and specific growth rate (% per day). Feed conversion and protein efficiency ratio were better (P < 0.05) in fish‐fed diets I and II. Fish‐fed diet II exhibited lower (P < 0.05) fat and ash contents in carcass. Based on these findings, a 70‐day trial (Experiment II) was conducted with six diets fed under the same conditions where FM was incrementally replaced with SBM. Fingerling L. rohita (6.7 ± 0.4 cm; 4.07 ± 0.02 g) were used for the study. Crystalline l ‐methionine was added to diets containing more than 250 g kg^?1 SBM. This second study showed no significant (P > 0.05) variation in growth, feed utilization and carcass composition for fish fed the different diets. In conclusion, SBM was more effective than GNM or CM, as FM was replaced in feeds for fingerling L. rohita and could completely replace FM when supplemented with methionine and fortified with minerals under the conditions of this study.     

Effect of totally or partially replacing fish meal by alternative protein sources on growth of African catfish Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) reared in concrete tanks

A 12‐week feeding trial was carried out in concrete tanks to examine complete and partial replacement (75%) of fish meal (FM) with poultry by‐product meal (PBM), meat and bone meal (MBM) and soybean meal (SBM) in practical feeds for African catfish Clarias gariepinus. Triplicate groups of fish (initial body weight ranged from 90.33 to 93.93 g fish⁻¹) were fed seven isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets of 20% digestible protein and 300 kcal 100 g⁻¹ of digestible energy. The control contained 25% herring meal, whereas in the other six diets, PBM, MBM and SBM replaced 75% or 100% of the FM. Final body weight (FBW) and specific growth rate (SGR) of the fish fed diets containing PBM (75% and 100%), SBM (75% and 100%) and MBM (75%) were all higher, but not significantly different than those for fish fed the control diet. Replacing 100% of the FM by MBM significantly lowered FBW and SGR. Concerning whole body composition, there were no significant differences in ash and gross energy content of whole‐body among fish; fish fed diets containing PBM‐100% recorded significantly lower protein content compared with the control diet, while fish fed diet SBM‐100% recorded significantly lower moisture content compared with the control diet. Also fish fed diets SBM‐100% and PBM‐75% recorded higher lipid and gross energy contents compared with the control diet. The study revealed that satisfactory growth and feed utilization responses could be achieved through the replacement of FM by PBM, SBM and MBM in the diet of African catfish.     

Availability of protein and energy from three protein sources in hybrid sturgeon Acipenser guldenstadti × A. bester

The apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) of three diet ingredients serving as protein sources for adult sturgeon Acipenser guldenstadti × A. bester was studied using an inert marker in the feed and collecting the faeces by stripping. Each experimental diet contained a different protein source, fishmeal, soybean meal and poultry meal, making up 50% of the total, the other 50% being reference diet (28% fishmeal, 9% poultry meal, 24% soybean meal, 26% wheat flour, 8% poultry oil plus 0.5% vitamins, egg yolk, guar and chromic oxide). The digestibility of protein from fishmeal was 81.0%, from soybean meal 81.9% and from poultry meal 64.6%. Energy digestibility tests gave the following results: fishmeal 13.0 kJ g^?1; soybean meal 12.1 kJ g^?1; and poultry meal 10.2 kJ g^?1. The differences in the ADC of various protein and carbohydrate sources are discussed.     

Growth and nutrient utilization of Murray cod Maccullochella peelii peelii (Mitchell) fingerlings fed diets with varying levels of soybean meal and blood meal

Abstract The Australian native freshwater fish Murray cod, Maccullochella peelii pellii (Mitchell), currently supports a fledgling inland aquaculture industry, which is thought to have considerable growth potential. The aim of this study was to evaluate the suitability of two alternate protein sources [blood meal (BM) and defatted soybean meal (SBM)] as substitutes for fish meal at various levels of inclusion in diets for juvenile Murray cod. The growth performance of juvenile Murray cod in response to nine isonitrogenous and isocalorific diets (50% protein, 14% lipid, 20.2 kJ g^?1) consisting of a control diet in which protein was supplied from fish meal, and test diets in which the fish meal protein was substituted at levels of 8%, 16%, 24%, and 32% with BM or SBM was evaluated from a 70‐day growth experiment. The per cent apparent dry matter (% ADC_dm) and percentage protein digestibility (% ADC_p) of the test diets were also determined using Cr₂O₃ as a marker. Survival in all the SBM dietary treatments was high but that of fish on the BM dietary treatments was significantly (P < 0.05) lower than in all the other dietary treatments. Specific growth rate (% day^?1) of Murray cod fed SBM incorporated diets ranged from 1.63 ±  0.06 to 1.78 ±  0.10 and even at the highest level tested (32% of the dietary protein from SBM) was not significantly different (P > 0.05) from the fish fed the control diet (1.65 ±  0.09). Feed conversion ratios of the SBM dietary treatments ranged from 1.36 ±  0.08 to 1.45 ±  0.07. The protein efficiency ratios and protein conversion efficiencies of Murray cod in the soybean meal treatments were also good and for a majority of the SBM diets were better than those for the control diet. Per cent ADC_dm and ADC_p of the SBM diets tested ranged from 70.6 ±  1.46 to 72.3 ±  1.81% and 88.6 ±  0.57 to 90.3 ±  0.17%, respectively, and was not significantly different (P > 0.05) from the control diet (% ADC_dm 74.3 ±  1.63; % ADC_p 91.3 ±  0.55). The reasons for significantly poor survival and growth of Murray cod reared on BM incorporated diets, and relatively poor digestibility of these diets are discussed. The study shows that for Murray cod diets in which fish meal protein is substituted up to 32% performance or carcass composition is not compromised.     

Effects of replacing fish meal with soybean meal and peanut meal on growth,feed utilization and haemolymph indexes for juvenile white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei,Boone

An 8‐week feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of replacing fish meal (FM) with soybean meal (SBM) and peanut meal (PM) on growth, feed utilization, body composition and haemolymph indexes of juvenile white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei, Boone. Five diets were formulated: a control diet (FM30) containing 30% fish meal and four other diets (FM20, FM15, FM10 and FM5) in which protein from fish meal was substituted by protein from SBM and PM. The dietary amino acids of diets FM20, FM15, FM10 and FM5 were equal to those of the diet FM30 by adding crystalline amino acids (lysine and methionine). Each diet was randomly assigned to triplicate groups of 30 shrimps (initial weight = 0.48 g), each three times daily. The results indicated that shrimp fed the diets FM15, FM10 and FM5 had poor growth performance and feed utilization compared with shrimp fed the control diet. No difference was observed in feed intake, survival and body composition among dietary treatments. The plasma total cholesterol level of shrimp and the digestibility of dry matter, protein and energy contained in the diets decreased significantly with increasing PM and SBM inclusion levels. Results of this study suggested that fish meal can be reduced from 300 to 200 g kg^?1 when replaced by a mixture of SBM and PM.