复合油和低鱼粉饲料在卵形鲳鲹养殖中的应用效果研究

为评估课题组前期研发的卵形鲳鲹(Trachinotus ovatus)(又称金鲳)复合油、脂肪粉以及低鱼粉饲料在养殖生产中的应用效果,利用饲料公司的商品料生产设备生产4种等氮(48%)等脂(11%)配合饲料(D1～D4):其中,D1～D3为饲料公司的金鲳商品料配方(含20%鱼粉),仅添加的脂肪源不同,分别为10%鱼油(D1)、10%卵形鲳鲹复合油(D2)、8%卵形鲳鲹复合油+4%卵形鲳鲹脂肪粉(D3);D4为本课题组研发的低鱼粉饲料(含6.6%鱼粉),脂肪源与D3一致。以此4种饲料于海水池塘网箱(2 m×2 m×1.5 m)中养殖卵形鲳鲹幼鱼,试验鱼体质量(64.75±0.70)g,实验周期8周。结果显示,与D1组相比,D2～D4组鱼的生长性能和形态指标无显著差异(P>0.05),但D2组的饲料系数显著降低(P<0.05);D3和D4组血清低密度脂蛋白(LDL)含量、谷草转氨酶(GOT)和谷丙转氨酶(GPT)活性以及肝脏丙二醛含量均显著低于D1组(P<0.05)。鱼背肌的粗蛋白含量D3和D4组显著高于D1组(P<0.05),而鱼背肌其他常规成分及腹肌各常规成分各...     

卵形鲳鲹深水网箱养殖试验

卵形鲳鲹(该鱼图见彩中插2)是高级食用海水鱼,生长速度快,养殖半年多可达500克。市场上400克以上每千克售价25～35元,是近年来新兴的一个养殖品种。我们于2005年7月首次在广东湛江用深水网箱进行养殖试验,现将卵形鲳鲹养殖技术总结如下:一、网箱条件1.海区选择深水网箱养殖卵形     

卵形鲳鲹网箱养殖技术

卵形鲳鲹(Trachinouts ovatus)属于鲈形目、鲈亚目、鲳鲹亚科、鲳鲹属,俗称红三、金鲳、短鳍鲳、黄腊鲳,是我国台湾省海水网箱养殖的主要品种之一。卵形鲳鲹具有生长速度快、适应环境能力强、养成成活率高等特点,其肉为白色,较细嫩,肉质鲜美可口,为名贵海产经济鱼类之一;一般当年放养体     

卵形鲳鲹海水网箱养殖技术

卵形鲳鲹属鲈形目、鲹科、鲳鲹属，又名金鲳、黄腊鲳等，因其肉质细嫩、味道鲜美、营养丰富，深受东南亚市场的青睐。卵形鲳鲹具有生长速度快、适应环境能力强、成活率高等特点，一般当年养殖，当年即可达到上市商品规格，经济效益显著，因而深受养殖业者的欢迎。随着人工育苗与养殖技术的发展，卵形鲳鲹现已成为我国南方沿海地区广泛养殖的一种经济鱼类。卵形鲳鲹的养殖方式主要有网箱养殖、池塘养殖、鱼媪养殖等，近几年来在我国海南和广东等地沿海进行网箱养殖的规模不断扩大，因此，下面主要就卵形鲳鲹的网箱养殖技术做一个简单的总结和介绍。     

卵形鲳鲹深水网箱养殖密度试验

为了研究深水网箱养殖卵形鲳鲹适宜的放养密度,在一组4个深水网箱中分别按照40,50,60,80尾/m3的密度,放养规格12～14 g/尾的卵形鲳鲹苗种进行为期100～122 d的养殖试验.结果表明;40～50尾/m3放养密度的各项生长指标优于60～80尾/m3,40～50尾/m3的日均增重、饲料系数、成活率和利润分别为4.32～4.23 g/d、1.75～1.80、91.7%～90.3%、43.0～44.6元/m3,60～80尾/m3分别为3.83～3.12 g/d、1.92～2.10、89.6%～86.4%、23.4～-17.4元/m3.过高的放养密度不利于卵形鲳鲹生长,并且增大了饲料系数,增加了养殖成本.在深水网箱中放养规格为12～14 g/尾的卵形鲳鲹,养殖密度以40～50尾/m3为宜.     

传统网箱和深水网箱养殖卵形鲳鲹的对比试验

利用传统渔排网箱和深水网箱养殖卵形鲳鲹,从生长、收获及经济效益方面对比其养殖效果。养殖124d的结果如下：传统网箱养殖卵形鲳鲹鲂收获时的平均体重、饵料系数、成活率和单位产量分别为350．2g/尾、2．26、80．3％和12．98kg／m^3,深水网箱分别为421．1g/尾、2．05、91．2％和17．28kg/m^3。养殖成本传统网箱和深水网箱分别为17．93元,kg和17．10元／kg,产值分别为264．6元/m^3和346．0元／m^3,开4润分别为31．9元/m^3和50．4元,m^3。试验结果表明,深水网箱养殖卵形鲳鲹比传统网箱生长快,饵料系数低,成活率较高,经济效益也优于传统网箱。     

卵形鲳鲹配合饲料中酶解鱼浆蛋白和陆生复合蛋白替代鱼粉的研究

为了评估卵形鲳鲹(Trachinotus ovatus)配合饲料中酶解鱼浆蛋白和陆生复合蛋白替代鱼粉的可行性,本研究设计了4种等蛋(42%)等脂(12%)配合饲料(D1~D4),其中,D1(对照组)含30%鱼粉,D2~D4(处理组)都含14%陆生复合蛋白且还分别含有16%、11%、6%鱼粉和0、5%、10%酶解鱼浆蛋白;各处理组都补充蛋氨酸和赖氨酸。将360尾初始体重为(7.28±0.10) g的卵形鲳鲹幼鱼随机分配到12个海上网箱中,每个网箱30尾鱼,每种饲料设3个网箱。将鱼以上述4种饲料饲养62 d后,测定其生长性能、体组成、血清生化指标、肠道消化酶活性与组织抗氧化指标。结果显示,各实验组鱼的增重率(WGR)、特定生长率(SGR)、蛋白质效率(PER)、饲料系数(FC)、胃蛋白酶(PEP)、脂肪酶(LPS)和淀粉酶(AMS)活性均无显著差异(P>0.05)。D3和D4组全鱼粗蛋白含量显著高于D1和D2组,D4组鱼肌肉脂肪含量显著低于D1~D3组(P<0.05);D2~D4组鱼血清谷草转氨酶(AST)及D2和D3组鱼谷丙转氨酶(ALT)活性都显著低于D1组(P<0.05),D1和D4组血清总蛋白(TP)和球蛋白(GLO)水平显著高于D2和D3组(P<0.05);D2~D4组肝脏过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性、总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)和肌肉超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性显著高于D1组(P<0.05),且肝脏丙二醛(MDA)含量低于D1组(P<0.05)。研究表明,含6%鱼粉的D4组鱼的生长性能与30%鱼粉D1组无差异,且全鱼蛋白含量及肝脏和肌肉抗氧化能力显著提高,说明14%陆生复合蛋白配合10%酶解鱼浆蛋白可有效替代卵形鲳鲹饲料中80%鱼粉,使饲料鱼粉使用量低至6%。本研究是首次探讨酶解鱼浆蛋白在卵形鲳鲹配合饲料中应用的可行性,结果可为研发高效低成本配合饲料提供参考依据。     

卵形鲳鲹不同养殖方式的研究

在高位池塘和海区网箱进行养殖卵形鲳鲹(Trachinotus ovatus)的比较试验.9个月的养殖中,通过定期测量鱼的体长、体重,比较这两种养殖方式的成活率和生长情况.结果显示,在高位池塘养殖和海区网箱养殖的成活率分别为88.6%和90.3%,两者差别不明显;但卵形鲳鲹在高位池塘养殖比在自然海区网箱养殖生长快.     

卵形鲳鲹网箱养殖过程主要生长阶段DDTs残留特征及其来源分析

为了解卵形鲳鲹养殖过程主要生长阶段DDTs残留特征及其来源途径,针对卵形鲳鲹实际网箱养殖生产条件,在放苗、养殖生产中期和收获3个主要时期,分别采集网箱中养殖水体、养殖鱼体、所用饲料和网箱处海底表层沉积物底泥样品,采用气相色谱法测定样品中DDTs及其同系物含量。结果显示,苗种、成鱼、所用饲料及养殖水体和养殖环境表层沉积物底泥中,均检测出DDTs,其中苗种、养殖成鱼、所用饲料、养殖海水和表层沉积物底泥中DDTs平均含量分别为(3.15±0.42)、(4.49±0.39)、(3.95±0.33)μg/kg干重、(3.76±0.43)ng/L和(4.34±1.18)μg/kg干重。随着养殖过程的进行,鱼体中DDTs含量逐渐增加,收获上市时期鱼体肌肉中含量显著高于苗种时期的含量,但远低于0.5 mg/kg湿重的国家食品安全限量标准。从DDTs同系物种类上看,养殖海水、饲料和鱼体中ο,ρ′-DDT、ρ,ρ′-DDD、ρ,ρ′-DDT和ρ,ρ′-DDE 4种同系物均能检出,但沉积物中仅检测出前3种同系物。4类样品DDTs主要成分均为ο,ρ′-DDT和ρ,ρ′-DDT,其在鱼体中所占比例平均值分别为42.09%和37.07%;在饲料中所占比例平均值分别为44.85%和34.62%;在养殖海水中所占比例平均值分别为40.91%和37.99%;在养殖环境沉积物底泥中所占比例平均值分别为33.03%和51.34%。从鱼体、饲料、养殖海水和沉积物底泥中DDTs同系物组成比例和含量特征判断,饲料是鱼体后续生长中富集DDTs的主要来源途径之一。为保障卵形鲳鲹质量安全,应着重加强饲料中有毒有害物质的控制和管理。     

黄鳝人工配合饲料网箱养殖试验

池塘网箱养殖黄鳝 (Ｍｏｎｏｐｔｅｒｕｓａｌｂｕｓｚｕｉｅｗ)具有占地面积少、管理方便、成本低、经济效益显著等优点 ,近年来已在浙江、江苏等省展开 ,但多采用鲜活的蚯蚓和野杂鱼喂养[1,2 ,3] ,因而在一定程度上限制了养殖规模的进一步扩大。为了进一步推动黄鳝养殖业的发展 ,我们于 1999年 6月 10日— 10月 10日在杭州建塘水产养殖公司进行了用人工配合饲料网箱养殖黄鳝试验并取得了初步成功 ,现将试验结果报告如下。1　材料与方法1 1　网箱规格及设置网箱规格为长 6 8ｍ×宽 3 5ｍ×高 1 2ｍ。网箱材料由聚乙烯无结节夏花网片拼…     

Effect of replacing fish meal with soybean meal and of DL‐methionine or lysine supplementation in pelleted diets on growth and nutrient utilization of juvenile golden pompano (Trachinotus ovatus)

The experiment was conducted to determine the effect of dietary DL‐methionine addition in fish meal reduction diet for juvenile golden pompano (Trachinotus ovatus). The trial comprises the following of 11 diet treatments. (i) D1 diet as the standard was formulated with fish meal as the main protein source. (ii) D2–D5 diets were formulated to replace fish meal with soybean meal at 60, 120, 180 and 300 g kg^?1, respectively, and the amino acid profiles (including methionine and lysine) of D2–D5 were referred to the amino acid profile of D1. (iii) D6‐D9 diets were the same as D2–D5, respectively, but without methionine supplementation. (iv) D10 and D11 diets were the same as D3 and D5 diets, respectively, but without lysine supplementation. Each diet was randomly fed to groups of 20 fish (initial average weight about 18 g) per net cage (1.0 × 1.0 × 1.5 m) in triplicate and the feeding experiment lasted for 56 days. Weight gain (WG, %) and final body weight (FBW, g) of fish fed D3 diet were significantly higher than those of fish fed D8 and D9 diets (P < 0.05), but without significant differences with fish fed other diets (P > 0.05). Feed conversion ratio (FCR) of D3, D4 and D5 diet treatments were significantly lower than that of D11 diet treatment (P < 0.05), but without significant difference with other diet treatments (P > 0.05). Whole‐body protein contents of fish fed D3–D5 were significantly higher than those of fish fed D7–D9 (P < 0.05), but without significant differences with fish fed other diets (P > 0.05). In conclusion, the replacement of fish meal by soybean meal could reach 300 g kg^?1 without detrimental but profitable effect on growth and survival when enough methionine and lysine were supplemented in the diet; moreover, lysine is not the first‐limiting amino acid relative to methionine for juvenile T. ovatus from the present growth and proximate composition results.     

急性和慢性低氧胁迫对卵形鲳鲹鳃器官的影响

文章研究了窒息点以上的低氧胁迫对卵形鲳鲹(Trachinotus ovatus)鱼体鳃器官的影响,在常温条件下对(32.84±3.99)g的卵形鲳鲹进行了急性(0 h、3 h、6 h、12 h、24 h)和慢性(14 d)的低氧胁迫实验,采用常规石蜡切片和H-E染色以及电子显微技术,观察低氧胁迫对卵形鲳鲹鳃器官的影响。结果显示,卵形鲳鲹在急性低氧胁迫下鳃小片上皮肿胀和抬升;慢性低氧胁迫下随着时间延长,鳃小片上皮细胞与鳃小片分离,鳃呼吸表面积增加。结果表明低氧胁迫对卵形鲳鲹鳃器官具有较大影响,而且慢性胁迫的影响大于急性胁迫。     

卵形鲳鲹育种群体遗传多样性分析

利用11个微卫星位点,对海南三亚和广东大亚湾2个卵形鲳鲹（Trachinotus ovatus）育种群体进行了遗传多样性评价和聚类分析。结果显示,海南三亚和广东大亚湾2个卵形鲳鲹育种群体的平均等位基因（Na）分别为5.0和3.6,平均有效等位基因（Ne）为2.965和2.244,观测杂合度（Ho）分别为0.292~0.814和0.207~0.840,期望杂合度（He）分别为0.307~0.813和0.189~0.761,海南三亚群体中多态信息含量（PIC）为0.014~0.719,平均为0.509,而广东大亚湾群体的PIC为0.168~0.711,平均为0.436。海南三亚群体有5个位点偏离哈迪-温伯格平衡（P0.05）,广东大亚湾群体有2个位点偏离哈温-伯格平衡;2个群体间的遗传相似系数为0.561,遗传距离为0.578,遗传分化指数（Fst）为0.152。Structure软件分析显示海南三亚和广东大亚湾2个卵形鲳鲹群体各为一支,2个群体间具有较大的遗传分化,可作为2个育种群体管理,2个群体间进行杂交选育预期可获得较好的遗传进展。     

Jaw malformation of hatchery reared golden pompano Trachinotus ovatus (Linnaeus 1758) larvae

Jaw malformations of hatchery reared golden pompano Trachinotus ovatus larvae were studied from 1 day post hatch (DPH) to 31 DPH. The severity of jaw deformities was classified into three levels where ‘0’ represents normal jaw; ‘1’ is intermediate jaw malformation; and ‘2’ is severe jaw malformation. The severe jaw malformations of golden pompano larvae were clearly observed on 3 DPH. Starting from 3 DPH, both intermediate and severe jaw malformations were observed and the total incidence of jaw malformations ranged from 9.6% to 46.6%. The highest severe jaw malformation occurred on 5 DPH, and 25% larvae exhibited serve jaw malformation. On 11 DPH, jaw malformations reached the peak with 46.6% fish exhibiting jaw malformations of either category 1 or 2. On 26 DPH, the percentage of intermediate jaw malformation reached the peak value (36.4%). This was the first study reporting jaw malformation of golden pompano larvae, and the result can be used as a reference point for future research on the control of jaw malformation in golden pompano.     

牛磺酸对卵形鲳鲹肠道微生物及免疫功能的影响

为了探讨牛磺酸对卵形鲳鲹(Trachinotus ovatus)肠道微生物菌群结构和免疫功能的影响,试验以鱼粉、发酵豆粕和玉米蛋白粉为基础蛋白源配制了牛磺酸质量分数分别为1.3 g·kg-1(T0)、4.4 g·kg-1(T1)、7.4 g·kg-1(T2)、10.5 g·kg-1(T3)、12.7 g·kg-1(T4...     

Effects of fish meal replacement with low-gossypol cottonseed meal on the intestinal barrier of juvenile golden pompano (Trachinotus ovatus)

The effects of replacing fish meal (FM) with low-gossypol cottonseed meal (LCSM) on the intestinal barrier in different segments (PI, proximal intestine; MI, middle intestine; DI, distal intestine) were studied in juvenile golden pompano (Trachinotus ovatus) using 6-week feeding trials. FM of 0% (diet_1), 20% (diet_2), 40% (diet_3) and 60% (diet_4) was replaced by LCSM. The FM-based diet (diet_1) containing 25% FM was used as control group. The intestinal morphology, mRNA expression of tight junction-related genes (ZO-1, Occludin, Claudin-12), antioxidant enzyme-related genes (CAT, GPx, GR, CuZnSOD) and non-specific immune response-related genes (IL-8, TNF-α, C4) and microbiota of different intestine segments were detected. The results showed that the number and length of microvilli and intestinal wall thickness decreased significantly in PI of diet_3 and diet_4 groups. Meanwhile, mRNA expression of Occludin, Clauding-12 and C4 was up-regulated in PI and DI of diet_3 group; the expression of GR and CuZnSOD was up-regulated in PI and MI with increasing LCSM replacement; the expression of TNF-α was up-regulated in the three segments of diet_3 group. Further, 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing revealed a significant reduction in the richness and diversity of intestinal microbial in diet_3 and diet_4 groups. At the family level and genera level, the abundance of Nocardiaceae and Rhodococcus was up-regulated in the three segments of diet_3 and diet_4 groups respectively. These results suggested that the replacement of LCSM by more than 20% causes the intestinal barrier function of juvenile golden pompano to be affected. These provide a reference for sustainable aquaculture.     

Supplementations of poultry by‐product meal and selenium yeast increase fish meal replacement by soybean meal in golden pompano (Trachinotus ovatus) diet

The effects of poultry by‐product meal (PBM) and selenium yeast (Se‐yeast) supplementations on fish meal replacement by soybean meal (SBM) in the diet of golden pompano (Trachinotus ovatus) were examined. In trial I, a 2 × 3 layout including two PBM levels (100 and 170 g kg^?1) and three levels of fish meal replacement (0, 40 or 60%) was used. At 100 g kg^?1 PBM, fish fed the basal diet exhibited the highest weight gain (WG) and nitrogen retention efficiency (NRE) and the lowest feed conversion ratio (FCR). At 170 g kg^?1 PBM, no significant differences were found in WG and NRE between fish fed the basal diet and diet with 40% of fish meal replaced by SBM. In trial II, the basal diet containing 170 g kg^?1 PBM (trial I) served as a reference. A 2 × 2 layout included two levels of fish meal replacement (40 or 60%) and two levels of Se‐yeast addition (0 and 1 g kg^?1). No significant differences were found in WG, feed intake, FCR and NRE between fish fed the reference diet and diet with 40 or 60% fish meal replacement plus 1 g kg^?1 Se‐yeast addition. This study indicates that supplementations of PBM and Se‐yeast can enhance the level of fish meal replacement by SBM in golden pompano diet. Dietary fish meal level can be reduced to 140 g kg^?1 by optimizing inclusion of SBM, PBM and Se‐yeast.     

卵形鲳鲹脂肪酸延长酶(Elovl4-like)基因特征与功能研究

长链脂肪酸延长酶(elongases of very long chain fatty acids, Elovls)是长链多不饱和脂肪酸(long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid, LC-PUFA)生物合成途径中的关键限速酶,能够延长PUFA的碳链。为探究Elovl4在卵形鲳鲹(Trachinotus ovatus) PUFA生物合成中的功能,该研究克隆了卵形鲳鲹Elovl4基因的cDNA序列,命名为ToElovl4-like,其开放阅读框(ORF)为792 bp,编码263个氨基酸。生物信息学分析结果表明,编码的氨基酸包含Elovl家族的显著结构特征如组氨酸盒子、多个跨膜区和ER滞留信号等。序列比对结果显示,卵形鲳鲹Elovl4-like基因高度保守,且该基因编码的蛋白序列与其他鱼类的相似度为73%~86%,其中与大西洋鳕(Gadus morhua)的相似度最高(86%)。系统进化分析表明,Elovl4主要聚为Elovl4a、Elovl4b和Elovl4-like 3类。其中ToElovl4-like与其他鱼类的Elovl4-like亲缘关系最近。实时荧光定量PCR表明ToElovl4-like基因在各组织中均有表达,其中在性腺和脾中mRNA表达量最高,在脑中mRNA表达量最低。酵母异源表达分析表明,ToElovl4-like可以分别将亚油酸(18:2n-6)、二十碳五烯酸(20:5n-3)延长为二十碳二烯酸(20:2n-6)和二十二碳五烯酸(22:5n-3)。研究结果为了解鱼类长链多不饱和脂肪酸(LC-PUFA)的生物合成提供了理论基础。     

The suitable dose of gamma irradiation on soybean meal as a fish meal substitute in diets for golden pompano (Trachinotus ovatus)

A 5‐week feeding trial was conducted to assess the effect of gamma ray irradiation treatment on soybean meal as a fish meal substitute in diets for golden pompano (Trachinotus ovatus). A diet containing 32% fish meal served as a reference (C), and 75% of the fish meal was replaced by soybean meal that either received no gamma ray irradiation (R0) or was irradiated with gamma ray at a dose of 5 (R5), 10 (R10), 15 (R15), 30 (R30) or 60 (R60) kGy respectively. All the diets were formulated to contain 46% crude protein and 6.5% crude lipid. The weight gain was higher in fish fed diets R5, R10, R15 and R30 than in fish fed diet R0. The feed intake was higher in fish fed diets R15, R30 and R60 than in fish fed diets R0, R5 and R10. No significant differences were found in feed conversion ratio, nitrogen retention efficiency, condition factor, hepatosomatic index, body composition, waste outputs of nitrogen and phosphorus between fish fed the diets with non‐irradiated soybean meal or irradiated soybean meal as the fish meal substitute. Proteins with heavy molecular weight in soybean meal were degraded, whereas the contents of proteins with light molecular weight or peptides increased with the increase in the irradiation dose. This study reveals that gamma ray irradiation at a dose of 5 to 15 kGy can significantly improve the level of soybean meal inclusion as a fish meal substitute in diets for golden pompano.