Preparation and evaluation of enrofloxacin microspheres and tissue distribution in rats

New enrofloxacin microspheres were formulated, and their physical properties, lung-targeting ability, and tissue distribution in rats were examined. The microspheres had a regular and round shape. The mean diameter was 10.06 µm, and the diameter of 89.93% of all microspheres ranged from 7.0 µm to 30.0 µm. Tissue distribution of the microspheres was evaluated along with a conventional enrofloxacin preparation after a single intravenous injection (7.5 mg of enrofloxacin/kg bw). The results showed that the elimination half-life (t_1/2β) of enrofloxacin from lung was prolonged from 7.94 h for the conventional enrofloxacin to 13.28 h for the microspheres. Area under the lung concentration versus time curve from 0 h to ∞ (AUC_0-∞) was increased from 11.66 h·µg/g to 508.00 h·µg/g. The peak concentration (C_max) in lung was increased from 5.95 µg/g to 93.36 µg/g. Three lung-targeting parameters were further assessed and showed that the microspheres had remarkable lung-targeting capabilities.     

Assessment of left ventricular longitudinal function in cats with subclinical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy using tissue Doppler imaging and speckle tracking echocardiography

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) in cats is characterized by concentric left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy and both diastolic and systolic dysfunction. Although impaired cardiac function detected by tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) in cats with HCM was previously reported, reference ranges of TDI in normal cats and cats with HCM have been reported as widely variable. Two-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography (STE) was useful for assessment of cardiac function in human patients with HCM, but clinical utility was not known in cats. The aim of this study was to assess global and segmental LV myocardial function using STE in cats with HCM whose TDI variables were within the reference range. A total of 35 cats of different breeds were enrolled in this study. The HCM group (n=22) was cats diagnosed as HCM without left atrial enlargement and with normal TDI measurements. HCM cats were further divided into a segmental hypertrophy (S-HCM) group and a diffuse hypertrophy (D-HCM) group. The control group consisted of 13 clinically healthy cats. No cats in any group showed any clinical symptoms. Conventional echocardiography, TDI, and global and segmental STE indices were evaluated and compared between groups. Only the longitudinal strain rate during early diastole was significantly decreased in both HCM groups, even in all segments including those without hypertrophy in S-HCM group. This study suggests that STE parameters are the more sensitive variables compared with conventional TDI parameters to detect early myocardial diastolic dysfunction in cats with HCM.     

The effect of dietary coenzyme Q10 on plasma metabolites and hepatic gene expression in broiler breeder hens

ABSTRACT

1. This study was performed to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation of coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) on laying rate, body weight, plasma metabolites and some liver gene expression in broiler breeder hens.

2. A total of 128 broiler breeder hens (Arbor Acres Plus, 47 weeks of age) were randomly distributed to four dietary groups supplemented with different levels of CoQ10 (0, 300, 600 or 900 mg/kg diet) with four replicates of eight hens each. During 47–54 weeks of age, laying rate, egg mass and body weight were recorded weekly. To assay plasma biochemical indicators, blood samples were collected at 54 weeks of age. At the end of the experiment, for evaluating the abdominal fat weight, liver weight and expression of the adiponectin and proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPAR-α) genes in the liver, eight hens per treatment were selected, weighed and humanely killed by decapitation.

3. Dietary supplementation of CoQ10 linearly decreased abdominal fat weight, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activities by increased levels of CoQ10. The plasma levels of glucose, cholesterol and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity were quadratically decreased by increased levels of CoQ10. The best plasma levels of glucose, cholesterol and ALP activity were estimated at 562.5, 633.3 and 517.8 mg CoQ10/kg diet, respectively. Adiponectin and PPARα gene expression exhibited a linear increased by increased levels of CoQ10.

4. In conclusion, addition of CoQ10 to the diet influenced lipid metabolism and expression of the adiponectin and PPAR-α genes, which might be partially due to the improvement in mitochondrial metabolism and energy production. However, further studies are necessary to determine the effects of CoQ10 on these indicators in broiler breeder hens during ageing.     

雌二醇对大鼠子宫内嗜酸性粒细胞数量分布的影响

采用放射免疫法检测了15只处于发情周期不同时期（发情前期、发情期、间情期）的Wistar雌性大鼠和25只不同处理组（假手术组、卵巢摘除组、卵巢摘除＋20μg／kg雌二醇组、卵巢摘除＋100μg／kg雌二醇组、卵巢摘除＋500μg／kg雌二醇组）的大鼠血清中雌二醇浓度,并采用瑞氏一姬姆萨染色方法计数子宫内嗜酸性粒细胞（EOS）的数量。结果显示,大鼠血清雌二醇浓度在发情期最高,间情期最低。子宫内EOS数量在发情期最高,间情期最低。卵巢摘除后,血清中雌二醇浓度降低;补充雌二醇后,血清雌二醇浓度明显升高（P〈0．05）。卵巢摘除后子宫内EOS数量也明显降低;补充雌二醇后,EOS数量显著增加（P〈0.05）。提示,随着血清雌二醇浓度的升高,子宫内EOS数量呈递增趋势,也就是说,外源性雌二醇对子宫内EOS数量有直接的影响。     

共轭亚油酸对肉仔鸡体组成和肉品品质的影响

本试验旨在探讨日粮添加共轭亚油酸(CLA)对肉仔鸡体组成和肉品品质的影响。240只1日龄肉仔鸡随机分配到4个日粮处理组(0%、0.25%、0.5%和1%CLA),每个处理6个重复,每个重复10只鸡。试验结果表明:42d时,0.5%和1%CLA组肉仔鸡胸肌率显著高于对照组(P<0.05),1%CLA组肉仔鸡42d腿肌率显著高于对照组,肉仔鸡的腹脂率在各处理之间没有显著差异(P>0.05),1%CLA组肉仔鸡胸肌粗蛋白质粗脂肪比显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。0.5%、1%CLA组肉仔鸡胸肌滴水损失和丙二醛(MDA)含量显著降低(P<0.05)。试验结果表明,CLA可改善肉仔鸡屠体性状,增加鸡肉系水力和延长货架存放时间。     

The absorption, tissue distribution and excretion of enteraly administered alpha-ketoglutarate in rats

The absorption, tissue distribution and excretion of enteral alpha-ketoglutarate (AKG) was studied in four experiments. Six male Sprague Dawley rats were used to investigate the excretion of AKG in urine and faeces. Thirty rats, randomly assigned to five groups, were used to investigate the distribution of AKG in body tissues. They were gavaged with AKG enriched with 3 muCi/kg BW of (14)C uniformly marked AKG. Fourteen male Sprague Dawley rats were used to study the absorption of AKG (duodenum vs. ileum). Intestinal recovery of NaAKG vs. CaAKG was investigated in 36 rats. There was no significant excretion of non-metabolized AKG in the urine and faeces. There was no significant difference in the systemic levels of AKG when comparing the proximal to distal small intestine infusion. Up to 50%, 30% and 20% of gastrically delivered AKG was recovered in the stomach, 0.5, 1 and 2 h after gavage; the jejunal recovery achieved a maximum of 3%, 30 min after gavage, and was not detectable 2 h later. There was a relatively high distribution of (14)C-AKG in the tissues (e.g. liver, brain, bones, skin, muscles), 3 h after gavage, up to 70% of the administered dose. In conclusion, the high rate of retention of the carbon from AKG allows the postulation that there is a non-energetic mode of metabolism of intragastrically administered AKG. After conversion to final metabolites, AKG penetrates into all tissues and organs of rats, including the bone tissue. Intestinal absorption of AKG does not depend on the type of AKG salt administered.     

Tissue distribution of albumin‐glucose advanced glycation end products administrated to chickens

Glycation (Maillard reaction) starts from non‐enzymatic amino‐carbonyl reaction binding carbonyl group of reducing sugars to amino group of amino acids. The amino‐carbonyl reaction leads to the formation of the stable Amadori product, which ultimately forms advanced glycation end products (AGE). Acceleration of glycation during hyperglycemia increases the production and accumulation of AGE, which is implicated in the gradual development of diabetic complications in diabetes mellitus. Avian species offers the great advantage of providing animal models for diabetology because high blood glucose concentration should accelerate to generate high concentration of AGE. In the present study, radioactive AGE was prepared from chicken serum albumin and ¹⁴C‐glucose. Radioactive AGE was administrated to examine the tissue distribution of AGE in chickens. Administration of radioactive AGE into the circulation of chickens revealed that AGE accumulated into specific tissues, liver, spleen and kidney, which have the function for clearing exogenous substances and endogenous metabolic waste products.     

雄蜂蛹中硝基呋喃类代谢物含量的测定及超标原因分析

雄蜂蛹中硝基呋喃类抗生素尤其是呋喃西林代谢物-氨基脲(SEM)残留超标是困扰我国雄蜂蛹出口的一个难题。本文对不同日龄雄蜂蛹中硝基呋喃类代谢物含量进行了测定,并对超标原因进行了分析。测定结果表明,在蜂群没有使用任何硝基呋喃类药物情况下,各日龄雄蜂蛹中的SEM含量依然严重超标,随着日龄的增长,雄蜂蛹中的SEM含量大幅增长,特别是16d以后,每过2d,含量增加2μg/kg左右。推测雄蜂蛹中SEM含量超标是非人为因素造成的,可能与雄蜂蛹生长后期体内甲壳素含量的增加相关。     

共轭亚油酸对断奶仔猪生产性能及免疫的影响

试验选择30日龄、体重相近的杜×长×大三元杂交断奶仔猪40头,按体重和性别随机分为4个组,公母各半。各组在相同基础日粮中分别添加0%、0.5%、1.0%和2.0%共轭亚油酸(CLA),研究日粮中添加CLA对断奶仔猪生产性能与免疫的影响。结果表明,当日粮中CLA的添加量为1.0%和2.0%时,可以显著提高断奶仔猪试验末重、日增重、饲料利用率、IgM水平、T淋巴细胞转化率、CD4 及CD4 /CD8 比例,降低仔猪采食量及腹泻率(P<0.05)。而对IgG、IgA水平及CD8 无显著影响(P>0.05)。     

喹乙醇在动物血浆与组织间残留分布规律研究及相关性分析

试验采用高效液相色谱分析法,对饲喂含有不同浓度喹乙醇饲料(75mg/kg、100mg/kg、125mg/kg)的猪体组织(肝脏、肾脏、肌肉)和血浆中喹乙醇含量进行检测,分析喹乙醇在猪体内的残留分布,探讨喹乙醇在血浆中的含量与猪体内组织的残留含量的相关性。结果表明:饲料中喹乙醇添加量与组织和血浆中残留量均呈线性相关关系;同一浓度的喹乙醇添加量在猪组织和血浆中的残留量分布:肝脏>肾脏>肌肉>血浆;建立的血浆与组织间残留量的回归方程具有较高的可靠性。     

Reproductive traits of the Ryukyu long-furred rat (Diplothrix legata) on Okinawa-jima Island

The Ryukyu long-furred rat, Diplothrix legata, is a large rodent distributed only on Amami-ohshima Island, Tokuno-shima Island and Okinawa-jima Island, Japan. This animal is endangered as a result of deforestation, predation by introduced carnivores and mortality caused by vehicles. We performed theriogenological examinations of 32 male and 25 female Ryukyu long-furred rats carcasses collected from wild populations on northern Okinawa-jima Island from December 2005 to September 2013. Adult males had remarkably large preputial glands. Seminiferous diameter of adult was significantly small (136 ± 28 µm, n=8) from April to August. Numerous spermatozoa were observed from September through February, and seminiferous diameter was significantly large (216 ± 27 µm, n=12) during this time in adults; testes length changed in a similar pattern. These findings indicate that the mating season may occur from September through February. Size (body length) at sexual maturity was estimated to be >560 mm in both sexes. From observation of corpora lutea and placental scars, litter size was estimated to range from 2 to 12 (average=6, n=4). These results provide fundamental knowledge that will be beneficial for in situ and ex situ conservation of this rare species.     

包被共轭亚油酸对山羊瘤胃氢化、肠道及乳脂肪酸的影响

文章旨在评估日粮添加棕榈油酸钙和包被共轭亚油酸对瘤胃氢化和长链脂肪酸从十二指肠到乳转化的影响。试验将12只体重(61.9±8.57)kg处于泌乳期的多胎次萨能奶山羊随机分为2组,每组6个重复,每个重复1只羊。两个试验组分别在基础日粮中补充50g棕榈油酸钙和包被共轭亚油酸,试验共开展42d。结果显示,两个试验组对山羊干物质、有机物、中性洗涤纤维、淀粉摄入量及养分在十二指肠流量和瘤胃表观消化率均无显著影响(P>0.05)。与棕榈油酸钙组相比,包被共轭亚油酸组有降低干物质和中性洗涤纤维消化率的趋势(P=0.08),但处理组对淀粉消化率无显著影响(P>0.05)。山羊饲喂棕榈油酸钙或包被共轭亚油酸日粮后,脂肪酸的十二指肠流量高于脂肪酸摄入量。包被共轭亚油酸增加了C18:2trans-10,cis-12和C18:2cis-9,trans-11的十二指肠流量,导致两种脂肪酸对瘤胃的氢化保护率均达到16%。C18:1cis-9、C18:2cis-9,12、C18:3cis-9,12,15的瘤胃生物氢化不受包被共轭亚油酸处理的影响(P>0.05)。综上所述,与添加棕榈油钙相比,在奶山羊中饲喂不受瘤胃生物氢化包被共轭亚油酸对干物质、有机物、中性洗涤纤维、淀粉摄入量、十二指肠流量及瘤胃表观消化率无显著影响。包被共轭亚油酸增加了十二指肠的流量和C18:2trans-10,cis-12和C18:2cis-9,trans-11的比例,使瘤胃生物氢化保护率达到15%~16%。     

The influence of dietary conjugated linoleic acid on blood serum and colostrum immunoglobulin G concentration in female goats before and after parturition

The effects on blood serum and colostrum immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels from including conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in the diet were evaluated in goats. In experiment 1, 20 goats were allotted into two groups; the CLA group received 20 g/kg of dry matter of CLA 60 and the control group received 0 g/kg of CLA 60, from the third month of gestation until partum. Blood samples were taken every 2 weeks from 1 day before CLA inclusion to partum. From partum until 96 hours, blood and colostrum samples were taken every 24 h. Before partum, IgG serum blood levels were 15.6 and 9.4 mg/ml (CLA and control, respectively); the time effect was statistically significant. After partum (96 h), the effect of CLA dietary inclusion was statistically significant.     

Effects of feeding pistachio by‐products silage on growth performance,serum metabolites and urine characteristics in Holstein male calves

This study investigated physiological effects of pistachio by‐products silage (PBPS) substituted in Holstein male calves diets and its effects on the growth performance. Twenty‐four Holstein male calves (4–5 months of age and 155.6 ± 13.5 kg BW) were randomly assigned to one of four experimental diets (n = 6); contained 0%, 6%, 12% and 18% of PBPS (DM basis) respectively. During a 6‐month experiment, dry matter intake (DMI) and weight gain were recorded and blood and urine samples were collected at different times. Results showed that mean DMI was not affected by different levels of PBPS in diets. But the calves fed 6% PBPS had the highest average daily gain (p < 0.05) and the lowest feed conversion ratio (p < 0.05). The calves fed 12% and 18% PBPS had lower albumin, white blood cell, haemoglobin and packed cell volume (p < 0.05) than those fed other diets. However, other serum metabolites, complete blood count (CBC), insulin and liver enzymes were not affected by the experimental diets. The long‐term feeding of PBPS at different levels had no significant effect (p > 0.05) on pH, specific gravity, the number of white and red blood cells and epithelial cells count in urine. The animals did not show any symptom of illness or toxicity during the experimental period and all of the blood and urine parameters were in a normal range. It was concluded that substitution of PBPS up to 18% of the total diet that provide up to 18.2 g/kg DM total tannin had no adverse effects for Holstein male calves.     

母鼠围产期铅暴露对仔鼠组织微量元素含量的影响及乙酰半胱氨酸的保护效应

为观察母鼠围产期铅暴露对仔鼠各组织微量元素含量的影响及N-乙酰半胱氨酸(NAC)的保护效应,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)测定低水平铅暴露后的仔鼠血液、大脑、骨骼、肝脏和肾脏等组织中的铅、锌、铜、铁、锰和硒等微量元素的含量。结果表明,与对照组相比,染铅组所测组织铅含量均极显著升高(P<0.01),锌含量均极显著降低(P<0.01);肝脏铁含量、肾脏硒含量及骨骼铁、铜、硒含量均显著降低(P<0.01或P<0.05)。NAC拮抗组与染毒组比较,各组织铅含量显著降低(P<0.01或P<0.05),血液和肾脏锌含量显著升高(P<0.05),其他元素含量无明显差异(P>0.05)。     

兔TLR2 TLR4部分cDNA克隆及其在组织中的分布

从日本大耳白兔的脾脏组织克隆出Toll样受体基因2(RTLR2)和Toll样受体基因4(RTLR4),并对其在兔的17种组织中的表达分布进行了检测。RTLR2和RTLR4核苷酸序列与GenBank中登载的穴兔(Oryctolagus cuniculus)TLR2序列(NM_001082781)、TLR4序列(NM_001082781)的相似性分别为99%和100%;推导氨基酸序列的同源性比对发现,与人、马、野猪、猫、猩猩、牛、绵羊和鼠等8种动物相比,RTLR2与马的同源性最高,为80%,与鼠最低,为61%,而RTLR4与这几种动物的同源性在62%~75%之间;兔的胸腺、盲肠、睾丸等15种组织中均检测到TLR2和TLR4 mRNA的转录产物,但骨骼中未发现TLR2和TLR4,TLR4在皮肤中也未见表达。     

Wistar和SD大鼠顶叶皮层和纹状体组织比重及含水量的比较

本试验旨在比较Wistar和Sprague-Dawley(SD)大鼠不同脑区组织比重和含水量的差异。在建立良好的液体比重柱的基础上,利用比重法测定皮层和纹状体的比重。通过建立组织比重-含水量转换方程,将组织比重换算为组织含水量,利于比较2种大鼠脑组织含水量。结果表明,Wistar和SD大鼠脑组织比重-含水量转换方程无明显差别,两种大鼠相同脑区组织含水量也无明显差别,但皮层组织含水量均明显高于纹状体组织。因此,测定脑水肿应分区测定。