疯草内生真菌研究现状与存在问题

疯草是世界范围内危害草原畜牧业可持续发展最严重的毒草。引起家畜疯草中毒的主要成分是吲哚里西啶生物碱--苦马豆素,苦马豆素除具有毒性外,还具有显著的抗菌、抗病毒、抗肿瘤、增强免疫等药理活性,有关苦马豆素产生机制、毒理和药理活性研究已成为人们研究的热点。为了揭示疯草毒性物质产生机制、疯草内生真菌与疯草抗逆性,特别是疯草毒性物质与疯草内生真菌互作关系等诸多问题,国内外科技工作者从20世纪末就开始致力于疯草内生真菌生物多样性、疯草内生真菌与苦马豆素产生关系以及与疯草抗逆性形成机制研究,已从多种疯草中分离到可产苦马豆素的内生真菌,并发现疯草内生真菌与疯草之间存在密切关系。本文对近年来国内外疯草内生真菌研究的主要内容及研究现状进行综述,并对该研究领域中存在的若干问题进行了探讨。     

产苦马豆素疯草内生真菌及苦马豆素研究进展

疯草(Locoweed)是黄芪属、棘豆属和苦马豆属中含苦马豆素(swainsonine, SW)有毒植物的统称,具有抗旱耐寒,分布广泛的特性。牲畜长期采食疯草会引起蓄积性中毒,严重时导致死亡,严重危害了我国草原畜牧业的可持续发展。疯草内生真菌是疯草具有毒性的根本原因,其毒性代谢产物即苦马豆素。论文对疯草在中国的种类与分布、疯草与内生真菌互作关系、疯草内生真菌种属及检测方法、疯草内生真菌传播方式与内生真菌育种;苦马豆素的来源、毒理机制及生物合成通路最新研究进展做一综述,以期为疯草植株及其内生真菌的改造利用方面提供参考。     

疯草-内生真菌共生体的研究与展望

就近年来国外对疯草内生真菌的分离、宿主植物体内生真菌分布、疯草苦马豆素种群分布特征及其与内生真菌的相关性研究进展作一综述,以期更好地利用疯草及内生真菌造福人类。     

苦马豆素与波状芽管蠕孢属内生真菌关系的研究进展

疯草是含有苦马豆素的豆科棘豆属和黄芪属有毒植物的统称,家畜过量采食会发生以神经系统机能紊乱为特征的慢性中毒病。疯草的主要毒性成分为吲哚里西啶生物碱苦马豆素,波状芽管蠕孢属内生真菌在疯草中普遍存在,该属真菌与疯草中苦马豆素产生、含量及疯草毒性关系密切。文章对疯草中的苦马豆素和波状芽管蠕孢属内生真菌之间的关系进行综述,旨在为动物疯草中毒病的防控提供参考。     

波状芽管蠕孢属疯草内生真菌研究进展

疯草是世界范围分布的豆科棘豆属和黄芪属有毒植物的统称,其主要毒性成分为吲哚里西啶类生物碱——苦马豆素。放牧家畜采食疯草会发生疯草中毒病,导致瘫痪、不孕、流产、生产性能下降、死亡等,造成的经济损失巨大。波状芽管蠕孢菌是疯草中普遍存在的一类内生真菌,该菌与疯草中苦马豆素的合成和疯草的毒性紧密相关。抑制或阻断波状芽管蠕孢菌在疯草中的传播和苦马豆素合成,将有望降低或消除疯草的毒性。本文将对波状芽管蠕孢属疯草内生真菌的种属分类、与疯草毒性的关系、传播机制、SW的合成机理等方面的研究进行综述,为疯草内生真菌相关研究的开展和从控制疯草内生真菌角度防控动物疯草中毒病提供思路。     

疯草—内生真菌共生体的研究与展望

就近年来国外对疯草内生真菌的分离、宿主植物体内生真菌分布、疯草苦马豆素种群分布特征及其与内生真菌的相关性研究进展作一综述，以期更好地利用疯草及内生真菌造福人类。     

疯草内生真菌研究进展

疯草内生真菌Undifiumn oxytropis是由分布于我国西北地区的疯草中分离得到的一类内生真菌,其代谢产物苦马豆素(swainsonine,SW)具有良好的抗肿瘤活性,还能导致牛、羊疯草中毒,对我国草原畜牧业造成了严重的危害。论文对疯草内生真菌的分布、生长特性、SW抗肿瘤活性以及疯草内生真菌生物合成SW的研究进展做一综述,为有关研究提供参考     

疯草及毒性成分研究进展

疯草是指含苦马豆素的豆科黄芪属和棘豆属有毒植物,能引发家畜疯草病。疯草的分布比较广泛,属于世界性有毒植物,近年来疯草蔓延迅速,在一些地区已经造成草地毒草化,频繁出现放牧家畜中毒死亡现象,严重威胁草地畜牧业发展。研究表明,疯草的毒性与其含有的苦马豆素有关,但苦马豆素却不是疯草自身代谢产物,而是疯草携带内生真菌的代谢产物,此外苦马豆素还是一种良好抗肿瘤药物。笔者结合国内外相关研究对疯草的分布、危害、防治及毒性成分研究进展进行综述,并对疯草分类、研究地域及利用前景进行了讨论。     

产苦马豆素疯草内生真菌U.oxytropis的发酵培养及苦马豆素检测方法的建立

通过对生长初期疯草内生真菌U.oxytropis菌丝复苏后连续培养32d,每隔4d取样1次,并设3个平行培养组,测定其不同培养时期菌丝干重变化,利用超声减压旋蒸法提取菌丝和发酵液中苦马豆素(SW),并分别利用薄层层析法、气相色谱法和α-甘露糖苷酶抑制法对菌丝、发酵液中SW含量进行测定。结果显示,经测定疯草内生真菌U.oxytropis菌丝干重质量,确定疯草内生真菌U.oxytropis生长周期为24d;薄层层析法、气相色谱法和α-甘露糖苷酶抑制法都可快速对菌丝和发酵液中提取的SW进行定性、定量检测,并比较3种检测方法,发现气相色谱法检测限低、灵敏度更高。本试验完成了疯草内生真菌U.oxytropis生长周期的测定,并建立了菌丝、发酵液中SW的有效、快速提取及检测方法,为下一步产苦马豆素疯草内生真菌U.oxytropis生物合成机理的研究奠定基础。     

产苦马豆素真菌的筛选与鉴定

为探明青海及内蒙古多种疯草类植物及其根际土壤中是否存在产生苦马豆素的真菌,并对其种属进行鉴定,同时测定其苦马豆素产率。本试验拟对采自内蒙古和青海的疯草样品中的内生真菌及根际土壤真菌进行分离;应用薄层色谱和气相色谱法分别检测菌丝及发酵液中苦马豆素含量,筛选可产生苦马豆素的真菌;运用形态学和分子生物学方法对其属种进行鉴定。从青海采集的疯草样品中分离并筛选出2株可产苦马豆素真菌,一株为土壤真菌,一株为内生真菌,分别命名为FS-5和EFG-7;菌丝中苦马豆素含量分别为0.773和0.11 mg.g-1,结合形态学和分子生物学试验结果,确定这2株真菌分别为裂褶菌属真菌和镰孢菌(霉)属三线镰刀菌。结果显示,我国青海疯草及根际土壤中存在可产生苦马豆素的真菌。     

产苦马豆素疯草内生真菌实时荧光定量PCR检测方法的建立

根据疯草内生真菌苦马豆素合成基因簇中swn K 基因KS 区域设计引物,构建SYGR Green I实时荧光定量PCR检测方法,初步分析黄花棘豆植物样品中内生真菌生物量与苦马豆素含量的关系.结果表明,基于swnK基因KS区域构建的实时荧光定量PCR法特异性较好,灵敏性较高,当真菌起始DNA浓度在0.009?90ng/μ...     

Feed preferences and habituation of sheep poisoned by locoweed

Livestock addiction to locoweed is commonly cited as a clinical sign of locoweed poisoning. However, there have been no physiological or pathological explanations for the reported addiction. Four hypotheses were tested to evaluate locoweed's (Astragalus lentiginosus) addictive nature: 1) animals become psychologically addicted to locoweed; 2) animals have an innate preference for locoweed; 3) animals become habituated to locoweed in the sense of acquiring an acceptance or liking for it; and 4) intoxicated animals lose the ability to discriminate between feeds and eat whatever is present. Two feeding trials were conducted to evaluate these hypotheses. In 1987, 20 ewes were fed a pelleted basal feed consisting of alfalfa with 20% locoweed to induce locoweed poisoning. Five control ewes were fed pelleted alfalfa. In 1988, seven ewes were fed a basal feed consisting of alfalfa and 15% locoweed, and five control ewes were fed pelleted alfalfa. At 2- to 3-wk intervals, ewes from both trials were placed on cafeteria trials and offered a choice of four feeds (100% locoweed pellets, 15% or 20% locoweed pellets, mixed grain pellets and alfalfa pellets) to evaluate their preferences at increasing levels of intoxication. Sheep did not seek out locoweed, which would have indicated a psychological addiction. Locoweed was not innately palatable to sheep. One ewe habituated to 100% locoweed and two ewes habituated to the 15% locoweed diet. The rest of the ewes rejected the 100% locoweed pellets and the 15% or 20% locoweed basal feed when the choice of feeds was offered, even though they were severely intoxicated. Sheep show neither initial preference nor addiction to locoweed but may acquire preference (habituation).     

宁夏黄花棘豆中产苦马豆素内生真菌的分离及鉴定

对宁夏黄花棘豆中产苦马豆素内生真菌进行分离和鉴定,为进一步研究疯草内生真菌合成苦马豆素的分子调控机理提供菌种和奠定基础。分离并纯化黄花棘豆植物组织中的真菌,采用气相色谱质谱联用法对各菌株菌丝中的苦马豆素进行分析,筛选能产生苦马豆素的内生真菌;紫外线照射和黑暗交替培养诱导内生真菌产孢;提取真菌DNA,扩增和测定真菌甘油醛-3-磷酸脱氢酶（glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase,GPD）、内部转录间隔区（internal transcribed space,ITS）和线粒体核糖体小亚基（mitochondrial small subunit,mt SSU）基因序列,进行同源性比对和遗传进化分析,对其进行种属分类和命名。本研究从宁夏黄花棘豆中共分离到5株真菌,其中菌株NX-FEL001菌丝中含有苦马豆素,经诱导培养,该菌株能产生分生孢子及分生孢子梗等结构;序列同源性和系统发育分析结果表明,该菌株与Undifilum真菌的亲缘关系最近,根据形态结构和分子进化分析结果将菌株NX-FEL001鉴定为Undifilum oxytropis。     

Effects of an Estradiol Implant on Locoweed Consumption,Toxicity, and Recovery in Growing Beef Steers

Two experiments were conducted to determine effects of an estradiol implant (Compudose®) on locoweed consumption and toxicity in growing steers. In Exp. 1, 16 crossbred steers (185.3 ± 6.1 kg) were randomly assigned to two replicated treatments and received either an estradiol implant or no implant. Steers were assigned to one of four pastures and were rotated through all pastures, which differed in locoweed distribution, to allow equal access. Bite counts were recorded twice daily at 0600 and 1700 h during a period when steers were likely to consume locoweed. For bite counts, steers were observed for 5 min each, starting at 0600 and at 1700 h, and the number of bites taken of cool- and warm-season grasses, forbs, and locoweed were recorded. Blood was collected on d 0, 7, 28, 35, 63, and 119, and individual BW was recorded on d 0, 35, 63, and 119. Proportion of bites of locoweed consumed by implanted vs nonimplanted steers did not differ (P>0.10). Likewise, ADG, serum alkaline phosphatase activity, and thyroxine concentrations did not differ (P>0.10) between implanted and nonimplanted steers. In Exp. 2, 20 crossbred steers (212.3 ± 6.1 kg) were divided into four groups and individually fed in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Treatments included: 1) estradiol implant + locoweed, 2) implant, no locoweed, 3) no implant + locoweed, and 4) no implant, no locoweed. Steers were implanted at d 0 and fed either a ground forage diet containing 80% sudangrass hay and 20% locoweed, or a diet of 100% sudangrass hay. Implanted steers had improved ADG vs nonimplanted steers (P<0.10) through 63 d on trial, but no differences were observed in steers fed locoweed vs sudangrass hay diets (P>0.90; locoweed x implant, P>0.10). Alkaline phosphatase activity was greater (P<0.05) for steers fed locoweed vs those not receiving locoweed on d 7, 14, and 21, whereas, thyroxine concentration was lower (P<0.06) in steers fed locoweed than those not fed locoweed on d 14 and 21. Estradiol concentrations were greater in implanted steers vs those not implanted (P<0.05). These results suggest no effect of an estrogen implant on locoweed consumption or on severity of locoweed toxicity by beef steers.     

Grazing of spotted locoweed (Astragalus lentiginosus) by cattle and horses in Arizona

Spotted locoweed (Astragalus lentiginosus var. diphysus) is a toxic, perennial plant that may, if sufficient precipitation occurs, dominate the herbaceous vegetation of pinyon-juniper woodlands on the Colorado Plateau. Six cow/calf pairs and four horses grazed a 20-ha pasture with dense patches of locoweed in eastern Arizona during spring 1998. Locoweed density was 0.7 plants/m2 in the pasture. Locoweed averaged 30.4% NDF and 18.4% CP. Concentrations of the locoweed toxin, swainsonine, fluctuated from 1.25 to 2 mg/g in locoweed. Horses ate more (P < 0.01) bites of locoweed than did cows (15.4 and 5.1% of bites, respectively). Horses generally increased locoweed consumption over time since they ate approximately 5% of bites in the preflower stage compared with 25% of bites in the pod stage. Cattle consumed almost no locoweed (< 1% of bites) until the pod stage, when they increased consumption to 15% of bites. Horses were very avid (approximately 65 to 95% of bites) in selecting the small quantities (approximately 40 to 150 kg/ha) of available green grass, and it appeared that their propensity to eat scarce green forage influenced their locoweed consumption as well. Horses ate relatively little dry grass, even when it was abundant, whereas cattle ate large amounts of dry grass until green grasses became more abundant. Calves began eating locoweed on the same day as their dams and ate approximately 20% of their bites as locoweed. Serum concentrations of swainsonine were higher (P < 0.05) in horses than in cattle (433 vs. 170 ng/mL, respectively). Baseline swainsonine was zero in all animals, but swainsonine was rapidly increased to above 800 ng/mL in serum of horses as they ate locoweed. Horses exhibited depression after eating locoweed for about 2 wk; after 5 wk of exposure, horses became anorectic and behaviorally unstable. Although limited in scope, this study indicates that horses should not be exposed to spotted locoweed.     

Conditioning taste aversions to locoweed (Oxytropis sericea) in horses

Locoweed (Oxytropis sericea) is a serious poisoning problem for horses grazing on infested rangelands in the western United States. Our objectives were to determine 1) whether lithium chloride or apomorphine would condition aversions to palatable foods, and at what doses, and 2) whether horses could be averted to fresh locoweed in a pen and grazing situation. Apomorphine was not an acceptable aversive agent because at the dose required to condition an aversion (> or = 0.17 mg/kg BW), apomorphine induced unacceptable behavioral effects. Lithium chloride given via stomach tube at 190 mg/kg BW conditioned strong and persistent aversions to palatable feeds with minor signs of distress. Pen and grazing tests were conducted in Colorado to determine if horses could be averted to fresh locoweed. Pen tests indicated that most horses (5/6) were completely averted from locoweed. Treated horses ate 34 g of fresh locoweed compared to 135 g for controls (P < 0.01) during three pen tests when offered 150 g per test. One horse (T) in the treatment group ate locoweed each time it was offered in the pen, but ate no locoweed while grazing. In the grazing trial, control horses averaged 8.6% of bites of locoweed (P < 0.01) during the grazing portion of the study, whereas treated horses averaged <0.5%. One treated horse (S) accounted for all consumption; he consumed 15% of his bites as locoweed in a grazing bout on d 2 of the field study. Thereafter, he was dosed a second time with lithium chloride and ate no locoweed in the subsequent 5 d. Three of six horses required two pairings of lithium chloride with fresh locoweed to condition a complete aversion. The results of this study indicate that horses can be averted from locoweed using lithium chloride as an aversive agent, and this may provide a management tool to reduce the risk of intoxication for horses grazing locoweed-infested rangeland.     

The toxicosis of Embellisia fungi from locoweed (Oxytropis lambertii) is similar to locoweed toxicosis in rats

Locoweeds cause significant livestock poisoning and economic loss in the western United States. The toxicity of Embellisia sp. fungi isolated from locoweed was compared with locoweed toxicity using the rat as a model. Rats were fed diets containing locoweed, fungus and alfalfa, or alfalfa. Locoweed- and fungus-fed rats consumed swainsonine-containing food at approximately 1.3 mg x kg(-1) x d(-1), gained less weight (P = 0.001) and ate less than controls. Swainsonine is the principal agent responsible for inducing locoism in animals. The concentrations of alkaline phosphatase and aspartate aminotransferase enzymes were greater (P < 0.05) in serum of locoweed- and fungus-fed rats compared with control rats. Similar intracellular vacuolation was observed in renal, pancreatic, and hepatic tissues of rats that consumed either locoweed or fungus. Rats that ate locoweed or Embellisia fungi displayed indistinguishable toxicity symptoms. The Embellisia fungi from locoweed can induce toxicity without the plants. Locoism management strategies need to involve management of the Embellisia fungi.