犬科动物繁殖生物技术研究进展

犬科动物繁殖生物技术的研究远远落后于其他哺乳动物,因为犬科动物为季节性单次发情,其生殖生理有独特性,这使得犬科动物繁殖生物技术面临着一些困难,尤其是卵子和胚胎在体外培养及发育的效率很低。本文综述了犬科动物卵母细胞的成熟培养(IVM)、体外受精(IVF)和体外胚胎生产(IVP)、精液冷冻和人工授精、胚胎移植及克隆等的研究进展。     

微量元素锌对牛卵母细胞体外成熟及其体外受精胚胎发育的影响

本研究旨在探讨锌对牛卵母细胞体外成熟及体外受精胚胎发育的影响。首先使用锌螯合剂TPEN去除锌,并检测缺锌对牛卵母细胞体外成熟的影响;然后在体外成熟液中分别添加0(对照组)、0.4、0.8、1.2、1.6μg/mL硫酸锌,探索不同浓度硫酸锌对体外成熟及后续胚胎发育的影响。结果表明:锌元素在体外成熟液中的含量低于牛卵泡液和颈静脉血清(P<0.05);去除体外成熟液中的锌后牛卵母细胞的体外成熟效率下降(P<0.05),且具有时间依赖性,补充适宜浓度硫酸锌后成熟效率恢复;向体外成熟液中添加硫酸锌并未对卵母细胞体外成熟效率产生显著影响,但添加0.8μg/mL硫酸锌成熟后的卵母细胞中活性氧含量显著降低,后续体外受精胚胎的囊胚发育效率显著提高;RT-qPCR分析结果显示,与对照组相比,添加0.8μg/mL硫酸锌成熟后的卵母细胞中抗氧化基因SOD1、CAT、TXN1、PRD1和卵丘扩展基因PTX3、TSG6的表达水平均提高(P<0.05)。研究表明,添加0.8μg/mL硫酸锌可以通过提高卵母细胞内抗氧化酶基因的表达水平,降低卵母细胞内活性氧含量,促进卵丘扩展,从而提高卵母细胞成熟质量和体外受精胚胎的发育效率。     

绵羊体外受精及胚胎发育分子调控研究进展

家畜体外受精研究最早的动物是绵羊。与其他动物体外受精过程一样,绵羊体外受精技术也包括卵母细胞体外成熟(IVM)、精子体外获能、体外受精(IVF)、受精卵体外培养(IVC)以及胚胎移植(ET)等过程。因此,绵羊胚胎的体外生产技术的效率受到了这些技术环节当中诸多因素的影响,并且动物胚胎的发育受到多种调控因子的调节。本文就当前绵羊体外受精技术环节中的相关影响因素以及胚胎发育分子调控的相关研究进展作一综述。     

猪第一极体核物质参与卵母细胞受精及其胚胎发育的研究

旨在探索猪卵母细胞第一极体核物质能否参与体外受精及其进一步的胚胎正常发育.第一极体(FPB)获自猪卵巢卵泡中卵丘卵母细胞复合体(COCs)体外成熟培养的MⅡ期卵母细胞.存活极体从成熟卵母细胞内分离后采用显微操作术注入去核卵母细胞胞质中.第一极体重组卵母细胞分别采用常规体外受精和单精子胞浆注射法进行受精,来自极体核重组的受精卵进行体外培养,观察和分析其进一步体外卵裂发育的能力.结果显示:极体显微操作重组的成功率约为80%,20%左右的重组卵母细胞于重组后的受精和发育培养过程中退化、崩解;常规体外受精和单精子注射后2-细胞卵裂率分别达到12.9%和29.8%.结论:猪第一极体核物质具有参与卵母细胞受精和进一步胚胎发育的能力.据此推测利用第一极体将有可能繁殖正常仔猪后代.     

OPU卵母细胞体外成熟体系的优化研究进展

近年来，体外胚胎生产(in vitro embryo production, IVP)技术取得了很大进步，尤其是卵母细胞活体采卵(ovum pick-up, OPU)技术得到广泛应用。OPU是20世纪90年代发展起来的一项新型的能获得优秀种母牛卵母细胞的技术，该技术在动物胚胎生产和发育机理研究及人类辅助生育技术临床实践中有着广阔的应用前景。可以提高种母畜和珍贵野生动物的资源保护效率，提高优良母畜的遗传潜力，为奶牛生物技术发展提供必要的支撑技术。卵母细胞的质量是IVP系统取得成功的关键，卵母细胞的体外成熟(in vitro maturation, IVM)是成功受精和胚胎发育必不可少的步骤。卵母细胞IVM完成了卵母细胞的细胞质和核成熟，准备了发育至胚胎基因组激活所必需的所有必要成分。但体外成熟的卵母细胞发育能力低于体内成熟卵母细胞，卵母细胞减数分裂和细胞核质成熟不同步，氧化应激损伤等对卵母细胞成功受精和胚胎发育非常重要，因此，需要进一步提高卵母细胞体外成熟能力，以改善牛体外胚胎生产系统。本文从卵母细胞体外成熟面临的核质成熟不同步，氧化应激等问题进行概述，同时，叙述C型钠肽、褪黑素、FLI...     

不同浓度半胱氨酸对延边黄牛卵母细胞体外成熟和体外受精的影响

近年来,随着卵母细胞体外成熟(IVM)、体外受精(IVF)以及细胞核移植技术的不断发展,牛胚胎的体外生产已经在几个不同的培养体系中获得了成功.但是,卵母细胞生长发育是一个非常复杂的过程,受多种因素的影响,有些因素的作用对于同种类动物的卵母细胞或体外/体内培养条件下的卵母细胞有着较大的差别.要找出各种动物卵母细胞体外培养的最佳方案以提高卵母细胞体外成熟率,尚有许多工作需要做.研究以延边黄牛卵母细胞为试验材料,试图探明不同浓度的半胱氨酸对延边黄牛卵母细胞体外成熟和体外受精的影响,现报道如下.     

糖对牦牛卵母细胞体外成熟及其发育能力的影响

试验旨在研究不同种类、不同浓度的糖对牦牛卵母细胞体外成熟和发育能力的影响,进一步探索和优化牦牛卵母细胞培养体系,提高卵母细胞体外成熟和胚胎生产效率。在牦牛卵母细胞成熟液中添加不同浓度（0、5和10 mmol/L）的葡萄糖或蔗糖,培养24 h或预培养2 h后移入无糖培养基中继续培养22 h,统计卵母细胞体外成熟率及体外受精（IVF）后的胚胎卵裂率和囊胚率。结果显示,与对照组（0 mmol/L）相比,5和10 mmol/L葡萄糖组牦牛卵母细胞核成熟率和体外受精胚胎卵裂率均显著提高（P<0.05）,10 mmol/L葡萄糖组的囊胚率最高,且与对照组相比差异显著（P<0.05）。添加10 mmol/L蔗糖可以显著提高牦牛卵母细胞核成熟率（P<0.05）,但胚胎囊胚率与对照组相比差异不显著（P>0.05）。此外,用10 mmol/L葡萄糖预处理牦牛卵母细胞后其核成熟率、胚胎卵裂率和囊胚率最高,且均显著高于对照组（P<0.05）。由此可见,糖对牦牛卵母细胞体外成熟和发育有一定的影响,在成熟过程中添加适当浓度的糖能提高卵母细胞成熟率及体外受精胚胎发育能力。     

半胱氨酸对猪卵母细胞体外成熟、体外受精及GSH水平的影响

体外受精技术也称胚胎生产技术（invitro production,IVP）,包括卵母细胞的体外成熟、精子的获能、卵子的体外受精和受精卵的体外培养等几个连续的过程。半胱氨酸是GSH的前体物质,在牛体外胚胎生产过程中疏基复合物能增加细胞内GSH的合成,在受精和胚胎的开始阶段保持高浓度GSH可以增加发育率。试验的目的是评价半胱氨酸对猪卵母细胞的成熟率、受精率及成熟培养时期卵母细胞内GSH水平的影响,现报道如下。     

牛体外胚胎高效生产技术优化研究

为了探讨小卵泡液、放线菌酮(CHX)对卵母细胞预成熟、囊胚滋养层细胞囊泡(TVS来源于体外受精培养14 d的滋养层细胞)、维生素对牛体外胚胎质量的影响。在B超仪下进行牛活体取卵(OPU),从牛活体卵巢采集卵母细胞,进行体外成熟、体外受精、早期胚胎体外培养。结果表明:10%小卵泡液及8%CHX的卵母细胞预成熟4 h组显著优于对照组;在体外受精及早期胚胎培养液CR1aa中添加10μg/m L维生素C组与TVS共培养组的卵裂率和囊胚发育率均高于其他试验组(P0.05);体外胚胎与TVS共移植受胎率显著高于对照组(P0.05)。说明活体采集的卵母细胞经体外预成熟处理,可以达到核质同期化的目的,早期胚胎的培育过程中加入TVS、抗氧化剂等可以克服早期胚胎的发育阻滞,提高体外胚胎的囊胚发育率。     

牛孤雌生殖胚与体外受精胚体外发育比较

从卵巢采集的卵丘-卵母细胞复合体(COCs)经体外成熟培养24 h后,随机分为2组分别用于孤雌激活与体外受精.在相同培养条件下,比较孤雌生殖胚与体外受精胚的发育率和发育速度.结果表明将牛孤雌生殖胚与体外受精胚分别置于mSOFaa和mBECMaa培养液中培养,卵裂率(89.3%vs.80.1%;83.2%vs.82.5%)、囊胚发育率(27.5%vs.24.0%;28.9%vs.21.9%)和孵化率(58.7%vs.56.7%;51.5%vs.53.3%),均无显著差异(P＞0.05);孤雌生殖胚与体外受精胚在体外发育的速度基本相同.对孤雌生殖胚胎进行培养可以代替体外受精胚胎筛选最佳体外培养系统.     

Embryo Production in Dogs: from In Vitro Fertilization to Cloning

Increased availability of canine embryos would be desirable to develop research and to apply assisted reproductive technologies in the treatment of infertility and in the improvement of reproductive performances in valuable Canids, both domestic and non-domestic. Embryo production through in vitro fertilization and nuclear transfer has been technically achieved in the dog, and the transfer of cloned embryos has recently resulted in the birth of puppies. However, the efficiency of these technologies is still very limited. This is mainly because of the peculiar characteristics of the canine oocyte and the lack of its full acquisition of developmental competence in vitro. This paper discusses the latest results and aspects on which further research should be focused to provide advances in the field.     

Effects of the Reproductive Status on Morphological Oocyte Quality and Developmental Competence of Oocytes after In Vitro Fertilization and Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer in Cat

This study was conducted to examine the effects of the reproductive cycle of donor cat on the quality of oocytes at recovery and developmental competence of oocytes after in vitro fertilization (IVF) and somatic cell nuclear transfer (NT). Based on the presence or absence of follicles and corpora lutea, the ovarian pairs collected were classified into inactive, follicular or luteal stages. After collection of oocytes, the oocytes were classified into four grades according to the morphological condition of oocyte cytoplasm and cumulus cells. A total of 16 558 oocytes were obtained from 198 ovarian pairs. The total mean numbers of oocytes and the mean numbers of oocytes with high quality (grade I) were significantly higher in ovarian pairs at the inactive stage (111.1 and 19.0 oocytes, respectively) than in ovarian pairs at the follicular stage (67.1 and 11.4 oocytes, respectively). A significant difference in the proportions of oocytes with grade I out of the total examined oocytes was observed between the follicular and luteal stages of ovaries (14.9% vs 20.2%, p < 0.05). The proportions of IVF embryos cleaved and developed to blastocysts significantly decreased with decreased quality of oocytes at recovery, irrespective of the reproductive status of ovaries. Moreover, there were no significant differences in the proportions of cleavage and development to the blastocyst stage of IVF and NT embryos among three oestrous stages of ovaries. These results indicate that the reproductive cycle stage of donor cat ovaries has no apparent effects on the in vitro development of oocytes after IVF and NT, but the quality of oocytes at recovery influences the development of IVF embryos.     

Production and quality of bovine oocytes and embryos

Many factors influence the efficiency of the in vitro embryo production technology in cattle but the most important are the physiological conditions of the donor and the culture protocols for oocyte maturation and fertilization and for embryo culture from zygote to blastocyst. Therefore, general factors such as age, body conditions and herd management play a pivotal role together with more specific factors such as reproductive soundness and ovarian cyclicity. Given that good quality and competent oocytes are available a complex series of processes, including oocyte maturation, fertilization and culture of the derived zygotes, must be completed to generate viable embryos.     

影响牦牛卵母细胞体外成熟的因素分析

牦牛是青藏高原地区的重要畜种,为牧民提供生产和生活资料.但是牦牛的繁殖力较低,通常为2年1胎或3年2胎,选育改良进展缓慢.卵母细胞体外成熟培养作为体外受精和胚胎发育必不可少的步骤,已被应用于牦牛科学研究和繁殖生产上.由于牦牛卵母细胞体外成熟能力远远低于体内,因此完善体外培养条件,提高牦牛卵母细胞体外培养的成熟率,对牦牛...     

Effect of the Removal of Cumulus Cells on the Nuclear Maturation, Fertilization and Development of Porcine Oocytes

The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of attachment of cumulus cells to porcine oocytes during the process of maturation and fertilization on the nuclear maturation, fertilization and subsequent development after in vitro fertilization (IVF). In the first experiment, the cumulus cells were removed from cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) at 0, 24 and 42 h after the onset of maturation culture and were then cultured until reaching 42 h of cultivation. In the second experiment, COCs were denuded as described in the first experiment, then fertilized and cultured for 7 days. As a control, cumulus cells were allowed to maintain attachment to the oocytes until the end of IVF. The proportion of oocytes reaching metaphase II significantly increased with the delay in the removal treatment of cumulus cells. The proportion of normal fertilization gradually increased with delay in the removal treatment of cumulus cells from COCs until the end of IVF. However, no significant difference in the proportion of normal fertilization was found between the 42-h and control groups. The removal treatment of cumulus cells in the 0- and 24-h group significantly (p < 0.05) decreased the proportion of cleaved embryos when compared with the control, and none of them developed to the blastocyst stage. The proportion of development to the blastocyst stage was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in the control group than in the 42-h group (18.1% vs 12.4%; p < 0.05). The present study indicates that the attachment of cumulus cells to the oocyte during maturation and fertilization is important to support oocyte nuclear maturation, fertilization and subsequent embryo development. Particularly, the attachment of cumulus cells to the oocyte during IVF promotes embryonic development.     

Influence of Cysteamine on In Vitro Maturation, In Vitro and In Vivo Fertilization of Equine Oocytes

The effect of cysteamine on in vitro nuclear and cytoplasmic maturation of equine oocytes collected by transvaginal ultrasound guided follicular aspiration was assessed. Oocytes were matured in vitro with (cysteamine group) or without (control group) cysteamine. The nuclear stage after DNA Hoechst staining, penetration rates after two different in vitro fertilization (IVF) techniques (IVF media with ionophore and Hepes buffer with heparin) and the embryo yield following oocyte intra-oviductal transfer were used as a criterion for assessing nuclear and cytoplasmic maturation, respectively. Contrary to the data described in other domestic species, there was no effect of cysteamine on in vitro nuclear maturation, IVF or in vivo embryonic development under our conditions. Ovum pick up yields (52%) and maturation rates (control group: 47% and cysteamine group: 55%) were similar to those previously reported. From 57 oocytes transferred to the oviduct in each group, the number of embryos collected was 10 (17%) in the control group and five in the cysteamine group (9%). Those two percentages were not statistically different (p > 0.05). No effect of IVF technique was seen on the success rate (6%) in each group.     

Different Culture Media Requirements of IVF and Nuclear Transfer Bovine Embryos

Important differences exist between in vitro fertilized (IVF) and nuclear transfer (NT) bovine embryos. Studies have shown that although in vitro development is comparable, post-implantation survival is greatly reduced in NT embryos. In this study, we compare serum and bovine serum albumin (BSA) supplementation during oocyte maturation and embryo culture of IVF and NT embryos. In experiment 1, oocytes and embryos were randomly distributed into different treatment groups consisting of synthetic oviductal fluid (SOF) medium supplemented with either serum, fatty acid-free BSA (FAF) or fraction V BSA during maturation and/or culture to assess IVF embryo development. In experiment 2, oocytes were matured in SOF + serum or SOF + FAF and reconstructed embryos were cultured in SOF + FAF to assess NT embryo development. Among the IVF treatment groups, a greater number of blastocysts were observed in the steer serum (SER) group (IVM and IVC in SOF + serum) on day 6; however, no significant differences were seen in blastocyst development from day 8 onwards. Hatching frequencies on days 8 and 9 were significantly greater in groups with serum, with the exception of FAF (IVM and IVC in SOF + FAF) on day 9. For the NT treatment groups, the presence of serum during IVM resulted in a higher proportion of MII oocytes and increased blastocyst development and hatching rates were compared with supplementation of FAF. These results indicate that both serum and FAF provide comparable embryo development for IVF but not for NT bovine embryos.     

提高牛体外性控胚胎效率关键技术研究

为了提高牛体外受精效果,试验从性控冷冻精液体外获能方法及抗氧化剂的添加、体外成熟24h后卵母细胞是否部分脱除卵丘细胞3个方面,研究了影响牛性控精液体外受精效率的关键技术。结果表明,一次离心体外获能法体外受精卵裂率[(68.3±3.7)%]、囊胚率[(30.9±2.3)%]与精子上浮获能法体外受精卵裂率[(67.8±2.6)%]、囊胚率[(29.7±3.7)%]无显著差异(P>0.05),但显著高于二次离心体外获能法体外受精卵裂率[(56.1±4.1)%]、囊胚率[(21.6±4.6)%](P<0.05);获能液和体外受精液添加1.0%抗坏血酸组体外受精卵裂率[(70.2±3.2)%]、囊胚率[(35.0±4.7)%]显著高于不添加组体外受精卵裂率[(60.0±4.5)%]、囊胚率[(28.3±3.6)%](P<0.05);在体外受精前,成熟卵母细胞周围的卵丘细胞脱除情况为部分脱除组体外受精卵裂率[(70.1±4.6)%]、囊胚率[(35.5±3.7)%]显著高于不脱除组体外受精卵裂率[(52.9±4.1)%]、囊胚率[(26.1±3.6)%](P<0.05)。由此可见,性控精液体外受精时,获能方法宜采用一次离心体外获能法或上浮获能法,且精子获能液和体外受精液中宜添加抗坏血酸;体外受精前,成熟卵母细胞部分脱除卵丘细胞对于提高性控精液体外受精胚胎发育率具有重要意义。