精子预处理和第一极体位置对绵羊胞质内显微受精的影响

实验分别采用DTT处理与不处理精子的比较;活精子和死精子进行精子胞浆内注射(ICSI);第一极体位于6点和12点的不同位置,研究3个因素对绵羊精子胞质内显微受精的影响.结果表明:DTT处理与不处理在卵裂率上差异不显著(P＞0.05),囊胚发育率差异显著(P＜0.05).在第一极体位置,死、活精子对ICSI的卵裂率及囊胚率无明显影响(P＞0.05).     

精子不同处理和胰岛素不同浓度对猪卵母细胞胞质内单精子显微受精的影响

探讨了分别使用新鲜、冷冻和超声波断尾精子以及在胚胎培养液中分别添加不同浓度胰岛素对猪卵母细胞胞质内单精子显微受精(ICSI)胚胎早期发育的影响.结果:(1)使用冷冻解冻精子与新鲜精子相比对猪卵母细胞ICSI后的卵裂率和囊胚率均无显著影响(P＞0.05);2)精子断尾与否对猪卵母细胞ICSI后的分裂率和囊胚率没有显著影响(P＞0.05);3)在胚胎培养液中添加5 mg/L胰岛素与对照组相比可显著提高猪ICSI胚胎的囊胚发育率(18.22% vs 3.60%,P＜0.05).     

水牛精子在胞质内注射后的早期形态变化

应用胞质内精子注射 (intracytoplasmic sperm injection,ICSI)技术探讨了水牛卵母细胞胞质与注射精子间的相互作用以及 ICSI精子的形态变化。ICSI后 13h,5 9.4 %的精子头部已膨大 ,且有 18.8%的精子进入解聚状态。雌雄原核发育不同步 ,雄原核在 ICSI后 16 h和 19h的形成率分别为 3.2 %和 4 0 .0 % ;雌原核在 ICSI后 13h已达到 71.9% ,16 h时提高到 90 .3%。经离子霉素与 6 - DMAP联合激活 ,ICSI后 19h产生的胚胎核型以 2 PN PB1 为主 ,其雌原核形成 (激活 )率为 91.3% ,雄原核形成率为 4 0 .0 % ,5 1.3%为孤雌胚。用 5 mm ol/ L 的 DTT预处理精子 1h,可提高精子的解聚率 (30 .9%比 12 .7% ,P<0 .0 5 ) ,但对雄原核的形成率无显著影响 (33.3%比 32 .7% ,P>0 .0 5 )。结果表明 ,水牛精子 ICSI后的雄原核形成时间晚于卵子雌原核形成时间 ,且其比率低于卵子 ,DTT处理精子能提高其解聚率 ,但对雄原核形成无影响     

不同因素对奶牛分离精子ICSI效率的影响

本研究旨在探讨不同的联合激活处理、精子预处理方法和单精子注射方式对奶牛分离精子ICSI效率的影响。借助显微操作仪将经不同预处理的奶牛分离X精子直接注入体外成熟22～24h的牛卵母细胞胞质内,注射过程采用回吸胞质和不回吸胞质2种处理,最后分别用3种激活方案对注射卵进行激活。结果表明:用CR1aa+Ionomycin+6-DMAP对ICSI注射卵进行激活后,卵裂率和囊胚率都高于A23187+CHX和7%ET+CHX两种联合激活组(63.74%vs61.09%、53.75%;28.54%vs17.68%、22.00%,P0.05);采用percoll密度梯度离心法处理精子,卵裂率(77.10%vs62.19%,P0.05)与囊胚率(26.95%vs22.82%,P0.05)均高于上游法处理组;ICSI时回吸胞质获得的注射卵,其卵裂率和囊胚率均显著高于不回吸胞质处理组(63.10%,25.35%vs41.56%,19.40%,P0.05)。结果表明,用percoll密度梯度离心法处理精子、注射时回吸胞质、用CR1aa+Iono-mycin+6-DMAP激活ICSI注射卵,可显著提高奶牛分离精子ICSI的效率。     

不同激活方法对金华猪单精注射胚胎体外发育的影响

本试验用新鲜精子和冷冻精子比较了不同激活方法对金华猪单精注射(ICSI)胚胎体外发育的影响。结果显示:不同激活处理组与对照组比较,在卵裂率上差异均不显著(P0.05),但在囊胚率上,电+化学激活组、电激活组与对照组、化学激活组比较,差异显著(P0.05)。电+化学激活组与电激活组在囊胚率上差异不显著(P0.05),对照组与化学激活组在囊胚率上差异不显著(P0.05)。新鲜精液和冷冻精液经ICSI后卵子在卵裂率、囊胚率上均无显著差异(P0.05)。电+化学激活和电激活都可用于金华猪ICSI体外胚胎生产的激活方法。     

不同激活条件及半胱氨酸处理对猪ICSI胚胎发育影响研究

本试验探讨了不同辅助激活方法(Calciumionophore A23187激活、Calciumionophore A23187+6-DMAP联合激活和电激活)、不同精子预处理方法(液氮冻融处理和0.1%Triton X-100处理)和在添加半胱氨酸的胚胎培养液中培养不同时间(0 h、4 h、12 h和168 h)对猪卵母细胞内单精子注射(ICSI)胚胎体外发育的影响。结果显示:与无辅助激活相比,A23187+6-DMAP联合激活和电激活均能显著提高ICSI卵母细胞的激活率、卵裂率和囊胚率(P0.05),A23187+6-DMAP联合激活能显著提高ICSI卵母细胞的受精率(P0.05)。液氮冻融精子组ICSI卵母细胞的雄原核形成率显著高于活精子组(P0.05)。在添加半胱氨酸的胚胎培养液中培养4 h的ICSI卵母细胞受精率、雄原核形成率和囊胚率显著高于0 h组(P0.05)。以上结果表明,猪卵母细胞在ICSI后需要辅助激活来启动胚胎顺利发育,A23187+6-DMAP激活效果较好。液氮冻融精子可以促进ICSI后雄原核的形成。半胱氨酸处理4 h对猪ICSI卵母细胞受精和发育均有促进作用。     

牛体外受精卵的二步法培养体系的研究

以CR1aa为基础培养液,采用二步法对牛体外受精卵进行体外培养,完善牛体外受精卵的培养体系.实验一:对照组连续7 d均为CR1aa 50 mL/L FBS培养,处理组前3 d为CR1aa 3 mg/mLBSA培养,后4 d换为CR1aa 50 mL/L FBS.处理组的囊胚率显著高于对照组,但卵裂率和囊胚孵化率无显著差异.实验二:对照组连续7 d均为CR1aa 50 mL/L FBS培养,处理组前3 d为CR1aa培养,后4 d换为CR1aa 50 mL/L FBS.处理组的卵裂率显著高于对照组,但囊胚率和囊胚孵化率差异不显著.实验三:对照组连续7 d均为CR1aa 50 mL/L FBS 0.1mmol/L GSH培养,处理组前3 d为CR1aa 0.1 mmol/L GSH培养,后4 d换为CR1aa 50 mL/L FBS 0.1 mmol/L GSH.处理组的卵裂率显著高于对照组,囊胚率极显著高于对照组,但囊胚孵化率差异不显著.结果表明,GSH与二步法培养系统结合相对于传统的一步法培养系统更适于牛体外受精卵的体外培养.     

精卵因素对母牛卵胞质内精子显微注射效果的影响

实验探讨了精卵因素对母牛卵母细胞质内精子显微注射效果的影响.结果表明:新鲜精液组和性控冻精组ICSI对卵母细胞存活率、卵裂率和囊胚率均无显著差异(P>0.05);采用A、B、C级精子穿刺Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ级卵母细胞时,穿刺卵受精率、卵裂率和囊胚率在三者之间无显著差异(P>0.05),总体效果A>B>C、Ⅰ>Ⅱ>Ⅲ;D级精子穿刺Ⅱ级卵母细胞后的穿刺卵受精率显著低于Ⅰ级卵母细胞(P<0.05),卵裂率和囊胚率与Ⅰ级卵母细胞相比无显著差异(P>0.05),穿刺Ⅲ级卵母细胞后的穿刺受精率和囊胚率均显著低于Ⅰ级卵母细胞(P<0.05),受精卵的卵裂率与Ⅰ级卵母细胞相比则无显著差异(P>0.05).由此可见:采用流式细胞仪分离的性控冻精与新鲜精液相比,对ICSI后的受精率和囊胚率无显著影响;精子活动力和卵子质量对ICSI的效果均有一定程度影响,且随精子活动力的降低和卵母细胞质量的下降而逐渐显著.     

碱处理精子进行家兔ICSI介导转基因的初步研究

采用10 mmol/L NaOH碱处理家兔精子使精子破膜后,和外源基因共同孵育,然后通过ICSI技术导入卵母细胞。另设无碱处理无质粒孵育组和碱处理后精子无质粒孵育空白组,观察并比较胚胎的发育情况。结果:精子碱处理与质粒孵育对胚胎的发育无显著影响(P>0.05),ICSI介导转基因后观察囊胚出现绿色荧光,占总囊胚数的34.78%,外源性DNA的转入率为19.51%。试验初步建立了用碱处理精子结合家兔ICSI的转基因方法。     

ICSI受精卵胞质注射生产转基因猪胚胎的初步研究

试验旨在探讨单精子胞浆内注射(intracytoplasmic sperm injection,ICSI)法生产猪体外受精卵和应用猪ICSI受精卵进行胞质注射生产转基因胚胎的可行性。首先对比了猪体外受精(in vitro fertilization,IVF)受精卵与ICSI受精卵的胚胎发育效率;然后观察了猪ICSI受精卵的双原核形成时间及效率,对精子注射到胞质后6~18h分6个时间段进行地衣红染色,对比精子进入卵胞质后的状态及原核形成;最后对猪IVF受精卵受精后8~10h及ICSI受精卵受精后12~14h进行EGFP-N1质粒(20ng/μL)胞质注射,观察胚胎发育效率及转基因效率。结果表明,ICSI受精卵的胚胎发育率(卵裂率89.4%和67.9%、囊胚率36.5%和16.1%)显著优于IVF组(P0.05),适合用于猪的体外受精卵试验;猪ICSI受精卵双原核在精子注射到卵胞质后12~14h形成,双原核形成率为54.90%,显著高于其余5个试验组(P0.05);ICSI受精卵胞质注射组胚胎卵裂率(86.2%和66.3%)、囊胚率(30.0%和13.6%)及转基因效率(18.5%和0)均显著高于IVF受精卵胞质注射试验组(P0.05)。本试验结果为采用ICSI受精卵进行胞质注射生产转基因猪的研究奠定了基础。     

Sperm Production and Sperm Morphology of Swedish Warmblood Stallions

The present study investigated daily sperm output and sperm morphology of fresh semen in eight Swedish Warmblood stallions aged 5–8 years. They were used for artificial insemination, and their fertility during the breeding season of semen collection exceeded 60% per cycle. One ejaculate of semen was collected daily for 10 consecutive days from each stallion. The gel-free volume was measured, and the sperm concentration was assessed with a Bürker chamber. The volume of gel-free fraction was multiplied by the sperm concentration to give the total number of spermatozoa (TSN). Sperm morphology was examined in ejaculates collected on days 2, 5 and 10. An aliquot from each ejaculate was fixed in 1 ml formol–saline immediately after collection and examined under a phase-contrast microscope (magnification 1000×) to assess morphological abnormalities. Furthermore smears were prepared and stained according to Williams (carbolfuchsin–eosin) for a more detailed examination of the sperm heads under a light microscope (magnification 1000×). Analysis of variance was applied to data. Total spermatozoa number decreased progressively during the first 8 days of collection, and daily sperm output (DSO) was calculated as mean TSN of collections on days 8–10, being 6.4 × 10⁹ spermatozoa. The overall percentages of morphologically normal spermatozoa in ejaculates collected on days 2, 5 and 10 were above 70%, being significantly lower in ejaculate 2 (68.6%) compared with ejaculates 5 and 10 (72.9% respectively 75.3%).     

哺乳动物精子性别鉴定

性别鉴定技术与人们的日常生活及畜牧业的发展有着密切的关系。精子性别鉴定技术的迅速发展为这一技术的应用提供了广阔的前景。目前最常用的精子性别鉴定技术是流式细胞分选法 ,此法依据 X-精子及 Y-精子 DNA含量的不同将两种精子分开 ,还可以用作分类后精子的检验。因流式细胞分选法存在一些不适于大规模应用的缺陷 ,人们希望能依据分类后的精子之间的对比研究找出特异的蛋白制成抗体 ,设计出高效免疫的精子性别鉴定技术 ,关于这方面的研究已经取得了一定的进展     

家蚕精子顶体酶活性分析及冷冻精液的人工授精

采用改良Kennedy s法测定了家蚕精子顶体酶活性,得到了适合家蚕精子顶体酶活性测定的最佳条件,即:孵育温度为25℃,孵育时间为4 h;精液体外4℃存放随时间延长其顶体酶活性呈下降趋势,酶活性的测定应在15 h内进行。虽然冷冻精液随着冷冻时间的延长其酶活性下降,但是不同冷冻方式之间酶活性变化趋势不同,-80℃保存时酶活性直线下降,120 d后酶活性下降了61%。液氮中保存的精液虽然在30 d后的酶活性为冷冻前的58%,但在其后的几个月中酶活性下降不明显。此外,顶体酶活性的高低与精液人工授精产卵数及受精卵率相关,酶活性越低其产卵数越少,受精卵率也越低,提示顶体酶活性的高低可以在一定程度上反映精液的品质。     

Comparison of Apoptotic Cells Between Cryopreserved Ejaculated Sperm and Epididymal Sperm in Stallions

The development of a reliable technique to freeze epididymal semen would provide a unique opportunity to preserve valuable genetic material from unexpectedly lost stallions. The aim of this study was to compare the apoptotic indices of sperm obtained from ejaculate, sperm recently recovered from the epididymides (EP), and sperm recovered from epididymides stored at 5°C for 24 hours (EP-stored). For the first category, two ejaculates from seven stallions were collected and then submitted to cryopreservation using an egg yolk-based extender. One week after the last semen collection, the stallions were submitted to bilateral orchiectomy, and sperm from one of the cauda epididymis was harvested immediately after castration (EP). The remaining testicle was stored in a passive refrigeration container at 5°C for 24 hours before the cauda epididymal sperm was harvested (EP-stored). Sperm harvesting from the epididymis for EP and EP-stored was performed by retrograde flushing of the caudal portion of the epididymis using a skim milk-based extender. The recovered sperm was then cryopreserved using the egg yolk-based extender. Sperm motility parameters were studied by computer-assisted semen analysis, and apoptosis was estimated by measuring caspase activity and membrane phospholipid translocation using epifluorescence microscopy. The samples were evaluated immediately (0 hour) and 8 hours after thawing. At 0 hour, no differences in sperm parameters were observed among the groups, but after 8 hours, significant statistical differences were observed in sperm motility parameters and plasma membrane integrity among the treatment groups. In addition, viable cells with no apoptotic signs were more prevalent in EP and EP-stored, suggesting that epididymal sperm is less sensitive to the cold shock caused by sperm cryopreservation.     

Effect of Sperm Cryopreservation on the European Eel Sperm Viability and Spermatozoa Morphology

The main objective of the present work was to study the effect of cryopreservation of European eel sperm both on the sperm viability and the spermatozoa head morphology. Spermatozoa morphology was evaluated with computer-assisted morphology analysis after collection in fresh samples, after adding the freezing medium containing dimethyl sulfoxide as cryoprotectant and, finally, after the cryopreservation process and thawing. Cell viability was assessed, in both fresh and thawed samples, by Hoechst 33258 staining. Computer-assisted sperm analysis (CASA) was used to determine the percentage of motile cells and to measure motility parameters in sperm samples. A significant decrease of head perimeter (12.56%) and area (17.90%) was detected from spermatozoa in fresh to thawed samples, indicating that cells do not recover the original size after the cryopreservation process. CASA was used to measure the percentage of motile cells (51.9%) and spermatozoa motility parameters such as curvilinear, straight line and angular path velocities, as well as beating cross frequency. This technique was employed in the fresh sperm samples but proteins present at the freezing medium (L-alpha-phosphatidylcholine) made impossible to use this last technique in thawed samples. When sperm viability was assessed by Hoechst staining, a significant decrease of approximately 15% (73.10 vs 58.26%) of alive spermatozoa was registered from fresh to thawed samples. The percentage of motile cells measured by CASA in fresh samples (51.9%) was lower than the percentage of alive cells determined by Hoechst stainning, suggesting the existence of different batches of spermatozoa in different stages of development, even during the eight to tenth weeks of treatment, when the highest sperm quality was found.     

兔子精液冷冻保存综述

精子在冷冻保存过程中会受到不可逆的冷冻损伤或者部分功能改变,因此精子的冷冻保存是一个大挑战。虽然从广义上讲,物种之间的精子冷冻保存是非常相似的,但是每个物种的精子有着各自的特殊性,迫使研究人员不断优化冷冻保护剂和操作程序以更好地适应其特殊性。对家兔精液冷冻保存的概况进行了阐述,讨论了家兔精液冷冻保存的研究概况以及影响冷冻精液和人工授精的因素。     

On the Species Specificity of Sperm Binding and Sperm Penetration of the Zona Pellucida

Sperm binding and sperm penetration of the zona pellucida (zp) are regarded as species‐specific. In this investigation, the interactions between bovine oocytes and porcine, respectively, equine spermatozoa have been studied under in vitro conditions and compared with the normal in vitro fertilization of bovine oocytes by bovine sperm. Surprisingly, many of the heterologous spermatozoa adhered firmly to the bovine oocytes and could not be removed by intense washing. On average, more than 100 boar or equine spermatozoa were bound to the zp of bovine oocytes. Electron microscopic studies clearly demonstrated that porcine sperm attached to the zona and underwent the acrosome reaction. Equine spermatozoa displayed a similar binding affinity, but unlike the porcine spermatozoa even penetrated the zp and were taken up into the oocyte after a longer period of co‐incubation. Considering these new results the dogma of a strict species specificity of sperm zona interactions under in vitro conditions has to be reconsidered.     

精子获能机理及调控

哺乳动物的精子在刚射入雌性生殖道时 ,或从附睾取出时 ,并不具备受精能力 ,必需在雌性生殖道内经过一段时间 ,发生生理及形态学的变化才能获得受精能力 ,这一现象是被美籍华人科学家张明觉和澳大利亚科学家Ａｕｓｔｉｎ发现的 ,后来被Ａｕｓｔｉｎ称为精子获能 (ＳｐｅｒｍＣａｐａｃｉｔａｔｉｏｎ) [1] 。在自然状况下精子获能是在雌性的生殖道内进行的 ,从子宫开始到输卵管的壶腹部完成。它受自主神经和雌性甾体激素的调控[2 ] 。获能是一个多过程的步骤 ,包括精子的超激化的运动、精子膜蛋白的变化、膜流动性的变化直到顶体反应的发生 …