杠板归化学成分分析及抗菌效果研究

采用试管预试法和圆形滤纸层析法,分析了杠板归的化学成分.结果表明,杠板归含有酚类、有机酸、生物碱、氨基酸、鞣质、黄酮、蒽醌、甙类、糖类、植物甾醇及三萜类等化学成分.用纸片法和试管法对杠板归水提取液进行了体外抗茵作用试验.结果表明,杠板归水提取液对金黄色葡萄球菌、巴氏杆菌、链球菌、沙门菌、大肠埃希茵等兽医临床常见病原微生物都有较强的抗菌作用,抑茵圈直径分别为21.86 mm±0.83mm、13.28 mm±0.46 mm、18.46 mm±0.73 mm、15.67 mm±0.31 mm和17.69 mm±0.56 mm;杠板归水提取液对金黄色葡萄球菌、巴氏杆菌、链球菌、沙门菌、大肠埃希茵的最低抑菌浓度(MIC)分别为0.031、0.25、0.063、0.125、0.063 g/mL.最低杀菌浓度(MBC)分别为0.031、0.5、0.063、0.25、0.125 g/mL.     

谷精草有效成分分析及体外抗菌活性测定

采用试管法和圆形滤纸层析法分析鉴定了谷精草的化学成分,结果表明:谷精草含有生物碱、酚性成分、有机酸、黄酮及其甙类、挥发油、植物甾醇、鞣质等化学成分.用纸片法和试管法对谷精草水提取液进行了体外抗菌作用试验.结果表明:谷精草水提取液对金色葡萄球菌、链球菌、巴氏杆茵、沙门氏菌、大肠杆菌等兽医临床常见病原微生物都有较强的抗茵作用,抑茵圈直径分别为12.16±0.33 mm,15.36±0.29 mm,13.57±0.61 mm,8.63±0.26 mm,9.88±0.72mm:谷精草水提取液对金色葡萄球菌、链球菌、巴氏杆菌、沙门氏菌、大肠杆菌的最低抑菌浓度(MIC)分别为0.125 g/ml、0.063g/ml、0.125 g/ml、0.5 g/ml、0.25g/ml;最低杀菌浓度(MBC)分别为0.25g/ml、0.125g/ml、0.25g/ml、1g/ml、1g/ml.     

谷精草有效成分分析及体外抗菌活性测定

采用试管法和圆形滤纸层析法分析鉴定了谷精草的化学成分,结果表明:谷精草含有生物碱、酚性成分、有机酸、黄酮及其甙类、挥发油、植物甾醇、鞣质等化学成分。用纸片法和试管法对谷精草水提取液进行了体外抗菌作用试验,结果表明:谷精草水提取液对金色葡萄球菌、链球菌、巴氏杆菌、沙门氏菌、大肠杆菌等兽医临床常见病原微生物都有较强的抗菌作用,抑菌圈直径分别为12.16±0.33mm,15.36±0.29mm,13.57±0.61mm,8.63±0.26mm,9.88±0.72mm;谷精草水提取液对金色葡萄球菌、链球菌、巴氏杆菌、沙门氏菌、大肠杆菌的最低抑菌浓度(MIC)分别为0.125g/ml、0.063g/ml、0.125g/ml、0.5g/ml、0.25g/m;最低杀菌浓度(MBC)分别为0.25g/ml、0.125g/ml、0.25g/ml、1g/ml、1g/ml。     

司帕沙星体外抗菌活性的试验

应用试管二倍稀释法测定司帕沙星对大肠埃希氏菌、沙门菌、链球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和禽败血霉形体等病原微生物的最小抑菌浓度（MIC)和最小杀菌浓度(MBC)，并与4种氟喹诺酮药物及3种其他抗菌药物相比较。结果表明，司帕沙星对大肠埃希氏菌、沙门菌、链球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和禽败血霉形体均有良好的体外抗菌活性，优于其他对照药物。     

杂种鹅掌楸叶提取物的抗菌作用

为了探讨杂种鹅掌楸叶不同极性部位提取物对大肠埃希菌、沙门菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和链球菌的体外抗菌效果,通过乙醇回流提取制得鹅掌楸醇提物,采用系统溶剂提取法萃取得到鹅掌楸叶醇提物的不同部位,并通过琼脂平板法和微量肉汤稀释法检测各部位的抗菌作用。结果显示:杂种鹅掌楸叶石油醚、氯仿、乙酸乙酯提取物对沙门菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、链球菌有不同程度的抗菌作用,其中氯仿部位作用最强,抑菌圈分别为18.0、16.0及17.0 mm,最小抑菌浓度(MIC)分别为0.625、0.312 5及0.625 mg/mL,最低杀菌浓度(MBC)分别为1.25、0.312 5及1.25 mg/mL。各部位提取物对大肠埃希菌无抗菌作用,正丁醇、水部位提取物对测试的4种菌均无抗菌作用。研究表明杂种鹅掌楸叶提取物对沙门菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和链球菌有不同程度抗菌作用,其中氯仿部位提取物有较强抗菌作用。     

白花草化学成分分析与抗菌作用研究

采用试管预试法和圆形滤纸法分析了白花草的化学成分。结果表明,白花草含有酚性成分、有机酸、生物碱、糖类、鞣质、植物甾醇、三萜类、黄酮、甙类、皂甙和挥发油等化学成分。采用试管倍比稀释法和纸片法对白花草乙醇提取物水溶液进行了家畜常见病原微生物的体外抑菌试验,结果白花草乙醇提取物水溶液对金黄色葡萄球菌、巴氏杆菌、大肠杆菌、链球菌和沙门氏菌都有较强的抑菌作用,其抑菌圈直径分别为(17.82±2.42)mm、(16.80±1.55)mm、(13.40±2.15)mm、(14.30±1.82)mm、(16.00±3.46)mm;最低抑菌浓度(MIC)分别为0.063 g/mL、0.125 g/mL、0.500 g/mL、0.250 g/mL和0.125 g/mL。     

篦齿蒿提取物的抗菌试验

为了研究篦齿蒿(Neopallasia pectinata)水提取物及醇提取物的体外抑菌作用,采用牛津杯法测定篦齿蒿各种提取物对大肠埃希菌,金黄色葡萄球菌,沙门菌和链球菌的抑菌圈直径。用试管2倍稀释法测定其最低抑菌浓度(MIC)及最低杀菌浓度(MBC),以金黄色葡萄球菌和链球菌感染小鼠,判断其体内抗菌效果。结果表明,篦齿蒿各种提取物都具有一定的抑菌作用,尤其是对金黄色葡萄球菌,其乙酸乙酯提取物和正丁醇提取物是体外抗菌的主要活性部分。篦齿蒿提取物对链球菌感染小鼠体内抗菌效果较差,对金黄色葡萄球菌感染小鼠体内抗菌成分主要集中在乙酸乙酯提取物内,对小鼠死亡保护率明显高于阴性对照组,可达75%。     

15味蒙药和3种蒙方抗大肠埃希菌和金黄色葡萄球菌作用研究

为了进一步研究蒙药对奶牛乳房炎两种主要病原菌的体外抑菌和体内抗菌作用,用牛津杯法测定了15味蒙药对大肠埃希菌和金黄色葡萄球菌抑菌圈直径,用二倍稀释法测定了3种蒙方在体外的最低抑菌浓度(minimal inhibitory concentration,MIC)和最低杀菌浓度(minimal bactericidal concentration,MBC)。又以大肠埃希菌感染小鼠,经口灌服蒙方以判断其体内抗菌效果。有8味蒙药对两种菌有较好的抑菌作用,抑菌环直径均大于12 mm,最大达到22 mm。3种蒙方体外有较好的抑菌作用,其中方Ⅱ对大肠埃希菌和金黄色葡萄球菌抑制作用最强,MIC分别为0.125 g/mL和0.25 g/mL,MBC均为0.25 g/mL。口服不同剂量方Ⅰ的感染小鼠生存率明显高于阴性对照组。     

黄连解毒汤的体外抑菌试验及拆方研究

为了研究黄连解毒汤的体外抑菌效果,本试验采用平板打孔法和试管二倍稀释法研究黄连解毒汤对大肠埃希菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和沙门菌的体外抑菌作用。平板打孔法试验结果表明,黄连解毒汤对大肠埃希菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和沙门菌的抑菌圈直径依次为7.50mm±0.50mm、14.00mm±0.80mm、10.63mm±0.89mm。试管二倍稀释法试验结果表明,黄连解毒汤对大肠埃希菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和沙门菌最小抑菌质量浓度(MIC)依次为250.0、31.25、250.0g/L;最小杀菌质量浓度(MBC)依次为500.0、250.0、250.0g/L。对黄连解毒汤进行拆方试验研究结果表明,黄芩单味药对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌效果与黄连解毒汤原方的抑菌效果相接近,黄芩是原方中发挥抑菌作用的主药。黄芩、黄连两药配伍有拮抗作用,使其抑菌作用减弱。本研究为兽医临床上用中药方剂防治细菌性疾病提供理了论依据。     

抗病毒合剂药理作用研究之二——体外抑菌作用观察

抗病毒合剂由中草药组方而成。通过体外抑菌试验，观察其对大肠埃希氏杆菌、鼠伤寒沙门氏菌、多杀性巴氏杆菌、无乳链球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌的抑制效果。结果表明：抗病毒合剂对5种细菌均有一定的抑制作用。其中对大肠埃希氏杆菌、鼠伤寒沙门氏菌、多杀性巴氏杆菌的抑制作用最好，抑菌直径分别为15，22，20mm。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -