Stickstoffverluste unter begülltem Grünland

Leaching of nitrogen from permanent grassland treated with cattle slurry The objective of this study was to determine the effect of cattle slurry and mineral nitrogen fertilization on nitrate contamination of the interflow soil water. Field experiments were conducted at grassland research station ‘Rengen’ in the Eifel area (475 m a.s.L., 7.5 °C mean temperature, 806 mm mean yearly precipitation). In the respective plots soil consisted of 40 cm loamy material over a compact, almost water impermeable soil layer. The 2 × 6 m sized individual plots were prepared 1985 in a way so that surrounding soil was removed down to the compact soil layer about 45 cm deep and the monolith beeing packed by polyethylene sheets, waterproofing the plots down to the water impermeable soil layer. At the open lower ends of the plots near the soil surface and at 45 cm depth respectively, metal sheets were inserted to drain the surface run-off and interflow water into gutters and from there into collecting tanks. Nitrogen fertilization included two cattle slurry treatments (240 kg and 480 kg ha^?1 a^?1 total nitrogen), combination of mineral nitrogen with cattle slurry (200 kg + 160 kg ha^?1 a^?1) and mineral nitrogen treatments without slurry (200 kg - ha^?1 a^?1). Control plots received neither mineral nor slurry nitrogen. The quantification of interflow water and its nitrogen concentration started in 1986. In this year relatively high nitrate concentrations up to 56 mg l^?1 appeared in the interflow water. 1987 nitrogen concentrations dramatically decreased to mean values between 10 and 15 mg l^?1 in all fertilization treatments. Similar levels of nitrate concentrations were observed in the following two years. Total amounts of nitrogen losses did nor exceed 5 kg ha^?1 a^?1 in any of the years from 1986 to 1988, nor were differences observed in nitrate concentration among the fertilization treatments.     

Application of pig slurry—First year and residual effects on yield and N balance

Crops generally utilize nitrogen (N) from slurries less efficiently than from mineral fertilizers. In order to compare the effects of slurry and mineral N application on yield and residual fertilization effects, a long-term field trial was established in autumn 1994, where pig slurry was applied to oilseed rape (OSR), winter wheat and winter barley at the same application dates as mineral N fertilizer. N amounts ranged from 0 to 240 kg total N ha⁻¹. The same treatment regimes were applied to the same plots in each year. Starting in 2010 (2011), wheat (barley) received no N fertilization in order to allow for testing residual fertilizer effects. Every year seed yield and N offtake by the seeds were determined.Accounting only for ammonia N of pig slurry, similar seed yields in OSR and slightly higher grain yields in wheat and barley compared to mineral N fertilizer were achieved. This indicates that mineralization of organically bounded slurry N compensated gaseous ammonia losses. In plots without N fertilization, OSR showed no yield trends during the experimental period, whereas wheat (barley) yield started to decrease after 10 (13) years without N fertilization. In the highly fertilized treatments, no significant trend in seed yield or N amount required for maximum yield could be detected. In the subsequent unfertilized wheat crop, accumulated slurry effects increased grain yield more than those of mineral N fertilizer. Barley grown in the second year without N supply remained unaffected by the previous slurry N application.     

Einfluß des Zeitpunktes der K-Düngung auf die Dynamik des nach der Gülledüngung spezifisch gebundenen NH4-N der Tonminerale*

Influence of the time of K fertilization on the dynamics of NH₄-N fixed by clay minerals after slurry application In a pot experiment with topsoil and subsoil of a luvisol derived from loess the influence of the time of K fertilization on the fixation of NH₄-N supplied with slurry as well as on the leaching and the availability of NH₄-N fixed by clay minerals after slurry application was investigated. The following results were obtained: In both soils K fertilization before slurry application resulted in a reduced fixation of the added NH₄⁺.In the topsoil 8 % of the NH₄⁺ supplied with the slurry could be detected in spring as nonexchangeable NH₄⁺ when slurry was added in October and 13 % when slurry was added in January in the treatment K after slurry, when in the treatment K. before slurry the NH₄⁺ fixed after slurry application had been mobilized totally. In the subsoil 45 % of the NH₄⁺ fixed after slurry application in October were mobilized until spring in the treatment K before slurry and only 20 % in the treatment K after slurry. When slurry was applied in January 30 % and 12 %, respectively, were mobilized. In spite of the reduced nitrogen leaching in the treatments K after slurry yield and N uptake of grass were lower as compared to the treatments K before slurry.     

The Effect of Fertilizer Type and Level of N Fertilization Before and After Grassland Renewal on N Leaching Losses

When grassland is ploughed and reseeded this results in an increased mineralization of organically bound nitrogen (N) in the soil. Greater amounts of nitrate in autumn are at risk of being leached during the winter half of the year. In two field experiments, nitrate leaching was measured over 2 years after reseeding of a 9‐year‐old grassland field in spring on a sandy soil in northwest Germany. During the experiments, major management factors that can influence the intensity of mineralization were varied: Type of fertilizer, mineral N fertilizer or organic manure, and the level of fertilization, 0, 160 or 320 kg N ha⁻¹ a⁻¹, before renewal of the grassland, and level of fertilization, 0, 160 or 320 kg N ha⁻¹ a⁻¹ in mineral form, after renewal of the grassland. The type of fertilization as well as the level of N fertilization before ploughing had no significant effect on the soil mineral nitrogen content (SMN) in autumn and N leaching in the year following the grassland renewal. N fertilizer level after sward renovation had a significant effect on the nitrate leaching losses in the two following years. Fertilization at a rate of 320 kg N ha⁻¹ resulted in leaching losses of 7 and 61 kg N ha⁻¹ in the first and second subsequent years, respectively. At fertilizer rates of 0 and 160 kg N ha⁻¹ leaching losses were lower than 5 kg N ha⁻¹. It is concluded that for mown grassland no restriction of the N fertilization before the renovation of the sward is necessary to reduce the nitrate leaching risk as long as the amount of N fertilized does not exceed the N‐uptake by the crop. Similarly, the N fertilization after the sward renewal does not bear a particular leaching risk.     

施肥方式和施氮量对川西平原机插稻产量和氮肥利用的影响

为研究施肥方式和施氮量对川西平原机插稻产量形成和氮肥利用的影响,本研究以‘天优华占’为材料,采用裂区试验设计,主区因素为2种施肥方式（人工撒施和机械侧深施）;副区因素为2种施氮量（180 kg/hm2和144 kg/hm2,分别记为N180和N144）。分析各处理水稻齐穗期和成熟期干物质积累量、产量及产量构成因素。结果表明：机械侧深施肥能够显著提高川西平原单季稻产量及氮肥利用率。与人工撒施处理相比,机械侧深施处理有效穗、每穗粒数、产量、氮肥偏生产力和氮肥农学利用率分别增加0.39%、6.60%、4.97%、4.79%和18.54%。侧深施肥条件下,N180处理干物质积累量、有效穗数和籽粒产量显著高于N144处理。180 kg/hm2氮肥撒施处理的产量比144 kg/hm2氮肥机械侧深施处理增加2.87%。可见,机械侧深施技术既能降低施肥成本,又能稳产,值得大面积推广应用。     

秸秆还田与生物炭配施对麦-玉轮作体系产量和氮素利用率的影响

通过探究秸秆还田与生物炭配施对麦-玉轮作体系产量和氮素利用率的影响,为黄褐土粮食生产科学施肥提供指导。本研究选取不施肥(CK)、单施生物炭(B)、单施化肥(NPK)、化肥配施秸秆(NPKS)、化肥配施生物炭(NPKB)和化肥配施生物炭和秸秆处理(NPKBS),分析不同处理对作物产量、养分含量和氮肥利用率的影响。结果表明：秸秆与生物炭配施化肥均可显著提高作物穗粒数、产量、土壤全氮、碱解氮、植株籽粒氮积累量;秸秆与生物炭配施化肥均可以显著提高氮素利用率,且小麦利用率高于玉米,真实利用率较当季利用率提高了17.72%~37.43%,其中化肥配施生物炭和秸秆效果最好。综上,化肥配施生物炭和秸秆可以显著提高作物产量,提高氮素真实利用率。     

连续3年定位施用沼液对水稻产量和品质的影响

为探讨沼液连续长期农用的可行性,研究了连续3年定位施用沼液对水稻产量和品质的影响。以规模化养殖场猪粪尿发酵的沼液作为肥源,在四川省邛崃市固驿镇黑石村黄壤性水稻土上种植水稻,分别设置1个清水处理对照(1#),1个常规施肥处理对照(2#)和10个不同施用量沼液处理(分别为3#、4#、5#、6#、7#、8#、9#、10#、11#、12#),研究不同量沼液处理对水稻产量和品质的影响。结果表明,适量沼液施用能不同程度地提高水稻产量和品质。在后2年沼液施用量水平高于第1年施用水平的情况下,随着沼液施用量的增加,后2年水稻的产量、蛋白质含量和矿质元素含量呈现明显的变化趋势。沼液处理下,每年最高水稻产量比常规施肥处理的产量分别提高9.9%,87.2%,69.8%;第1年稻米蛋白质含量较后2年高,且随着沼液施用量的增加呈先增加后减少的趋势;随着沼液施用量的增加,后2年稻米中Mg、Fe、Mn、Cu含量均呈先上升后下降的趋势,Zn含量呈上升趋势;而第1年稻米中Cu、Zn含量有明显变化趋势,Mg、Fe、Mn含量变化无明显规律。表明适量的沼液施用比常规化肥处理更有利于水稻产量和品质的提高,当沼液施用量控制在3 200~5 300 kg/hm2时,水稻产量和品质维持在相对较高的水平。     

Direct and Residual Effect of Different Organic Fertilizers on Potato and Cereals

Field experiment with 8 different organic fertilizers (cattle dung with and without litter, pig slurry, peat compost formed from hen and pig slurry, sawdust-duck manure, noncomposted peat and straw litter with pig slurry) was carried out on loamy brown podzoluvisol since 1985.
The organic fertilizers were applied in the spring of 1985 on two backgrounds: with and without mineral fertilizers. The material is based on the data of four years (1985–1988). The arrangement of crops was the following: potato, spring wheat, barley and early barley.
On both backgrounds cattle dung with litter turned out to be the best organic fertilizer, while noncomposted peat manure had a low direct and residual effect. However, before the application it must be composted with pig or hen slurry. The effect of peat composts was dependent on the background of mineral fertilizers. Pig slurry had a low residual effect and acted only as a liquid nitrogen fertilizer. The joint application of straw and pig slurry can be a suitable opportunity for diminishing their undesirable effects.     

Plant phosphorus nutrition indicators evaluated in agricultural grasslands managed at different intensities

A precise assessment of the phosphorus (P) nutrition status of plants is necessary for an efficient P management in agricultural grasslands. Plant mineral analysis is a tool to identify the nutrition status of grasslands and several P indicators derived thereof are available. However, the interpretation of plant P indicators in grassland samples is complex due to variation in botanical composition, changing nutrient concentrations during growth and interactions between nutrients. The aim of this study was to compare indicators on the P nutrition status of plants and eventually to improve their application in agricultural grasslands. We studied three agricultural grassland types in Switzerland that were managed at different intensity either for high biodiversity or high forage production. Each grassland type was for 5–25 years subjected to treatments of low, recommended or high rates of P, nitrogen (N) and potassium (K) fertilizer. The recommended P rates ranged from 15 to 48 kg P ha⁻¹ year⁻¹. We measured plant P, N and K concentrations in the aboveground biomass of grasses, legumes and forbs. The evaluated P indicators were: P concentration, N:P and K:P ratios and the P nutrition index (PNI). The PNI is calculated as P concentration divided by the linear relationship describing optimal sward P concentration as a function of N concentration (PNI = 100P/(0.06 × 5N + 1.5)). We observed significant yield reduction compared to the expected yield only when one or more nutrients were omitted from fertilization. Fertilizer P input higher than recommended did not significantly increase yields above the yield expected for the respective management and altitude. Under P limiting conditions, forbs and legumes had significantly higher P concentrations than grasses. Additionally, the proportion of legumes affected the P indicators integrating N. Therefore, we used the P indicators in the grass fraction, which was always the main botanical fraction. In grasses all P indicators differentiated between P fertilized and non-P-fertilized treatments. Concentrations of P from 2.1 to 3.0 mg g⁻¹ indicated sufficient P supply, while yield was reduced at lower and not increased at higher concentrations, suggesting luxurious P consumption. Our results for N:P and K:P suggested optimal ranges of 5.5–9.0 and 6.0–10.5, respectively. The PNI showed a clear differentiation between deficient, sufficient or surplus fertilizer inputs. For the precise and correct interpretation of the plant P nutrition status in agricultural grasslands under different management, we propose to use the PNI in the grass fraction. Finally, the interpretation of the indicators was valid for the agricultural grasslands managed at different intensities in spite that the grass fraction was composed by different species.     

蔬菜废弃物沤制液体有机肥的理化性状和腐熟特性研究

为了探索和推广蔬菜废弃物资源化利用的新途径,试验选用白菜废弃物、西红柿秧废弃物为原料,根据不同原料和预处理方式共设12个处理,经过96天的沤制,形成液体有机肥,测量各项指标及GI值。试验结果表明,相同的沤制时间条件下,叶菜类废料中磷、钾等营养元素相对于果菜秧更易转移到肥液中;切碎预处理对叶菜类废料的影响大于果菜秧;接种沼液和纤维素菌对沤肥各项指标影响不显著;曝气明显改变了沤肥的发酵状态,特别是加快了好氧微生物对有机物的降解,增加了氮素的挥发损失,并可能使氮、磷等养分经微生物吸附而更快地向固相转移。     

三角形强化栽培模式下氮肥运筹对II优498产量及氮肥利用的影响

以大穗型杂交籼稻II优498为材料,在三角形强化栽培(triangle-planted system of rice intensification, TSRI)适宜的密度和秧龄条件下,研究施氮量和施肥比例对TSRI结实期叶面积、光合作用以及干物质积累与转运的影响,并探讨花前期物质积累转运与花后期光合生产在产量形成过程中的作用,同时探索既能提高产量又能减少氮肥损失的氮肥运筹措施。结果显示,TSRI下,除蜡熟期叶面积指数(leaf area index, LAI)外,施氮量和施肥比例对光合作用和LAI有显著运筹作用; 增施氮肥和氮肥后移可以显著提高齐穗期和蜡熟期剑叶净光合速率,LAI则随施氮量和氮肥后移程度增加多呈抛物线趋势。TSRI下施氮量和施肥比例共同提高总颖花数增加产量,而施氮量和施肥比例又各自通过提高千粒重和结实率来增加产量。TSRI下,花前干物质积累量、物质转运量、转运率与产量极显著正相关,施氮量为150 kg hm^-2, 穗肥占总施氮量的30%的处理在显著增大花前干物质积累量和籽粒灌浆期间向穗部的转运量实现高产的同时显著提高氮肥农学利用率和生理利用率,是TSRI平衡产量与氮肥利用率的最优氮肥运筹组合。     

长期施肥对夏玉米叶片氮代谢关键酶活性的影响

以“国家褐潮土土壤肥力与肥料效益长期监测基地”的大田肥料长期试验为平台,研究了长期施肥对夏玉米叶片中硝酸还原酶（NR）、谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)、谷氨酸合成酶(GOGAT)和谷氨酸脱氢酶(GDH）活性的影响。结果表明,长期N、P、K化肥配合（NPK处理）以及N、P、K化肥与有机肥或秸秆配合施用（NPKM与NPKS处理）,叶片氮代谢酶（NR、GS、GOGAT和GDH）在籽粒灌浆时期均具有较高的活性,有利于玉米籽粒产量的形成;长期N、P、K化肥非平衡施肥的处理（NP、N、NK、PK处理）以及不施肥的CK,叶片氮代谢酶活性变化差异较大,且活性高峰期和籽粒灌浆关键期时间不一致,植株整体生产能力较弱,玉米籽粒产量较低。不同的酶对籽粒产量的贡献不同,因而系统研究长期定位配比施肥处理下玉米叶片的氮代谢酶活性具有重要的意义。     

Effects of Fungicide on Grain Yield of Barley Grown in Different Cropping Systems

The effect of fungicides and their combination on yield of barley under different nitrogen, slurry and tillage treatments was investigated at Hohenschulen Experimental Station near Kiel, Germany in 1991–97. Various fungicide treatments (no fungicide, and treatment with stem, leaf and ear fungicides and combinations of these), two nitrogen levels (120 and 240 kg N ha⁻¹), two tillage systems (minimum and conventional tillage) and four slurry applications (no application, and autumn, spring and autumn plus spring applications) were used. On average, fungicide application increased barley yield by 1.1 t ha⁻¹. The fungicide treatments could be classified into four types: (1) fungicides against stem diseases, which slightly increased yield by 0.25 t ha⁻¹, very similar to the results for the untreated control; (2) leaf fungicides and ear fungicides applied separately, and fungicides against a combination of stem and leaf diseases, which increased yield by 1.0 t ha⁻¹ on average; (3) fungicides against a combination of ear and stem diseases, which increased the yield by 1.22 t ha⁻¹, and (4) fungicides against a combination of leaf and ear diseases and a combination of stem, leaf and ear diseases, which increased yield by 1.59 t ha⁻¹ on average. The effects of fungicide on the yield were modified by crop husbandry. It can be concluded that application of fungicides against a combination of leaf and ear diseases could increase barley yield and reduce yield variation.     

Einfluß von Hauptbestandsbildner (Lolium multiflorum Lam., Lolium X boucheanum Kunth, Lolium perenne L. und Dactylis glomerata L.), Narbendichte, N-Düngung und Zeit auf Ertrag, Energiedichte, P/E-Quotient und Nitratgehalt

The influence of main species (Lolium multiflorum Lam., Lolium X boucheanum Kunth, Lolium perenne L. and Dactylis glomerata L.), sward density, nitrogen and time on yield, energy content, crudeprotein/energy ratio and nitrate content The aim of this investigation was to determine the influence of different rates of nitrogen fertilizer and of varied sward density on yield and chemical composition of some non-perennial (Lolium multiflorum, Lolium X boucheanum) and some perennial species (Lolium perenne, Dactylis glomerata) in a field experiment. Excepted 600 kg N ha^?l - yr^?1 the non-perennial species produced the highest energy yields. At a fertilization level of 400 kg N ha^?1 yr^?1 had sward density an influence on energy yield of Lolium multiflorum. It appeared that almost the energy content of the Lolium species was higher than in Dactylis glomerata. In most cases there were little differences between the Lolium species. There was a positive correlation between the NFEcontent and the content of water soluble carbohydrates and the energy content which was depressed by applying increasing rates of fertilizer. Generally at the lowest rate of nitrogen used (200 kg N ha^?1 yr^?1) there were positive effects on crude protein/energy ratios. The crude protein/energy ratio was higher of Dactylis glomerata than that of the Lolium species. The nitrate content increased to critical values when applying 400 kg N ha^?1 yr^?1. Dactylis glomerata had the highest and Lolium perenne the lowest nitrate content. At high rate of fertilizer, plots with high sward density sometimes had higher nitrate contents than open swards. The results of the experiment indicate that there are differences in quality even between species with high performance. Regarding the quality of grass swards, future attention should be focused on the main species and on sward density.     

抑制剂NAM对盐渍土壤玉米产量和氮肥农学利用效率的影响

为了提高盐碱土壤中氮肥的利用率,降低硝化作用,减少氮素营养的流失,采用田间小区试验,试验处理设置为:不施肥为对照、常规施肥、常规施肥+NAM(长效复合肥添加剂)、常规施肥80％+NAM,研究了不同处理盐渍土壤养分离子及玉米产量的变化.结果表明,与常规施肥比较,常规施肥+NAM处理可提高土壤碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾和有机质...     

猪粪发酵沼液对无土栽培番茄品质影响的试验研究

为研究猪粪发酵沼液在保护地无土栽培番茄上施用对其果实品质的影响,本研究设置了3种不同稀释倍数（清沼比为1︰1、2︰1、3︰1）的沼液以混灌方式施用以及以沼液和清水轮流灌溉等4种处理,通过采集番茄果实,测试包括Vc、还原糖、粗蛋白、可溶性固形物、铜、锌、硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐等多项品质指标,研究沼液灌溉对番茄果实品质的影响。结果表明,施用沼液可提高番茄果实Vc含量,但不能提高还原糖的含量,轮灌方式施用沼液可提高番茄果实的粗蛋白和可溶性固体含量,并且铜、锌、硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐等的含量均未增高,以轮灌方式施用沼液可在食品安全的前提下有效地提高番茄果实的品质。     

Stickstoffdüngung und chemischer Pflanzenschutz in einem Dauerfeldversuch und die Ertragsgesetze von Liebig, L.iebscher, WOLLNY und MITSCHERLICH

Nitrogen fertilization and chemical plant protection in a long-term field experiment and the yield response laws of L iebig , L iebscher , W ollny and M itscherlich
An interpretation of L iebig 's "law of the minimum", L iebscher 's and W ollny 's "law of the optimum" and M itscherlich 's "law of constant activity" for two growth factors is presented. With three-quadrant diagrams (crop yield vs. N fertilization, crop yield vs. N uptake, N uptake vs. N fertilization) a long-term field experiment in Göttingen (Ackerbau-Systemversuch) is analyzed. This experiment started 1981 with the following treatments: 1. crop rotation (a: short rotation, sugar-beet, winter-wheat, winter-barley/vetch-green-manure; b: long rotation, sugar-beet, winter-wheat, winter-barley, lucerne, maize, faba beans); 2. chemical plant protection (a: with; b: without); 3. mineral nitrogen fertilization procedure (a: N-fixed, cumulative effects; b: N-rotating, one year's effects of different N fertilization); 4. mineral nitrogen fertilization (a: nil; b: suboptimal; c: optimal; d: hyper-optimal doses).
Without chemical plant protection resource use efficiency of applied nitrogen decreased according to L iebscher 's and W ollny 's "law of the optimum". In most cases this "law of the optimum" was applicable to the empirical data. L iebig 's "law of the minimum" and M itscherlich 's "law of constant activity" are exceptional cases, whereas L iebscher 's and W ollny 's "law of the optimum" has more general validity. For maximal resource use efficiency the growth factors have to be combined in optimal amounts.     

不同比例有机无机肥配施对水稻产量与氮素利用率的影响

探讨中药渣有机肥氮替代化肥氮不同比例对水稻生长发育、水稻产量及氮肥利用的影响,以期为水稻提质增效和实现有机废弃物的资源化利用提供新思路。在总施氮量不变的情况下,以中药渣有机肥为供试材料,设置不施肥对照(CK)和有机肥氮替代化肥氮0%、25%、50%、75%、100% 6个处理,研究有机肥氮替代化肥氮不同比例对水稻产量和氮肥利用率的影响。试验结果表明,在等氮量下以合理比例有机肥氮替代化肥氮有利于提高结实率、增加有效穗数。25%有机肥替代化肥增产最高,比单施化肥增产9.06%。本试验条件下,回归计算有机肥氮部分替代化肥氮比例为35.3%,产量可达到9057 kg/hm²,有机氮替代比例能显著提高水稻的生长和氮肥利用率。在农业生产实际中,等氮量替代条件下有机肥施用比例25%~35%是较理想的施肥比例。     

有机种植中施肥量对番茄产量、品质和氮素利用的影响

为了提高有机种植中蔬菜的肥料施用管理水平,利用田间试验,研究了4个不同有机肥施用水平(JF0、JF1、JF2、JF3)对北京郊区设施番茄产量、品质和氮素利用的影响。结果表明,各施肥处理前期生长指标包括株高和叶绿素含量均没有显著差异;JF1与JF2处理的产量显著高于对照和JF3处理,增幅为6.0%~6.9%;3个施肥处理氮肥利用率分别是4.39%、1.55%、0.33%,氮肥农学效率分别是9.52 kg/kg、4.49 kg/kg、-0.19 kg/kg;JF1处理下氮素在果实的分配比例显著高于其他处理;各施肥处理果实品质（Vc、可溶性糖、硝酸盐和总酸度）与对照相比,没有大幅度增加或降低,不同采收期如盛果期与初果期相比果实品质有所改善,其中Vc增幅49.3%~70.8%,硝酸盐降幅64.3%~78.6%,可溶性糖增幅36.5%~46.0%,总酸度增幅35.1%~68.3%。因此,结合当地土壤条件,低量施肥即52.5 t/hm2时,番茄能获得较高产量并且提高氮肥利用率。     

水肥一体肥料减量对大棚番茄产量、品质和氮肥利用率的影响

针对安徽省设施番茄生产中肥料施用量大、施肥方法不科学等问题,以安徽省芜湖县设施番茄为研究对象,探讨水肥一体化措施下减量施肥对番茄产量、产值、品质、养分吸收和氮肥利用效率的影响,以期为区域设施番茄合理水肥管理提供理论和技术支持。研究结果表明：与菜农习惯水肥管理相比,水肥一体氮肥减量20%-40%或氮磷钾肥各减量20%都能够提高番茄产量、产值和利润;影响番茄品质因子较多,在本试验施肥量下,水肥一体减量施肥番茄可溶性总糖、可溶性固形物含量下降,Vc含量增高,适当减少肥料用量有利于番茄红素含量的提高,减肥幅度过大,番茄红素含量下降;水肥一体减量施肥能提高氮肥当季利用率。综合番茄产量、品质和氮肥利用效率,在本试验条件下, N 240kg/hm₂、P₂O₅ 144 kg/hm₂、K₂O 240 kg/hm₂ 是较为合适的用量。笔者认为,尽管优化施肥、水肥一体化减量施肥能提高氮肥利用效率,但设施番茄的氮肥利用率仍较低,氮肥利用率的提高仍有一定的潜力。