Tropical tropospheric ozone and biomass burning

New methods for retrieving tropospheric ozone column depth and absorbing aerosol (smoke and dust) from the Earth Probe-Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (EP/TOMS) are used to follow pollution and to determine interannual variability and trends. During intense fires over Indonesia (August to November 1997), ozone plumes, decoupled from the smoke below, extended as far as India. This ozone overlay a regional ozone increase triggered by atmospheric responses to the El Ni?o and Indian Ocean Dipole. Tropospheric ozone and smoke aerosol measurements from the Nimbus 7 TOMS instrument show El Ni?o signals but no tropospheric ozone trend in the 1980s. Offsets between smoke and ozone seasonal maxima point to multiple factors determining tropical tropospheric ozone variability.     

不同温湿条件对土壤微生物量碳的影响

[目的]研究不同利用方式土壤在不同温度和水分培养条件下其微生物量碳的变化规律,为揭示土壤微生物量碳在不同气候条件下的变化规律提供理论依据.[方法]采用完全随机试验设计方法,进行室内模拟试验,设置两个温度水平（25和35℃）,5个土壤相对含水量水平（20％、40％、60％、80％和100％）,对水稻田和旱地土壤进行100 d的培养,分别测定其土壤微生物量碳（SMBC）.[结果]水稻田SMBC高于旱地SMBC,差异达极显著水平（P＜0.01,下同）.在土壤微生物生长高峰阶段（17～25 d）不同温度对SMBC影响差异达极显著水平;不同温度对水稻田SMBC的影响在60％土壤相对含水量处理中差异达显著水平（P＜0.05,下同）,对旱地SMBC的影响在100％处理中差异达极显著水平.在培养的每个时期,SMBC均随着土壤相对含水量的增加而增加;在培养高峰期,不同土壤相对含水量处理间的SMBC差异均达显著水平.不同利用方式土壤与温度间的互作不显著,但与土壤相对含水量互作显著;温度与土壤相对含水量也呈显著互作.[结论]在海南气候环境下实施有机物料还田时,应根据不同的土地利用方式选择最佳控水措施,提高土壤微生物量碳,增加土壤固碳作用.     

Cosmic rays,clouds, and climate

It has been proposed that Earth's climate could be affected by changes in cloudiness caused by variations in the intensity of galactic cosmic rays in the atmosphere. This proposal stems from an observed correlation between cosmic ray intensity and Earth's average cloud cover over the course of one solar cycle. Some scientists question the reliability of the observations, whereas others, who accept them as reliable, suggest that the correlation may be caused by other physical phenomena with decadal periods or by a response to volcanic activity or El Ni?o. Nevertheless, the observation has raised the intriguing possibility that a cosmic ray-cloud interaction may help explain how a relatively small change in solar output can produce much larger changes in Earth's climate. Physical mechanisms have been proposed to explain how cosmic rays could affect clouds, but they need to be investigated further if the observation is to become more than just another correlation among geophysical variables.     

运用WOFOST模型模拟土壤中水分养分对小麦生物量的影响

为模拟研究小麦生长过程中生物量的影响因素,运用WOFOST作物模型,筛选模型的敏感性参数,设计15种模拟情景,利用情景分析与系统分析方法,模拟与评价了土壤中水分养分对小麦生物量的影响。结果表明:WOFOST模型中有6个参数敏感性指数均超过0.1,极为敏感,包括在20℃下的单叶有效光能利用率(EFFTB3)、生育期(DVS)指数设为0.0和0.5时的比叶面积(SLATB1和SLATB2)、从出苗到开花阶段的累积温度(TSUM1)、30℃下的最大CO2同化率(TMPF4)以及在35℃下的叶面积生长周期(SPAN)。按照养分缺乏、养分正常、养分充足3个情景下模拟小麦生物量指标叶面积指数(LAI)、地上总生物量(TAGP)与贮藏器官总干重质量(TWSO),得到土壤养分对小麦生物量的影响较小,土壤水分对小麦生物量影响较大。根据模拟结果得到每米土壤深度的有效含水量AWC的饱和值为190(kg·m~(-1)),小麦生物量随水分增加而增加,但当水分达到饱和时,增加水分对小麦生物量影响不大。本研究可为WOFOST小麦模型的参数优化和区域应用,以及定量模拟土壤水分与养分对小麦生物量的影响提供理论依据和方法。     

炼山后27年生杉木人工林生长及生物量分配格局

选择炼山造林后27年生杉木人工林为研究对象,采用Monsi分层切割法对所选取的平均标准木进行生物量测定,并测定各营养器官的C、N、P、K含量,分析炼山对杉木人工林长期生产力的影响.结果表明:从长期来看,炼山对杉木人工林地生产力具有不利影响.尽管炼山在初期对杉木的树高、胸径生长有积极影响,但从第7年开始,不炼山的杉木林树高、胸径超过炼山后的杉木林,并且差距逐渐增大;至炼山后第27年,不炼山杉木林树高、胸径仍大于炼山杉木林.从生物量来看,不炼山处理林分生物量与炼山处理之间的差异虽未达显著水平,但叶、皮和根的生物量均明显大于炼山处理.未炼山的林分养分及C积累量均大于炼山处理后的林分,两种处理对于养分及C积累量的影响均无显著差异,对其他器官均未有明显的影响.     

白刺沙包发育过程的土壤水分与根系生物量的关系

在甘肃民勤荒漠绿洲过渡带,采用时空替代法,选择不同沙包发育阶段,研究了白刺沙包发育过程的土壤水分变化特征及不同径级根系生物量特征.结果表明:白刺沙包发育过程中,随着土壤水分的增加,白刺根系的生物量增加;白刺粗根系生物量集中分布在0～50cm土层,占92%以上;中根系生物量在0～40cm土层最多,其中根系生物量占全部中根系生物量的比例在初期沙包为83.32%,中期沙包为86.75%,成熟期沙包为85.32%;细根系生物量在初期沙包和成熟期沙包0～20cm土层中分别占49.73%和52.89%,而中期沙包集中分布于20～40cm土层,占47.66%;中根系生物量和细根系生物量与土壤水分呈显著相关,粗根系生物量与土壤水分不相关.     

青藏高原高寒草甸植被特征与温度、水分因子关系

以广布于青藏高原的高寒草甸为研究对象,进行模拟增温实验,探讨高寒草甸植被特征与温度、水分因子关系,并试图论证高寒草甸植被是否符合生物多样性代谢理论.结果表明:①高寒草甸植被物种多样性的对数与绝对温度的倒数呈显著线性递减关系,空气-地表-浅层土壤(0-20 cm)温度(R2 ＞0.6,P＜0.01)较深层土壤(40-100 cm)温度(R2＜0.5,P＜0.05)对物种多样性影响大;其植被新陈代谢平均活化能为0.998-1.85 eV,高于生物多样性代谢理论预测值0.6-0.7 eV,这是高寒草甸植被对长期低温环境适应进化的结果.②除趋势对应分析和冗余分析显示,温度对植被地上部分影响较大,而土壤水分对全株影响均较大,适当的增温与降水均可极显著促进高寒草甸植被生长.③逐步回归和通径分析显示,40 cm、60 cm深度土壤水分对植被地上部分产生直接影响,20 cm高度空气相对湿度和40 cm深度土壤温度对其产生间接影响;40 cm深度土壤温度和60 cm深度土壤水分对植被地下部分产生直接影响,红外地表温度对其产生间接影响.深层土壤温度和水分对高寒草甸植被具有影响作用,这可能与增温后冻土的融化有关,但其机理尚待进一步研究.     

Venus: uniformity of clouds, and photography

Photographs of Earth at a resolution of about 600 kilometers were compared to pictures of Venus taken from Earth at about the same resolution . Under these conditions Earth appear very heavily covered by clouds. Since details on the surface of Earth can be recorded from Earth orbit, it may be possible to phiotograph protions of the surface of Venus, through openings in the clouds, from an orbiting satellite.     

A carbonate-rich, hydrated, interplanetary dust particle: possible residue from protostellar clouds

Transmission electron microscopy of a hydrated interplanetary dust particle (IDP) indicates that it contains abundant magnesium-iron carbonates, primarily breunnerite and magnesian siderite. This IDP displays a strong absorption band at 6.8 micrometers in its infrared spectrum, similar to that in certain protostellar spectra. The carbonates probably account for the 6.8-micrometer band in the IDP spectrum, suggesting that carbonate also may occur in interstellar dust and be the source of the controversial 6.8-micrometer feature from the protostellar spectra.     

以菌渣为生物质燃料的锅炉大气污染物排放分析及防治措施

对古田县一批采用食用菌菌渣作为生物质燃料的锅炉大气污染物排放情况进行调查分析,结果表明:颗粒物、SO2、NOx排放均达标,并提出污染防治措施。     

Ablation, flux, and atmospheric implications of meteors inferred from stratospheric aerosol

Single-particle analyses of stratospheric aerosol show that about half of the particles contain 0.5 to 1.0 weight percent meteoritic iron by mass, requiring a total extraterrestrial influx of 8 to 38 gigagrams per year. The sodium/iron ratio in these stratospheric particles is higher and the magnesium/iron and calcium/iron ratios are lower than in chondritic meteorites, implying that the fraction of material that is ablated must lie at the low end of previous estimates and that the extraterrestrial component that resides in the mesosphere and stratosphere is not of chondritic composition.     

绵羊卵母细胞核成熟、卵丘扩展与激素浓度关系的研究

为了研究绵羊卵母细胞核成熟、卵丘扩展与激素浓度的关系,利用不同激素浓度处理卵丘-卵母细胞复合体(COCs)并记录不同激素浓度处理下的卵母细胞核成熟率和卵丘扩展率.结果表明:E2可显著提高卵母细胞核成熟率(P＜0.05),但并不影响卵丘扩展率;E2可显著提高卵丘扩展的卵母细胞成熟率(P＜0.05),但不影响卵丘未扩展的卵...     

柴油机燃用生物质燃油--柴油混合燃料燃烧特性的研究

在测定生物质燃油物理性能的基础上,将生物质燃油和柴油做各种配比,最后筛选出了生物质燃油柴油(体积比)=19的混合燃料与纯柴油进行了台架对比试验.结果表明在发动机结构不变的情况下,燃用混合燃料1和混合燃料2是可行的,与纯柴油相比节油效果显著,节油率可分别达11.7%和6.6%,并有效降低了柴油机的排放污染,CO2含量分别降低了7.1%和4.5%.     

Chlorine monoxide radical, ozone, and hydrogen peroxide: stratospheric measurements by microwave limb sounding

Profiles of stratospheric ozone and chlorine monoxide radical (C1O) have been obtained from balloon measurements of atmospheric limb thermal emission at millimeter wavelengths. The C1O measurements, important for assessing the predicted depletion of stratospheric ozone by chlorine from industrial sources, are in close agreement with present theory, The predicted decrease of C1O at sunset was measured. A tentative value for the stratospheric abundance of hydrogen peroxide was also determined.     

频率、温度和含水率对玉米介电性能的影响

应用网络分析仪和同轴探头技术,研究含水率为13%~22%的玉米在频率10~3 000 MHz,温度25~85℃下的介电性能。结果表明：玉米的介电常数和介电损耗因数随频率升高而降低,随温度和含水率的增加而增大。高温低频条件下,在双对数图中高含水率玉米的介电损耗因数与频率呈现明显的负线性关系,表明离子导电引起介电损耗是主要...     

延河流域自然与人工植被地上生物量差异及其土壤水分效应的比较

【目的】针对延河流域人工植被建造存在植被退化的问题,比较了自然植被与人工植被地上生物量的差异及其土壤水分效应,探寻人工植被退化的原因,为延河流域植被恢复重建提供理论支持。【方法】共采集57个气象站点1980-2000年的气候数据,并根据降雨和温度变化,将延河流域划分为17个环境梯度单元,测定了自然植被地上生物量及0～500cm土层土壤含水量,分析自然植被的空间变化及其影响因素,对自然植被与人工植被地上生物量及相应的土壤水分变化进行比较分析。【结果】延河流域自然植被地上生物量在空间上存在明显差异,从西北向东南呈现逐渐递增的变化趋势。自然植被地上生物量与年均总降雨量呈正相关关系,与年均生长季温度呈负相关关系;相同气候区的自然植被地上生物量随坡位和坡向的变化差异均很大。以自然植被为参照,人工植被地上生物量最大超载可达30 425.83g/m2,最小超载为118.93g/m2,平均为6 668.00g/m2,说明人工植被地上生物量明显超出了自然状态下所能承载的范围。与自然植被相比,人工植被土壤水分最大亏缺量可达80.5g/kg,说明人工植被地上生物量的超载引起平均土壤含水量显著低于自然植被,出现了不同程度的土壤干层,进而导致人工植被群落的衰退或死亡。【结论】生物量超载是引起土壤水分耗竭、植被退化的主要原因。植被恢复重建规划时,必须充分考虑特定立地环境条件下潜在生物量的制约,而不是盲目地选择不适宜的物种。     

Antarctic stratospheric chemistry of chlorine nitrate, hydrogen chloride, and ice: release of active chlorine

The reaction rate between atmospheric hydrogen chloride (HCl) and chlorine nitrate (ClONO(2)) is greatly enhanced in the presence of ice particles; HCl dissolves readily into ice, and the collisional reaction probability for ClONO(2) on the surface of ice with HCl in the mole fraction range from approximately 0.003 to 0.010 is in the range from approximately 0.05 to 0.1 for temperatures near 200 K. Chlorine (Cl(2)) is released into the gas phase on a time scale of at most a few milliseconds, whereas nitric acid (HNO(3)), the other product, remains in the condensed phase. This reaction could play an important role in explaining the observed depletion of ozone over Antarctica; it releases photolytically active chlorine from its most abundant reservoir species, and it promotes the formation of HNO(3) and thus removes nitrogen dioxide (NO(2)) from the gas phase. Hence it establishes the necessary conditions for the efficient catalytic destruction of ozone by halogenated free radicals. In the absence of HCl, ClONO(2) also reacts irreversibly with ice with a collision efficiency of approximately 0.02 at 200 K; the product hypochlorous acid (HOCI) is released to the gas phase on a time scale of minutes.     

A direct synaptic connection mediating both excitation and inhibition

Neurons have generally been thought to produce only one synaptic action on any particular cell which they innervate. An identified interneuron in the abdominal ganglion of Aplysia mediates both direct excitation and inhibition to an identified follower cell. At low firing rates the interneuron produces excitatory postsynaptic potentials; however at higher firing rates these gradually diminish in size and eventually invert to inhibitory postsynaptic potentials. Electrophysiological and pharmacological evidence indicates that the connection between these cells is monosynaptic, and that a single transmitter, acetylcholine, mediates both actions. These opposite synaptic responses appear to result from the transmitter's acting on two types of postsynaptic receptors having different thresholds for activation and different susceptibilities for desensitization.