Ertragsniveau und Standort dargestellt am Beispiel der Kiefer

Summary The yield level of a stand of a given species expresses quantatively the potentiality of a site to produce wood. The General Yield Level is defined as the relative total production per unit area for a given mean-or top height. The so-called Specific Yield Level specifies the variation in the total volume production of stands of a given age and site quality class. The author’s studies in stands of scots pine reveal that the total volume production in stands of a given height varies as much as 20%. Yield levels above the average are found on dry sites, those below the average on loamy soils with a high soil water level.Assmann’s studies in spruce stands, however, revealed the occurrence of relatively high yield levels on loamy soils with a favourable soil moisture regime. In addition to soil moisture regime, the yield level of a stand is affected by the duration of the growing season and by rooting habits of the species.      

Study on Cultural Technologies and Salt-resistance of Nitraria sibirica in Coastal Areas with Serious Salt-affected Soil

In this research, five Nitraria sibirica provenances such as Dayilu were selected to do experiment of salt-resistance, combining fixed plots test with typical plot investigation, measuring survival rate and growth as main indicators. The experiments of main cultural technology were done on Nitraria sibirica in 4 types of site preparation, 3 types of planting, 3 designs for planting density. The Nitraria sibirica experiments for the effects of curbing salt and improving soil were done by testing soil nutrients, salt content, soil physical properties as focal points in typical site of 3-4 years woods. The experiment results showed that the Nitraria sibirica could survive well with soil salt content of 0.6%, and that survival rate declined distinctively as soil salt content exceeded 0.8%. However, high soil salt content did not influence growth in the year of planting. There were obvious differences in salt-tolerance among Nitraria sibirica provenances; Dayilu was the best on salt-tolerance, the other 4 pro     

Influence of Tree Roots on Nitrogen Mineralization

This study compared the total carbon (C), mineral nitrogen (N) contents and N mineralization potentials of the rhizospheric and bulk soils, collected at two depths in three forest sites in France. The site at Breuil is a comparative plantation of different species with or without fertilization, the Fougères site is a time sequence of four Fagus sylvatica L . stands including a limed plot, and the Aubure site is a comparison between adjacent young and old Picea abies. (L.) Karst stands with different nitrifying activity. Mineral N was extracted from fresh soil with K 2 SO 4 and after laboratory incubation at 15°;C for 2 days or 1 week. The moisture, C and N contents of the rhizospheric soil were higher than in the bulk soil in the A 1 horizon, but only slightly higher or similar in A 1 B horizons. Soil-extractable NH 4 and net mineralization were much larger in the rhizospheric soil than in the bulk soil. Soil-extractable NO 3 and net nitrification were not significantly different. Soil-extractable NH 4 and net N mineralization were linearly and positively related to the soil C (or N) contents, but the relationship was stronger and the amount of mineral N per gram of carbon was higher for rhizospheric soil. This suggests that the quality of rhizospheric carbon should be taken into account. Net N mineralization was negatively related to the soil C/N ratio. In summary, tree roots appear to have a strong influence on N transformation in soils.     

Dead trees and protected polypores in unmanaged north-temperate forest stands of Lithuania

The availability of coarse woody debris (CWD) and distribution of dead trees into categories of mortality (dead standing, broken and uprooted) were investigated in north-temperate forests of central Europe (Lithuania). The studied area comprised 188.7 ha and included 18 different stands 40–130 years of age with a variety of tree species (spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.), pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), alder (Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn.), birch (Betula pendula Roth and B. pubescens Ehrh.), aspen (Populus tremula L.), oak (Quercus robur L.), forest types (caricus-sphagnum, vaccinium-myrtillus, oxalis, myrtillus-oxalis, caricus-calamagrostis) and edaphic conditions (peaty, sandy, loamy soils of different moisture). The stands were excluded from wood harvesting for at least 30 years. A total of 11 365 dead trees (over 10 cm in DBH) or 6160.7 m³ of dead wood was found (60.2 trees/ha and 32.6 m³/ha). The volume of CWD per hectare was larger in older stands (r_S=0.78, P<0.01). Tree mortality during the last 2 years consisted of 482 trees and 381 m³, or 1.28 trees/ha×year and 1.01 m³/ha×year. In 25–33% of cases it was wind-related. Uprooted and broken trees were of larger DBH than dead standing. The distribution into the categories of mortality was strongly dependent on tree species (chi-square test, d.f.=10,P=0). Dead standing dominated in CWD of pine and alder. Broken trees comprised almost a half in CWD of aspen, and about one-third in birch, alder and oak. Uprooting most often occurred in spruce, aspen and birch. Edaphic conditions and stand age had a pronounced impact on distribution into mortality categories for spruce (chi-square test, d.f.=20, P<0.00001) and pine (d.f.=8, P≤0.0003). On peat soil, only a minority of trees of both pine and spruce was uprooted, and standing dead prevailed. In CWD of spruce and pine, the proportions of both dead standing and broken decreased and that of uprooted trees increased on mineral soils of higher moisture and bulk density in older stands. By contrast, uprooting in birch and alder occurred less often on more wet sites, where the proportions of standing snags were higher. A total of 41 species of wood-decomposing polypores were found in the study area. Among those, 10 (24%) were of conservation value.     

Decline of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pinus thunbergii</Emphasis> Parlat. stands due to excess soil moisture caused by a buried andosol layer at a coastal sand site in Hokkaido,northern Japan

To demonstrate the effect of excess soil moisture on the decline of a coastal Pinus thunbergii stand in Oshamanbe, southwestern Hokkaido, Japan, soil moisture content was monitored for 4 years. The saturated hydraulic conductivities (K _S) of different soil types (coastal sand, supplied topsoil, and buried concreted andosol) and the distribution of the buried concreted andosol layer were investigated. We also examined needle length to verify the real-time response of P. thunbergii to excess soil moisture. Soil moisture content at the heavily damaged site was more heterogeneous than that at the slightly damaged site, and a sensor near the ground always reported a higher soil moisture content at the heavily damaged site than at the slightly damaged site. The buried concreted andosol layer was always found at the heavily damaged site. The K _S of the andosol layer was 10⁻⁵, suggesting that this layer is less permeable to water, leading to excess soil moisture at this site. P. thunbergii needles from the heavily damaged site were shorter than those from the slightly damaged site, possibly because of water stress. Together with other symptoms observed at the study sites, i.e., crown dieback and intense lateral growth, this information leads us to conclude that the decline of P. thunbergii stands at the heavily damaged site in Oshamanbe was caused by excess soil moisture due to the less permeable buried concreted andosol layer.     

半干旱黄土丘陵沟壑区人工林对土壤水分的适宜性分析

于2007～2010年生长季节,对侧柏、山杏、油松、柠条和山毛桃等林地土壤水分进行连续监测,并查阅相同树种和立地条件下的林分根系分布资料,以土壤水分对林木耗水满足程度作为评价指标,对半干旱黄土丘陵沟壑区小流域微地形条件下人工林对土壤水分的适宜性进行研究.结果显示:不同林分根系的垂直分布和土壤水分垂直变异相关性显著,水分...     

水蚀风蚀交错区典型人工林土壤水分亏缺特征

为充分了解水蚀风蚀交错区典型林地土壤水分差异性及其生态水文效应,选择陕西省延安市吴起县水蚀风蚀交错区长城镇退耕还林后形成的典型人工林(小叶杨、山杏、山桃、柠条、河北杨和沙棘林)为研究对象,采用烘干法测定土壤含水量,分析0~300 cm土层土壤水分季节变化特征、贮水量特征和土壤贮水亏缺程度。结果表明:在0~300 cm土层,6种林地土壤水分具有明显的垂直变异特征,即随着土层深度的增加,土壤含水量先升高后降低;6种林地各土层的土壤含水量均具有明显的季节变化特征,且变异系数在表土层较大,随着深度的增加而减小;6种林地土壤水分活跃层存在一定的差异性;其中,沙棘林土壤水分活跃层最深(0~80 cm),其它林地相对较浅(20~40 cm);在0~100 cm土层,各林地土壤贮水量垂直变化趋势差异较大,且小叶杨、河北杨与沙棘林差异显著(P<0.05),沙棘各季节土壤贮水量随着土层深度的增加呈现先增大后减小的趋势。不同植被类型土壤贮水亏缺度存在差异,土壤水分亏缺度在季节上表现为秋季>春季>夏季。     

Natural mortality in thinning and fertilisation experiments with pine and spruce in Sweden

Natural mortality in a 30-year period was examined in thinning and fertilisation experiments with 48 blocks in Scots pine (Pinus sylvstris L.) and 23 blocks in Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) with up to 12 different treatments. Of about 90,000 living trees at start of the experiments 18.7% were registered as dead by natural mortality in the 30-year observation period. In non-thinned stands about 20% of the volume growth disappeared by natural mortality, in thinned stands about 10%. In normally thinned pine stands (repeated thinning from below with moderate intensity) the annual mortality of the basal area at start of an average 7-year period was 0.34%. In spruce stands, on more fertile sites, the corresponding figure was about 0.6%. In an effort to model the mortality, severe damage not leading to final felling was identified in 1.7% of the observation periods. It was assumed that this part of the mortality, representing 24% of the total volume mortality, could be recovered by active thinning. The probability for severe damage increased sharply with stand top height, as shown in a logistic regression. The more sparse mortality was expressed as a function of site fertility, stand density, disturbance by thinning and form of treatment (thinned from above or below or non-thinned). The naturally dead trees were approximately of mean size in normally thinned stands while the self-thinning in non-thinned stands tended to occur amongst smaller than average trees. Diagrams were presented for basal area development and stem number reduction in the non-thinned stands.     

Effects of moisture limitation on tree growth in upland and floodplain forest ecosystems in interior Alaska

The objective of this study was to examine the impact of summer throughfall on the growth of trees, at upland and floodplain locations, in the vicinity of Fairbanks, Alaska. Corrugated clear plastic covers were installed under the canopy of floodplain balsam poplar/white spruce stands and upland hardwood/white spruce stands to control soil moisture recharge as a result of summer precipitation. The covers were installed in 1989 and tree growth measurements were conducted through 2005. Soil moisture dynamics were measured using TDR techniques. Tree basal area growth at dbh in the control plots was approximately twice as high on the floodplain compared to the upland. Summer throughfall exclusion significantly decreased white spruce growth on the floodplain sites but not in the upland sites. In upland sites the melting snow pack is a major moisture resource for tree growth although it is not clear if moisture limitation occurs during the summer in the control plots. However in the floodplain stands white spruce growth was highly dependent on seasonal throughfall even though the ground water table was within the rooting zone and the soils were supplied with a spring recharge due to snowmelt. A number of factors were suggested as a foundation for this strong relationship. These include rooting distribution, soil texture, and the electrical conductivity of the ground water.     

Influence of soil properties on the growth of sycamore (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Acer pseudoplatanus </Emphasis>L.) in Denmark

Despite high demand on the timber, sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus L.) covers only about 2% of the forested area in Denmark, mainly because several examples of failed stands have made foresters reluctant to grow sycamore. In order to optimize the use of sycamore, scientifically based knowledge is needed on the specific demands of sycamore to soil properties. Therefore, 34 stands of sycamore covering a broad range of soil types, tree heights and ages were investigated. Tree height and age were determined on 20 trees in each stand and combined into a site index. In each stand, soil water status, slope and ground cover were determined and soil samples were taken and analyzed for pH, organic carbon, total nitrogen, calcium carbonate, bulk density and texture in the laboratory. The data were analyzed by simple regression supplemented by PCA and MLR. Accordingly, sycamore can grow well on a broad range of soils regarding texture and water content. However, soils with stagnant water within 40 cm of the soil surface are unsuited for sycamore. On well-drained soils, increasing clay content caused better sycamore growth, which was also improved on insufficiently drained soils with calcium carbonate. Increased nitrogen content stimulated sycamore growth while, less productive stands occurred on carbon rich soils indicating that carbon and nitrogen contents can serve as sycamore growth indicators. Bulk density, C/N ratio and pH showed no significant influence on growth. The investigation showed that sycamore could grow well on a broader range of soils than hitherto believed.     

Improved recruitment and early growth of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) seedlings after fire and soil scarification

The success of seedling recruitment of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) is strongly dependent on soil surface properties, such as humus depth and moisture content. In an undisturbed forest floor, seedlings are seldom able to become established due to the high incidence of desiccation in the organic soil layer. Methods that remove the organic soil layer are often necessary to improve the availability for radicles to reach the more stable moisture regime in the mineral soil. In this study we investigated pine-seedling establishment after mechanical soil scarification, burning of litter (O_L) and burning of litter and humus (O_L and O_FH) in two mature pine stands in Germany. The herbaceous layer of the first stand was dominated by grasses (Molinia caerulea L. and Deschampsia flexuosa L.), whereas the herbaceous layer of the second stand was dominated by blueberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.). Pine seeds were placed in experimental plots, and seedling numbers and heights were recorded at regular intervals. All treatments that removed organic soil resulted in higher seedling counts than did the undisturbed forest floor. The highest seedling counts were found on scarified and severely burnt plots, whereas seedling counts were lower on lightly burnt plots. Seedlings were significantly taller on burnt plots. This study shows that pine regeneration is stimulated by fire, not only in boreal forests, but also under central European conditions. With the expectation of higher fire frequency in the near future due to climatic changes, natural regeneration and succession on burnt sites should receive more focus in forest management and research.     

Transferring site information for black walnut from native woodlands in southeastern Kansas USA to identify sites for agroforestry practices

Black walnut (Juglans nigra) is an important tree species for temperate agroforestry in the United States for timber, nuts, wildlife, and abrasives. Predictions of forestland productivity are needed for proper species selection in tree planting. Potential productivity can be estimated for non-forested areas and agricultural croplands by relating site quality to site and soil characteristics. Our study measured the growth potential of black walnut in natural stands. We looked at over 210 stands on unglaciated soils in southeastern Kansas with the site index at 50 years ranging from 9.1 to 26.8 m. Numerous environmental factors were evaluated, including: site, soil chemical, and soil physical properties. These environmental factors were related to tree height at the standard age of 50 years. Simple correlation and multiple regression analyses were run with the site index using over 60 variables of soil and topographic characteristics. Understory competition had no effect on site index. Chemical characteristics had a slight effect on site index. We explained 73 % of the variation in site index with just two variables; depth to a restrictive layer (DRL) and soil type. DRL is a good predictor of walnut productivity.     

Phosphorus fertilizer,soils, and site preparation influence loblolly pine productivity

Growth and yield of 12-year-old loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantations were compared among five subsoil textures, seven site preparation methods, with and without phosphorus fertilizer. Phosphorus broadcast before planting increased the mean size of the loblolly pine trees. However, soil differences significantly influenced stand survival, and the method of site preparation significantly affected total stand yield. Therefore, the influence of phosphorus on total stand yield depended on soil type and site preparation method. The site preparation-fertilizer combinations yielding the most volume per soil type were: on the Lucy, Ruston, and Wagram soils, shear-windrow site preparation with phosphorus; on the Kirvin and Shubuta soils, chop-burn-harrow site preparation without phosphorus; on the Calloway and Henry soils, double chopping without phosphorus; on the Sawyer soil, chopburn-harrow site preparation with phosphorus; and on the Boswell, Cadeville, Gore, and Susquehanna soils, shear-windrow-harrow site preparation without phosphorus. Soil differences and phosphorus fertilization influenced the incidence of fusiform rust in 12-year-old stands of loblolly pine.     

Effect of burning and brush treatments on nutrient and soil physical properties in young longleaf pine stands

Over a period of 16 years, unburned longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) pole stands grew an average of 27% more volume than similar stands regularly burned. Treatments included biennial burns in winter, spring, and summer plus an unburned check, each of which was combined with three supplemental treatments, namely, initial herbicide injection of all hardwoods, repeated handclearing of all woody stems, and no treatment. All unburned and winter-burned plots were paired to study this growth reduction relative to treatments. The status of nitrogen, phosphorus, available moisture holding capacity, bulk density, and macropore space was determined in both surface and subsurface soils. Foliage from pines on sampled plots was analyzed for N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Mn, Cu, Fe, and Zn. Burning did not significantly affect either soil N and P or foliar nutrients. However, burning reduced available moisture holding capacity and macropore space and increased the bulk density of surface soils, and also reduced the moisture-holding capacity of subsurface soils. The results from this and other studies suggest that growth losses are due, at least in part, to increased moisture stress associated with changes in soil physical properties.     

影响闽南山地巨尾桉生长的土壤因子研究

利用巨尾桉林分生长及林下土壤调查资料,采用逐步回归统计方法,探讨影响闽南山地巨尾桉生长的土壤主导因子,结果表明:限制闽南山地巨尾桉速生丰产的土壤主导因子为土壤毛管持水量、腐殖质层厚度、土层厚度及有效磷,其回归方程为:Y=1-544+0-157X5+0-059X2+0-034X1+0-327X8。     

Soil thermal and moisture regimes on forested slopes of an appalachian watershed

Soil thermal and moisture regimes were studied at four sites of contrasting slope positions and aspects within a forested Appalachian watershed (39° 41′N, 79° 45′W, elevation from 567 m to 796 m). The overall mean temperature for the 0–50 cm soil layer was 12.3°C in 1981; mean annual temperatures ranged from 13.3°C at 2 cm depth on a south-facing lower site to 11.0°C at 50 cm depth on a north-facing lower site. During the growing season soil temperatures of the south-facing lower site exceeded those of other sites by 1°C or less for soils less than 20 cm in depth. Maximum temperature differences between sites were reached in November, and the minimum temperature differences between sites were observed in January.The soil moisture content on the north-facing site exceeded that of all other sites. The south-facing lower site was the driest, while the south-facing upper site and the ridge top were intermediate and had similar moisture regimes. It was concluded that the moisture regime of the south-facing lower site was a joined effect of aspect and relatively high stoniness.     

Changes in soil properties of Abies holophylla and Quercus-dominated stands 4 years after trenching

Abstract

Few studies tried to isolate the influence of plant roots on the soil characteristics including soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) storage. We evaluated the impact of root trenching on soil characteristics of coniferous (Abies holophylla) and deciduous (Quercus spp.) stands 4 years after trenching. Trenching treatment significantly increased the soil water content and nitrate concentration in both stand types. Soil pH, cation exchange capacity, soil C and N pools and isotopic compositions of C and N were significantly different between two stands, but trenching was not found to have significant impact on these soil properties. Our results indicated that root trenching in coniferous and broad-leaved deciduous forests of temperate region could significantly alter soil moisture regime and inorganic N levels, but not C and N stabilization in soils.     

北京九龙山油松人工林地位指数表的编制及油松林生长与立地因子的关系

北京地处暖温带半湿润季风气候区，地带性植被是暖温带落叶阔叶林。由于长期受     

Space-time dynamics of fine root biomass of six forests in the Maoershan forest region, northeast China

The Maoershan forestry centre is situated in the Zhangguangcai Mountain of the Changbai mountain range. The main forest types in the Maoershan region are plantation (Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica, Pinus koraiensis and Larix gmelinii) and natural secondary forests (Fraxinus mandshurica, Quercus mongolica and Populus davidiana). Fine roots have enormous surface areas, growing and turning over quickly, which plays an important role in terms of substance cycling and energy flow in the forest ecosystem. This study deals with the dynamics of live, dead, and total fine roots (≤ 5 mm) biomass in the 0–30 cm soil layer using the soil core method. Differences between the six stands in the Maoershan region showed the following results: 1) the fine root biomass in the various stands showed obvious differences. The total fine root biomass of six stands from high to low were F. mandshurica (1,030.0 g/m²) > Q. mongolica (973.4 g/m²) > Pinus koraiensis (780.9 g/m²) > L. gmelinii (718.2 g/m²) > Populus davidiana (709.1 g/m²) > Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica (470.4 g/m²); 2) except for L. gmelinii, the development of live fine root biomass agreed with the trend of total fine root biomass. The maximum biomass of live fine roots in Pinus koraiensis or L. gmelinii stand appeared in May, others in June; in the F. mandshurica stand, the minimum biomass of live fine roots occurred in September, others in July or August; 3) the proportions of dead fine root biomass varied in different stands; 4) the vertical distribution of fine roots was affected by temperature, water, and nutrients; the proportion of fine root biomass was concentrated in the 0–10 cm soil layer. The fine root biomass of six stands in the 0–10 cm soil layer was over 40% of the total fine root biomass; this proportion was 60.3% in F. mandshurica. Space-time dynamics of the various stands had different characteristics. When investigating the substance cycling and energy flows of all forest ecosystems, we should consider the characteristics of different stands in order to improve the precision of our estimates. __________ Translated from Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2006, 42(6): 13–19 [译自: 林业科学]     

粤北石漠化地区土壤侵蚀的137Cs法研究

据2005年10月的野外调查及对TM卫星影像解译分析结果,研究了粤北不同程度的石漠化地区、不同利用类型土地的¹³⁷Cs区域分布以及土壤侵蚀速率特征。结果表明:粤北石漠化地区土壤¹³⁷Cs活度的平均值为(6.54±0.57) Bq·kg^-1,土壤中¹³⁷Cs水平随石漠化程度增加有先降低然后升高的趋势,表明在重度石漠化阶段,过高的基岩裸露率导致其周围土壤对¹³⁷Cs的集中吸附,¹³⁷Cs在某些沉积小环境内逐渐富集。研究区¹³⁷Cs背景值为(1 433.60±131.40) Bq·m^-2,低于北半球的平均值,¹³⁷Cs剖面分布基本符合指数分布,最高值出现在2~4 cm深度范围内。在轻度、中度石漠化地区,非耕作土壤侵蚀速率的平均值分别为1 369.0、1 833.5 t·km^-2·a^-1;耕作土壤侵蚀速率远高于非耕作土壤,坡度对土壤侵蚀影响非常明显。