Effect of increasing densities of Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu on Eucalyptus urograndis initial development in silvopastoral system

In silvopasture system, the coexistence of eucalyptus seedlings with other species may result in growth reduction, especially during eucalyptus early development.Therefore, studies elucidating how forage species affect the eucalyptus growth can provide important information for their rational management aiming to obtain the maximum gain of the system. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of increasing densities of Urochloa brizantha cv.Marandu in the early development of Eucalyptus urograndis. An experiment was conducted in 20 L pots, in an open and semi-controlled area, during 90 days after planting of eucalyptus. A completely randomized design with four replications was used, in a 6 9 7 factorial system, meaning six evaluation periods and seven densities of U. brizantha: 0(control), 22, 33, 44, 67, 89 and111 plants m^-2. Fortnightly, eucalyptus height, stem diameter and chlorophyll fluorescence(Fv/Fm) were evaluated. At the end of experimental period, the net assimilation rate, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate of eucalyptus plants were determined, in addition to the dry matter of eucalyptus(leaves and stem) and U. brizantha (leaves). In coexistence with 111 plants m^-2, eucalyptus had reduction of 63.9% on total dry matter and 72.7% on leaf area, compared to the control. From the density of22 plants m^-2, U. brizantha negatively interfere significantly the growth of E. urograndis. Up to 8 plants m^-2 there are no reductions greater than 5% in eucalyptus height and stem diameter.     

Adaptations to soil drying in woody seedlings of African locust bean, (Parkia biglobosa (Jacq.) Benth.)

Stomatal conductance, transpiration and xylem pressure potential of African locust bean (Parkia biglobosa (Jacq.) Benth.) seedlings subjected from the sixth week after emergence to four weeks of continuous soil drought did not differ from those of well-watered, control plants until two-thirds of the available soil water had been used. In both well-watered and drought-treated plants, stomatal conductance was highest early in the day when vapor pressure deficits were low, but decreased sharply by midday when evaporative demand reached its highest value. There was no increase in stomatal conductance later in the day as vapor pressure deficit declined. The relationship between transpiration rate and xylem pressure potential showed non-linearity and hysteresis in both control and drought-treated plants, which seems to indicate that the plants had a substantial capacity to store water. The rate of leaf extension in African locust bean seedlings subjected to six consecutive 2-week cycles of soil drought declined relative to that of well-watered, control plants, whereas relative root extension increased. It appears that African locust bean seedlings minimized the impact of drought by: (1) restricting transpiration to the early part of the day when a high ratio of carbon gain to water loss can be achieved; (2) utilizing internally stored water during periods of rapid transpiration; (3) reducing the rate of leaf expansion and final leaf size in response to soil drought without reducing the rate of root extension, thereby reducing the ratio of transpiring leaf surface area to absorbing root surface area.     

桉树生态问题及发展思路

列举了桉树生态问题争论的主要事件及焦点,阐述了桉树的水分利用、养分消耗和化感作用,在对桉树生态问题进行评价的基础上,提出了正视桉树人工林的生态问题,强化规划、设计、施工监督和质量管理;遗传育种应由单一性状向多性状转变,培育具有节水保肥的新品种和优良无性系;注重桉树菌根等新技术的研发与应用,提高桉树对土壤养分的有效利用和保水能力;采取综合营林措施,维护桉树林的土壤养分平衡;开展固氮菌接种和维持林地的持久生产力等桉树发展思路。     

Leaf growth, photosynthesis and tissue water relations of greenhouse-grown Eucalyptus marginata seedlings in response to water deficits

Leaf growth, rate of leaf photosynthesis and tissue water relations of shoots of Eucalyptus marginata Donn ex Sm. (jarrah) seedlings were studied during a soil drying and rewatering cycle in a greenhouse experiment. Rates of leaf growth and photosynthesis were sensitive to water deficits. The rate of leaf growth decreased linearly with predawn leaf water potential to reach zero at -1.5 MPa. Rate of leaf growth did not recover completely within the first three days after rewatering. Midday photosynthetic rates declined to 40% of those of well-watered seedlings at a predawn leaf water potential of -1.0 MPa and reached zero at -2.2 MPa. Photosynthetic rate recovered rapidly following rewatering and almost fully recovered by the second day after rewatering. All tissue water relations parameters, except the bulk modulus of elasticity, changed significantly as the soil dried and recovered completely by the third day after rewatering. Changes in osmotic pressure at full turgor of 0.4 MPa indicated considerable capacity for osmotic adjustment. However, because there was little osmotic adjustment until predawn leaf water potential fell below -1.5 MPa, this capacity would not have enhanced seedling growth, although it may have increased seedling survival. The sensitivity of photosynthesis and relative water content to water deficits suggests that greenhouse-grown E. marginata seedlings behave like mesophytic plants, even though E. marginata seedlings naturally grow in a drought-prone environment.     

Water deficits are more important in delaying growth than in changing patterns of carbon allocation in Eucalyptus globulus

Potted cuttings of three Eucalyptus globulus Labill. clones (AR3, CN44, MP11) were either well watered or subjected to one of two soil water deficit regimes for six months in a greenhouse. Reductions in lateral branching, leaf production and leaf expansion were the leading contributors to the large differences observed in biomass production between well-watered and water-stressed plants. Although no significant differences among clones were observed in dry matter accumulation or in the magnitude of the response to soil water deficits, sensitivity of lateral branching, leaf initiation and whole-plant foliage to water stress was significantly lower in CN44 than in AR3 and MP11. When the confounding effect of differences in plant size resulting from the different watering regimes was removed, allometric analysis indicated that the genotypes differed in biomass allocation patterns. In addition to a drought-induced reduction in leaf number, water deficits also resulted in smaller leaves because leaf expansion was inhibited during dehydration events. Resumption of leaf expansion following stress relief occurred in all of the clones, but was particularly evident in severely stressed plants of Clone AR3, possibly as a result of the osmotic adjustment observed in this genotype.     

楸树组织培养研究进展

楸树是我国原产树种,具有丰富的价值,由于其自花不育实生繁殖较为困难。组织培养为楸树的基因工程提供了基础,可在短时间内获得幼稚的大规模苗木。为扩大楸树的生产应用,本文从外植体的的选取,初代芽诱导、增殖培养、生根等方面的研究现状进行了概述,旨在为快速建立楸树的高效组培繁育体系技术提供参考。     

水分胁迫对赤桉苗木生长及生物量的影响和评价

通过对赤桉苗木进行3个水分胁迫强度,4个水分胁迫循环周期的试验,研究其对赤桉苗木的生长及生物量的影响。结果表明：不同水分胁迫强度和次数对赤桉苗木生长、生物量极其分配的影响显著,赤桉在水分胁迫下,生长受到抑制,根占总生物量的比例随水分胁迫梯度和次数的加大而增加;在不同的水分胁迫下,以间隔10天浇水的处理为最佳的水分胁迫梯度,第二循环周期为最适胁迫周期。     

Wood density and anatomy of water-limited eucalypts

We hypothesized that seedlings grown under water-limited conditions would develop denser wood than seedlings grown under well-watered conditions. Three Eucalyptus species (E. grandis Hill (ex Maiden), E. sideroxylon Cunn. (ex Woolls) and E. occidentalis Endl.) were grown in a temperature-controlled greenhouse for 19 weeks with watering treatments (well-watered and water-limited) applied at six weeks. The water-limitation treatment consisted of four drought cycles. Wood density increased by between 4 and 13% in the water-limited seedlings, but this increase was mainly due to extractive compounds embedded in the cell wall matrix. Once these compounds were removed, the increase was 0-9% and was significant for E. grandis only. Water-limitation significantly reduced mean vessel lumen area; however, this was balanced by a trend toward greater vessel frequency in water-limited plants, and consequently there was no difference in the proportion of stem area allocated to vessels. Conduit efficiency value was lowest in the water-limited plants, indicating that there was a cost in terms of stem hydraulic conductivity for decreasing vessel lumen area. Wood density was negatively correlated with vessel lumen fraction in well-watered plants, but this relationship broke down in the water-limited plants, possibly because of the significantly larger proportion of the stem taken up by pith in water-limited seedlings. Diurnal variation in leaf water potential was positively correlated with wood density in well-watered plants. This relationship did not hold in the water-limited plants owing to the collapse of the pressure gradient between soil and leaf. We conclude that drought periods of greater than 1 month are required to increase wood density in these species and that increases in wood density appear to result in diminished capacity to supply water to leaves.     

土壤干湿交替对青檀幼苗生理及生长的影响

采用盆栽试验人工模拟喀斯特地区常见的干湿交替环境,研究青檀幼苗生理和生长指标的变化以及旱后复水的恢复能力.结果表明,干湿交替环境下幼苗各项生理指标的变化因干湿交替处理次数而异.经过1次干湿交替处理的幼苗叶片水分饱和亏缺,根和茎木质部水势,叶片光合速率、蒸腾速率,叶片质膜透性等指标变化剧烈,2次处理变化相对缓和,而3次处理变化幅度又加大,这反映了幼苗从反应、适应到不适应的过程.干旱复水后,各项指标的恢复度与干湿交替处理次数呈负相关.恢复过程中补偿效应普遍存在,尤其以生长上的补偿效应最明显,这是幼苗对反复干旱-复水环境的一种适应策略.干湿交替处理对生长初期青檀幼苗生理指标的影响大于速生期,对生长指标的影响则相反.因此,速生期幼苗遭遇反复的干旱-复水处理会严重制约其生长潜力的发挥.     

Gas exchange and water relations of Fraxinus americana affected by flurprimidol

Effects of flurprimidol on plant water relations and leaf gas exchange were investigated in one-year-old white ash (Fraxinus americana L.) seedlings subjected to soil water deficits. Flurprimidol (20 mg kg(-1) of soil equivalent) was applied to the soil surface of pot-grown seedlings after shoot growth was completed. Two months after flurprimidol application, water was withheld from one-half of the seedlings. Leaf water relations and gas exchange parameters were measured 5, 7, 10, 14, 18 and 22 days after withholding water. Under both irrigated and nonirrigated conditions, flurprimidol treatment resulted in reduced net CO(2) assimilation rate and transpirational water loss of seedlings as a result of decreased stomatal conductance. Consequently, flurprimidol-treated seedlings had higher leaf water potential and relative water content than untreated seedlings. Nonirrigated flurprimidol-treated seedlings also had greater turgor and sap osmolality and lower osmotic potential at full turgor than seedlings in the other treatments, indicating that flurprimidol increased osmotic adjustment. Under water-stress conditions, water use efficiency was lower and gas exchange efficiency was higher in flurprimidol-treated seedlings than in untreated seedlings, suggesting that flurprimidol treatment enhances survival of plants subjected to soil water deficits.     

桉树与环境

本文收集了国内外的一些桉树与环境关系的研究资料。依据众多的研究成果分别从桉树与水分,桉树与土壤养分,桉树水土保持,桉树与其它生物的关系等方面论述了桉树与环境的相互关系;同时阐述笔者对云南发展桉树的看法：桉树每生产单位干物质所消耗的水分和养分少于其它植物,桉树对绿化荒山,保持水土,增加经济收入是有益的。因此,有计划、有步骤地继续在云南发展桉树实有必要。     

Monitoring of eucalyptus sprouts control using digital images obtained by unmanned aerial vehicle

This study evaluated the effectiveness of chemical control for eradicating eucalyptus sprouts using images obtained with Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV). The study was carried out in eucalyptus plantations in Itabela, BA, in replanting areas during pre-planting application of herbicide. Aerial images obtained by a UAV were used to evaluate the effectiveness of the herbicide application for sprouts control. After the images were acquired, they were processed to calculate the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and submitted to a supervised classification to quantify the percentage reduction of sprout green matter. The percentage data were submitted to analysis of variance and the means were compared by Tukey test at 5%. The differences, both visual and average percentages were observed only during the evaluation period with no evident effect of the treatments on sprout control. The images provided by the UAV allowed to monitor and identify visually the plots where biomass reduced or increased and to evaluate the effectiveness of chemical control of eucalyptus sprouts, indicating areas where it was nonexistent, partial or total.     

桉树木材旋切单板质量以及制造胶合板工艺的研究

对福建省主要桉树木材材性及其旋切单板厚度偏差、背面裂隙率进行检测分析,探讨木材旋切单板的适应性和制造胶合板的工艺并采用正交法优选最佳工艺参数。结果表明:尾叶桉单板背面裂隙率和单板厚度变动系数比尾巨桉小,尾叶桉用于旋切1.5 mm厚度单板质量较佳。尾叶桉木材制造胶合板较佳工艺参数:热压温度为130℃、单位压力为1.4 MPa、热压时间为1.35 min·mm-1、涂胶量为320 g·m-2。工艺条件对板材性能均有影响,桉树木材龄级对板材性能影响显著,随着桉树龄级的增大,板材性能有较大幅度提高,特别是静曲强度、弹性模量影响最为明显。     

Effects of the interaction between drought and shade on water relations, gas exchange and morphological traits in cork oak (Quercus suber L.) seedlings

The combined effect of drought and light on different physiological and biochemical traits was assessed in cork oak (Quercus suber L.) seedlings grown under two levels of light availability and submitted to a long-standing drought. Watering was withdrawn after germination and seedlings were allowed to dry to a water content of ca. 50% of field capacity. At this point, water-stressed seedlings were grown under moderate drought and two light regimes: high light (HL—50%) and low light (LL—2%). Soil water in control plants was kept close to field capacity (90–100%) for both light environments. Water-relations parameters derived from P–V curves, gas exchange and water status at predawn (Ψ_pd) were evaluated at twice during the experiment. Nitrogen and chlorophyll contents were determined in the same leaves used for the gas exchange measurements. In addition, maximum rate of carboxylation (V_cmax) and electronic transport (J_max) were derived from A–C_i curves in well-watered seedlings.

The variation on moisture availability during the experiment was the same under both light environments. In control plants, Ψ_pd was over −0.3 MPa at the two harvests, while stressed seedlings decreased to −0.9 MPa, with no differences between light treatments. Water stress decreased osmotic potentials at full (Ψπ₁₀₀) and zero turgor (Ψπ₀). The regressions between both potentials and Ψ_pd showed a higher intercept in shade grown seedlings. This fact will point out the higher osmoregulation capacity in sun seedlings whatever water availability.

Nitrogen investment on a per leaf mass (N_mass), chlorophyll content (Chl_mass) and SLA tended to show a typical pattern of sun-shade acclimation. Thus, the three parameters increased with shade. Only for N_mass there was a significant effect of watering, since water stress increased N_mass.

LL plants showed a lower photosynthetic capacity in terms of maximum net photosynthesis at saturating light (A_max), which was related to a decrease in V_cmax and J_max. Both parameters varied with specific leaf area (SLA) in a similar way. The low-light environment brought about a higher nitrogen investment in chlorophyll, while under high-light environment the investment was higher in carboxylation (V_cmax) and electronic transport (F_max).

Stomatal conductance to water vapour (g_wv) and A_max were lower in low-light seedlings independently of watering. In addition, there was a trend to keep higher intrinsic water use efficiency (IWUE) under high light environment. The increase of IWUE under water stress was higher in HL seedlings. This was as consequence of the steeper decline in g_wv as Ψ_pd decreased. The decrease of A_max with Ψ_pd occurred in a similar way in LL and HL seedlings. Thus, the HL seedlings tended to sustain a higher ability to increase IWUE than LL seedlings when they were submitted to the same water stress.     

元谋干热河谷区9种造林树种的水分生理特性比较

１９９３～１９９８年对元谋干热河谷区的９个造林树种的水分生理特性进行了观测。经对各观测树种水分状况、保水能力、蒸腾速率的分析对比表明：多数相思类树种主要通过减少叶子蒸腾耗水以提高其抗旱能力,蒸腾强度小有利于这些树种渡过旱季。乡土树种坡柳和桉类树种（除大叶桉）旱季蒸腾作用比较强烈,但离体叶片失水速度不快,它们具有特殊的水分平衡机制和较强的水分吸收能力,以此增强对干热河谷环境的适应性。此项研究为正确选择元谋以至金沙江干热河谷地区的适宜造林树种,以及人工林的水分管理措施提供了理论依据。     

Interaction of ozone with simultaneous water deficit and water deficit preconditioning in one-year-oldPinus densiflora seedlings

The primary objective of this study was to investigate if responses of pottedPinus densiflora Sieb. et Zucc. seedlings to ozone exposure could be altered by water deficit stress applied before or during ozone exposure. One-year-old seedlings grown from seeds in pots were used. Water deficit preconditioning was done for ten weeks from May 1, 1998, followed by ozone exposure and simultaneous water deficit for eight weeks. Water deficit was controlled by monitoring xylem water potentials with a pressure chamber. Ozone was fumigated in open top chambers with an eight-hour mean concentration of 0.1 ppm. A 2³ factorial design was employed. Dry weights, carbohydrate concentrations, and leaf gas exchanges were measured. In response to the water deficit, growth and stomatal conductance were reduced, while soluble carbohydrate concentrations were enhanced. Interactions between ozone and simultaneous water deficit were significant. Dry weights were significantly decreased by ozone exposure only in well-watered seedlings, suggesting that simultaneous water deficit may alleviate the adverse effects of ozone. This protection from ozone stress observed in water-stressed seedlings resulted from: (1) reduced ozone uptake due to stomatal closure and (2) enhanced TNC (Total Nonstructural Carbohydrates) which acted as a buffer against ozone injury.     

Some ecophysiological characteristics of artà (Calligonum comosum Ľ Hérit) in response to drought stress

Water deficit is an important environmental factor restricting plant growth and photosynthesis. The effect of water deprivation on leaf water status, photosynthetic gas exchange, chlorophyll content and fluorescence parameters of artà (Calligonum comosum) was studied. Five-month-old artà seedlings, grown in pots in the open air, were subjected to one of four drought treatments (i.e., mild, moderate, severe and extreme drought stress) and compared to control seedlings (normal watering regime). Results show that leaf water potential, net photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, transpiration, photosynthetic pigment content (chlorophyll a and b) decreased with increasing levels of drought stress. Inactivation of the photosynthetic apparatus was accompanied by changes in the fluorescence characteristics, providing evidence that reduction of photosynthetic rate could be attributed to non-stomatal limitations. Alterations imply changes in photochemical conversion efficiency of photosystem II by which plants could reduce water transpiration or protect their photosynthetic apparatus from destruction. These adaptations are discussed in relation to the strategies developed to grow drought-resistant artà seedlings in desert environments.     

Influence of drought stress and low irradiance on plant water relations and structural constituents in needles of Pinus ponderosa seedlings

The influence of low light on tolerance to prolonged drought was tested on unshaded and shaded seedlings of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa var. scopulorum Dougl. ex Laws.). Unshaded seedlings of P. ponderosa var. ponderosa were also drought stressed to compare varietal responses to drought. The maximum irradiance received by shaded seedlings was 10% of full light. Seedlings were progressively drought stressed until predawn water potentials (Psi(x)) were -5.0 MPa. Relative water content (RWC) and the reciprocal of Psi(x) were analyzed by means of an unusual application of the pressure-volume relationship for determination of RWC of the apoplast (RWC(a)), osmotic potential at full turgor (Psi(oft)), and ratio of fully turgid weight to dry weight. Major varietal differences in drought response were in RWC(a) and needle cellulose content. The shaded seedlings showed tissue damage at relative water contents < 60%, and were killed by water deficits from which unshaded seedlings recovered. Correspondingly, shaded plants had significantly higher cell volume/cell mass ratio, Psi(oft), less cellulose in needle tissue, and lower RWC(a) than unshaded plants. These differences suggest that low irradiance restricts drought adaptation in ponderosa pine.     

桉树育苗容器与基质研究

桉树种苗年需求量在15亿株以上,如何改善苗木质量、提高苗木抗性、降低成本等是亟待解决的问题。目前桉树种苗培育方式主要是采用塑料薄膜容器装填黄心土,少量苗圃采用穴盘、纸杯和装填轻型基质培育方式。轻型基质网袋配合特制穴盘育苗方式所培育的苗木具有根系平衡且发达,苗木抗逆性强;种植时不用脱掉容器,根系穿透网袋,水平自然生长,提高造林成活率;造林后无缓苗期,初期生长量显著提高;重量轻,包装运输方便等优点,其技术和产品发展较快。     

Response of Ulmus americana seedlings to varying nitrogen and water status. 2 Water and nitrogen use efficiency in photosynthesis

Photosynthetic utilization of water and nitrogen in Ulmus americana L. seedlings was tightly linked with the relative availability of each resource. During periodic drying cycles, water use efficiency increased as predawn water potential fell from -0.5 to -2.0 MPa. During the later stages of such drying cycles, the relative contribution of stomatal limitations to the total net photosynthetic limitation appeared to be at its greatest, whereas biochemical limitations were predominant in well-watered plants grown under low nitrogen (N) availability. For any level of leaf water status, water use efficiency of photosynthesis (WUE) was always greater in plants with high leaf N content than in plants with low leaf N content. Photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency (PNUE) was always greater in plants with low leaf N content than in plants with high leaf N content, for any level of water status. In combined N treatments and predawn water status classes, there was a significant inverse relationship between PNUE and WUE.