The effects of a regeneration felling on photosynthetic photon flux density and regeneration growth in a <Emphasis Type="Italic">Nothofagus pumilio</Emphasis> forest

Photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) during the growing season and regeneration growth (height and base stem diameter) were investigated in two natural stands in the Patagonian region of Chile, one without silvicultural management and another with a regenerative felling under a shelterwood system. PPFD was measured by means of fifteen sensors (quantum Li-190SA) installed in each stand and distributed within three canopy openness grades. Four regeneration plots (1 m²) were established around each sensor. In each of the plots, the height and base diameter of ten labelled plants within the upper regeneration layer were measured in the growing seasons 2001–2002 and 2002–2003. In the stand with regeneration felling total PPFD in the growing season was 2.5–2.9 times higher than in the stand without intervention. In both stands, total PPFD in the growing season increased by about 420 mmol/m² when the relative canopy, which was in the range between 30 and 70%, was reduced by 10%. An identical behaviour was observed for the height and base stem diameter increases reflecting a clear effect of intervention and canopy coverage on the magnitude of PPFD received by the regeneration and its development.     

毛竹冠层各层次叶片光合速率的变化

毛竹是我国的主要栽培竹种之一,面积占竹林总面积的70％左右。它的竹杆高大,管理得好的竹材产量也很高。多年的毛竹生产实践证明:毛竹林合理的群体结构,对毛竹的生长及其产量有着极为重要的作用。不同的坡度、坡向,不同立地条件和不同的管理水平情况下,毛竹的最适密度是有所差别的。要确定某一特定的条件下毛竹最适的立竹密度牵涉到众多的因子,需作大量的调查测定与计算,目前还不能对它作出结论。本文仅就毛竹冠层各层次的叶面积分布,光的透射及各层的光合速率进行研讨。     

Response of a rising 2-year-old natural Piedmont upland stand to fertilization

Hardwood stands in the southern U.S. are often regenerated naturally following clearcutting, with little or no silvicultural intervention in the early stages of stand development. Fertilizer was applied to a young naturally regenerating stand in order to evaluate the effectiveness of nutrient addition as a silvicultural tool in recently clearcut stands and to better understand the ecological relationships between site fertility and stand development. The study was installed on a rising 2-year-old naturally regenerated mixed pine-hardwood stand in the Hill Demonstration Forest in the Piedmont region (Durham County) of North Carolina. Fertilizer treatments were control, N, N + P, and N + P + K (at 200 kg N per ha, 50 kg P per ha and 100 kg K per ha). On a whole stand basis, increased growth rates were observed for trees on N + P and N + P + K plots. Fertilizer treatments did not affect total stand density, but the density of loblolly pine significantly decreased in N + P plots compared to the Control. The density of stems of stump origin also increased in plots receiving N + P. Density of sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua) significantly increased and hickory (Carya spp.) density decreased with the application of N + P. Dominant hardwood species with the exception of yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera) responded with an increase in height to only N + P fertilizer treatments. Yellow-poplar increased in groundline diameter, height and mean tree volume index with the application of N + P. Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) responded to N + P + K fertilizer treatment with an increase in height, diameter and volume index over the Control. There was no growth response among treatments for the 16 largest trees per species per plot, with the exception of red oak (Quercus rubra) which responded with an increase in height in N + P plots. Projected growth responses were modeled on a whole stand level and indicate that the use of N + P fertilizer may be an effective silvicultural instrument to increase growth, accelerate stand development, and shorten rotation length.     

Scaling-up method for stand water consumption of Quercus variabilis water conservation forest

Single tree’s sapwood scattering style and diurnal water consumption rhythm for different diameter classes were studied in a 48-year-old Quercus variabilis stand, water protection forest in Beijing. Results showed that the tree’s sapwood area was closely related to diameter at breast height (DBH). Single tree’s daily water consumption ascended as DBH and sapwood area increased. Daily water consumption of different diameter classes in September ascended steeply in the early morning and reached the peak around 11:00, and then descended slowly to the valley at 18:00. The course of daily accumulated water consumption was in accordance with a typical Richards model (R=0.985,8). Parameters of diameter-time equation for scaling-up can be achieved by parameter-recovering method in the gradient of all diameter classes and at any time of a day, characteristic parameters of the course of daily stand water consumption were calculated from a modulated Richards equation derivative:

Effects of Light Intensity and Regeneration Mode on Stem Form and Growth of Cunninghamia lanceolata Saplings

ABSTRACT

Regeneration plays an essential role in the restructuring of plant communities, with seedlings and sprouts representing two different regeneration strategies. As an important timber species, Cunninghamia lanceolata is widely distributed throughout southern and eastern China. However, the morphology and growth of its sprouts and seedlings under natural environments have not been examined in detail. Our study quantified the morphology and growth of Cunninghamia lanceolata during its early regeneration phase. We selected a secondary mixed coniferous forest in the Huangshan region of China as the research location, and examined sapling height, basal stem diameter, lateral branch length, as well as the relationships between main stem and lateral branch elongation, and between sapling basal stem diameter and height. The results showed that high light intensity promoted the extension growth of main stems and the elongation of lateral branches of seedlings. Meanwhile, sprouts generally had shorter height growth than seedlings with the same basal stem diameter, and the growth allocation of seedlings was generally more dependent on light intensity. Our findings suggest that the morphology and growth of C. lanceolata might vary depending on the interaction of regeneration mode (plants originating from sprouts or seedlings) and light intensity.     

蒙古栎人工幼林密度效应分析

本文对蒙古栎人工幼林的密度效应进行了研究,结果表明,蒙古栎人工林9 a生时,在1 475-2 220 株·hm-2范围内,密度对树高没有产生影响,对地径已产生影响。综合各种因素,确定蒙古栎造林的初植密度不能低于2 000株·hm-2。     

Fodder grass productivity and soil fertility changes under four grass+tree associations in Kerala, India

Adapted tree+grass combinations make a valuable contribution to forage production in the Indian peninsula, but knowledge of the interactive effects between trees and grasses on their production is limited. We, therefore, conducted a field experiment involving combinations of four trees and grasses, besides monospecific grass controls, for seven years, to investigate grass productivity in association with leguminous and non-leguminous multipurpose trees (MPT) having disparate canopy architecture, and to assess the end-of-rotation soil fertility changes. Post rotation changes in herbage productivity were evaluated by growing teosinte (Zea mexicana) for three years. The four MPTs were Acacia auriculiformis, Ailanthus triphysa, Casuarina equisetifolia and Leucaena leucocephala. Grasses included Pennisetum purpureum (hybrid napier), Brachiaria ruziziensis (congo signal), Panicum maximum (guinea grass) and teosinte. Lower tree branches were pruned from fifth year. Understorey herbage production increased until three years in all tree+grass combinations, but declined subsequently, as tree crowns expanded. Overall, casuarina among MPTs, and hybrid napier and guinea grass among forage crops, were more productive than others. Pruning MPTs generally favoured greater herbage production. Understorey light levels for acacia, ailanthus, casuarina and leucaena were 17, 60, 55 and 55% of that in the open at five years. During the post-rotation phase, MPT plots were characterised by higher soil nutrient capital and consequently teosinte yields were higher than in the treeless control treatment. All previous tree-grass combinations showed an increasing trend till two years after MPT felling. Yield levels declined subsequently, despite at variable rates. Careful selection of the tree and grass components is, therefore, crucial for optimising herbage productivity in silvopastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

林分空间结构的研究

林分的空间结构分析是建立在相邻木空间关系基础上的原则,提出了最佳空间结构单元及其参数.用大小比数、混交度和角尺度等三种结构参数,分析了林分的空间结构,它们是描述林分空间结构的重要参数.     

不同密度油松飞播林灌草多样性与林分空间结构关系

林下植被是森林生态系统的重要组成部分,物种多样性和林分空间结构是评估森林生态系统功能和林分经营质量的关键指标。本文以44年生油松飞播林为研究对象,通过典型样地调查,运用单因素方差分析和相关分析,分析林分密度对油松飞播林灌草多样性和林分空间结构的影响。结果表明:(1)林分密度对灌草多样性指数影响差异显著,灌草多样性指数均在低密度的样地中达到最大值。(2)混交度和密集度受林分密度影响显著,而林分密度对乔木胸径和树高的影响体现在林分水平上,而非空间结构单元中。(3)林分空间结构与灌草多样性之间有密切联系,影响林下植被多样性的最主要因子是乔木层混交度。因此,未来在飞播林经营活动中,调整林分密度的同时,应综合考虑林木分布格局,兼顾灌草多样性保护。     

毛白杨林分密度表的编制及其应用

利用胸径与树冠投影面积、胸径与树冠表面积的回归关系，编制出林分郁闭度为１．０，０．５～０．７时各径阶的林分密度表，供生产中应用。     

不同光照条件下红松幼苗光合作用诱导反应的研究

无论光通量密度(PPFD)为200靘ol穖-2穝-1还是500靘ol穖-2穝-1,生长在林冠下的红松幼苗光合速率达稳定净光合速率的50%和90%的诱导时间均长于全光条件下生长苗木。全光下生长的红松幼苗在PPFD为500靘ol穖-2穝-1时的诱导反应较PPFD为200靘ol穖-2穝-1时缓慢,而林冠下生长苗木则恰好相反。表明林冠下生长红松幼苗的光合作用诱导期与光斑强度有关。图3参6。     

墨西哥哈里斯科(Jalisco)林分结构小面积估测

对小的生态经济区开展自然资源统计是很困难的,政府决策人员只能依靠州水平的数据库来评价一定区域或局部的自然资源（森林、牧场、草地、农田等）状况。小面积评估技术可以用于评定这些资源。然而,哪一种小面积估测法可以给出最可靠、最准确的结果还不得而知。本研究检测了小面积评估分析常用的两种方法（即综合估计法和回归估计法）的可靠性、准确性。运用这两种方法分析墨西哥哈里斯科（Jalisco）州全州的自然资源数据,从而检测每种方法对所选择的森林林分结构特征预测结果的好坏。研究表明,回归方法在多个地理尺度上,对森林林分结构特征预测的可靠性和准确性均最好。因此,推荐州或地方资源管理者,在没有其他适当的辅助信息资料的情况下,可运用回归分析法来评估小区域内自然资源状况。图4表5参14。     

江苏海岸带林农复合模式林分密度研究

对江苏海岸带１－４年生５种造林密度林农复合模式的综合经济效益进行了较系统地调查和评价。结果表明：在造林后１￣２ａ内,林分密度对林农复合经营影响不明显,２ａ后,则成为制约林农复合经营综合经济效益的主导因子,在５种密度林农复合模式中以农林比例５：１,株行距采用小株距、大行距配置形式的综合经济效益最高;会议收益率为１９．６５％,净现值为５８２５．５７元／ｈｍ＾２,净现值指数为１．７１２,林业农业土地经济     

不同坡向对栓皮栎耗水规律的影响

利用热扩散探针配合自动气象站,于2004年度在北京林业大学妙峰山试验林场对不同立地条件下栓皮栎的水分运移规律进行了研究.结果表明：栓皮栎水分运移规律受天气状况和立地条件的影响很大.在晴天,阳坡的液流峰值达到0.007 cm/s,是阴坡液流峰值0.001 5 cm/s的5倍;在阴天,阳坡栓皮栎的液流峰值为0.000 2 cm/s,而阴坡为0.000 3 cm/s,坡向的影响减小.林木的耗水量受到树种本身的遗传因素和外界气候因子的制约,其中太阳辐射、大气温度、风速与液流呈正相关,空气相对湿度、土壤温度对液流的影响表现为负向相关.     

Effect of removal of logging residue on nutrient leaching and nutrient pools in the soil after clearcutting in a Norway spruce stand

Following clearcutting applying the conventional stem-only harvesting method in a Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) stand and different levels of removal of logging residue, the nutrient fluxes from the heaps of logging residue and from the O horizon were monitored over four growing seasons and the soil nutrient pools were determined. Three levels of removal of logging residue were carried out using (i) conventional stem-only harvesting (no residues removed); (ii) residues removed; and (iii) removal of branches (foliage left on site). The heaps of logging residue were a minor source of inorganic N entering the soil in the water percolating through the heaps, but they were a significant source of organic N, P, Ca, Mg, and especially K. Nutrient fluxes from the O horizon were in general greater under the heaps of logging residue as compared to soils without overlying logging residue. The leaching of inorganic N from the O horizon under the heaps of logging residue resulted in a net loss of these compounds, while the O horizon without overlying logging residue gained N. The removal of logging residue significantly decreased the extractable K pools in the soil while it or conversely, the presence of residue heaps had no significant effect on the pools of organic matter and the pools of N, P, Ca, and Mg in the O horizon and in the 0–10 cm soil layer. The results show that the short-term effects of logging residue on nutrient dynamics in the soil can be complex and difficult to interpret in terms of site productivity as there are changes in the nutrient fluxes, which imply the opposite effects on site productivity. However, the results do indicate that, in the short-term, the removal of logging residue does not impair pools of N in the soil nor site productivity on sites where the availability of N limits productivity.     

兴安落叶松母树林丰产型结构的研究

通过对兴安落叶松母树林丰产型结构、林木级结构与种子产量、偏雌偏雄母树性状及标准、母树林结构与种子产量和质量相关问题的研究，结果表明，30－40a兴安落叶松母树林丰产型结构是：Ⅰ级木占75％；Ⅱ级木占25％；偏雌母树占50％－60％。偏雄母树占10％，中间类型占40％左右。     

Three-dimensional finite element modelling of heat transfer for linear friction welding of Scots pine

Finite element numerical analyses were performed to determine three-dimensional heat flux generated by friction to wood pieces during linear friction welding. The objective was to develop a computational model to explain the thermal behaviour of welded wood material rather than experimental methods, which are usually expensive and time consuming. This model serves as a prediction tool for welding parameters, leading to optimal thermo-mechanical performance of welded joints. The energy produced by the friction welding of small wood specimens of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) was determined by thermocouples and used as input data in the model. The model is based on anisotropic elasticity and the thermal properties were modelled as isotropic. This numerical simulation gave information on the distribution of the temperature in the welding interface during the entire welding process. A good agreement between the simulation and experimental results showed the appropriateness of the model for planning welded wood manufacture and prediction of thermal behaviour of wood during other mechanically induced vibration processes. The specimens presented in this model required a heat flux of 11 kW/m² to achieve a satisfactory welding joint.     

Crown radius of pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.) depending on stem size,stand density and site productivity

Crown size is a good indicator of the growth potential of trees and is often used in forest management for outlining thinning guidelines or constructing forest growth models. The aim of this study was to analyse mean crown radius as a function of stem size, stand density and site productivity in even-aged stands of pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.). Data included measurements of 620 trees from 53 plots in nine thinning experiments and one operational stand in Sweden, Denmark and Great Britain, representing a wide spectrum of thinning practices ranging from the strictly unthinned control to extremely heavy thinning with essentially solitary trees. Three sets of models were constructed based on different predictor variables, including indicators of individual stem size (diameter at breast height, DBH), stand density/thinning grade (quadratic mean diameter and stand basal area) and site productivity (stand top height). Preliminary results indicated a significant effect of DBH and (nominal) thinning grade on crown radius. The response pattern of the final models indicated an increasing crown radius with increasing DBH, with increasing thinning grade (decreasing stand density) and with decreasing site productivity. The models are valid for predicting the crown radius of pedunculate oak in even-aged forest stands.     

Effects of stand density on the productivity ofCryptomeria japonica male flowers

We have studied male flower production and relative illumination in clonal sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) forests planted at densities of 1,500/ha, 3,000/ha, and 5,000/ha, to clarify the effects of forest management on male flower production. Both the relative illumination and male flower production decrease as the stand density increases. The lowest position at which male flowers are formed decreases as the density of the stand decreases. High thinning intensity promotes male flower production and light pruning is ineffective to reduce male flower production. Therefore, traditional management methods used in sugi forests (i.e. planting at high density, frequent light thinning, intensive pruning and short rotation) are ideal strategies for limiting male flower production.