营养杂交对中华蜜蜂蜂王及其后代性能影响研究

本文通过利用意大利蜜蜂蜂王浆人工饲喂中华蜜蜂蜂王小幼虫培育出中华蜜蜂蜂王,并对培育出的蜂王初生重、产卵力,以及子一代工蜂初生重、抗病力进行测定。结果显示:实验组蜂王初生重及产卵力显著高于对照组,差异极显著(P0.01);实验组工蜂初生重显著高于对照组工蜂初生重,差异极显著(P0.01);实验组蜂群抗病力显著高于对照组,差异极显著(P0.01)。     

蜜蜂蛋白质饲料对工蜂初生重和蜂王浆生产的影响研究

选择基本情况相近的蜜蜂48群,随机分成4组,每组12群,在外界环境缺少粉源季节分别利用茶花粉、油菜花粉、鲜牛奶和大豆粉饲喂蜜蜂,测定工蜂初生重、蜂王浆产量和10-HDA含量。结果表明,饲喂纯花粉与饲喂大豆粉的蜂群相比,其所育工蜂初生重、蜂王浆产量和10-HDA含量,差异显著;饲喂纯花粉与饲喂鲜牛奶的蜂群相比,其所育工蜂初生重和10-HDA含量,差异不显著,而蜂王浆产量以饲喂鲜牛奶组最高,且差异显著。因此,建议在缺少粉源的蜜蜂繁殖期使用纯花粉饲喂蜂群,蜂王浆生产期可用鲜牛奶作为蛋白质饲料饲喂蜂群。     

营养杂交对工蜂初生重的影响

为寻找蜜蜂营养杂交的潜在规律,将中华蜜蜂(Apis cerana ceranaFabricius,简称中蜂)和意大利蜜蜂(Apis mellifera ligusticaSpinola,简称意蜂)进行营养杂交,测量其营养杂交后代工蜂的初生重,结果表明,营养杂交中蜂第1代工蜂初生重(99.58±5.70)mg比中蜂亲本对照组工蜂初生重(89.5±4.3)mg增加10.08 mg,两者差异极显著(P<0.01);营养杂交意蜂第1代工蜂初生重(109.19±6.22)mg比意蜂亲本对照组工蜂初生重(134.8±8.7)mg减小了25.61 mg,两者差异也是极显著(P<0.01)。但营养杂交各代工蜂初生重之间差异不显著。     

不同营养对蜜蜂初生重的影响

分别利用不同花粉饲料制作的粉脾饲喂蜂群，测定后代蜜蜂的初生体重。结果表明．饲喂花粉与饲喂花粉＋20％豆粉的蜂群相比，其所育工蜂初生重差异不显著，蜂王初生重差异显著，雄蜂初生重差异极显著；饲喂花粉和饲喂花粉＋20％豆粉的蜂群，其后代与饲喂豆粉的蜂群相比，差异均为极显著；饲喂豆粉的蜂群，群势逐渐衰落，甚至不能培育出雄蜂个体。因此，建议在蜜蜂饲养工作中使用纯正花粉饲料饲喂蜂群，以保证蜜蜂的质量和蜂群的产量。     

意大利蜜蜂工蜂幼虫饲粮的适宜赖氨酸水平

本试验旨在研究意大利蜜蜂工蜂幼虫饲粮的适宜赖氨酸水平,为探明意大利蜜蜂工蜂幼虫发育阶段的赖氨酸营养需要提供理论依据。选用1日龄意大利蜜蜂工蜂幼虫1 200只,随机分为5个组,每个组5个重复,每个重复48只。5组工蜂幼虫分别饲喂赖氨酸实测水平为6.08(对照)、11.08、16.08、21.08和26.08 mg/g的饲粮,饲养至幼蜂羽化出房。分别于特定日龄测定工蜂幼虫化蛹率(6日龄)、虫体总蛋白含量(6日龄)、羽化率(21日龄)等生长指标以及血淋巴生化指标和免疫相关指标(6日龄)。结果表明:1)11.08 mg/g赖氨酸组的工蜂幼虫化蛹率和羽化率极显著高于其他各组(P0.01)。2)与对照组相比,11.08~26.08 mg/g赖氨酸组6日龄工蜂幼虫虫体总蛋白含量和血淋巴中游离赖氨酸含量显著提高(P0.05),其中饲粮赖氨酸水平为26.08 mg/g时6日龄工蜂幼虫虫体总蛋白含量和血淋巴中游离赖氨酸含量最高。3)6日龄工蜂幼虫血淋巴中甘油三酯含量随饲粮赖氨酸水平的升高呈先下降后上升的趋势,其中饲粮赖氨酸水平为16.08 mg/g时处于最低值,极显著低于其他各组(P0.01)。4)11.08~21.08 mg/g赖氨酸组6日龄工蜂幼虫血淋巴中溶菌酶活性显著高于对照组(P0.05),但随着饲粮赖氨酸水平由21.08 mg/g升高到26.08 mg/g,6日龄工蜂幼虫血淋巴中溶菌酶活性急剧下降,26.08 mg/g赖氨酸组显著低于其他各组(P0.05)。5)饲粮赖氨酸水平为11.08 mg/g时,6日龄工蜂幼虫虫体溶菌酶基因的相对表达量最高,显著高于其他赖氨酸水平时(P0.05)。与对照组相比,11.08~16.08 mg/g赖氨酸组6日龄工蜂幼虫虫体防卫素1基因的相对表达量显著增加(P0.05)。由此得出,赖氨酸能够促进意大利蜜蜂工蜂幼虫生长,促进蛋白质和赖氨酸的沉积,提高羽化率,并在一定程度上对脂质代谢和幼虫免疫能力产生调节作用;综合考虑上述指标,推荐意大利蜜蜂工蜂幼虫饲粮的适宜赖氨酸水平为11.08~16.08 mg/g。     

蛋白质营养水平对工蜂初生重和咽下腺发育的影响

利用不同配比的茶花粉和黄豆粉饲料饲喂蜂群,测定后代工蜂的初生重和咽下腺宽度。结果发现,饲喂100％茶花粉与饲喂“75％茶花粉＋25％黄豆粉”的蜂群,所育工蜂的初生重差异不显著,与饲喂100％黄豆粉的蜂群相比,差异极显著;饲喂100％茶花粉与饲喂“75％茶花粉＋25％黄豆粉”的蜂群相比,6日龄、9日龄、12日龄工蜂咽下腺宽度差异均不显著,与饲喂100％黄豆粉的蜂群相比,6日龄、9日龄差异不显著,而12日龄差异显著。本试验结果表明,蛋白质营养水平对工蜂初生重和咽下腺发育均具有显著的影响。     

饲喂花粉营养饲料对工蜂卵巢发育的影响

为了弄清饲喂花粉营养饲料对工蜂卵巢发育的影响。通过野藿香花期饲喂"花粉+新鲜乳品+糖粉"的营养饲料和没有饲喂花粉营养饲料,分三次解剖工蜂卵巢发育情况试验。结果表明:没有饲喂花粉营养饲料的工蜂卵巢发育显著高于饲喂花粉营养饲料的工蜂卵巢发育。说明饲喂花粉营养饲料能有效地抑制工蜂卵巢发育,为蜜蜂相关营养理论提供科学依据。     

不同蜂花粉对西方蜜蜂蜂王浆主蛋白基因表达及蜂王浆产量、质量和组成的影响

本试验旨在研究不同蜂花粉对西方蜜蜂(Apis mellifera)蜂王浆主蛋白基因(mrjps)表达及蜂王浆产量、质量和组成的影响。选取蜂王、群势基本一致的意大利蜜蜂9群,随机分为3个组,每组3群蜜蜂:油菜花粉组,饲喂油菜花粉;土连翘花粉组,饲喂土连翘花粉;对照组,不饲喂花粉,自然采粉(主要为鬼针草花粉)。试验周期为2个月,试验时间为2017年9月中旬至11月中旬。利用凯氏定氮法和水解法分别检测油菜花粉、土连翘花粉和鬼针草花粉粗蛋白质含量和氨基酸组成与含量;每组选3只9日龄工蜂进行mrjp1~mrjp9和黄体基因e3(yellow⁃e3)相对表达量的检测;检测各组蜂王浆产量、质量及水溶性蛋白和氨基酸组成与含量。结果显示:3种蜂花粉粗蛋白质含量、总氨基酸含量均为油菜花粉>土连翘花粉>鬼针草花粉,且组间差异显著(P<0.05),3种蜂花粉单一氨基酸(组氨酸除外)含量也表现为油菜花粉>土连翘花粉>鬼针草花粉,且组间差异显著(P<0.05)。在9日龄工蜂头部,mrjp1、mrjp2、mrjp3、mrjp4、mrjp5和mrjp7相对高表达,mrjp6、mrjp8和mrjp9相对低表达,油菜花粉组、土连翘花粉组和对照组mrjp1、mrjp2、mrjp3、mrjp4、mrjp5和mrjp7的相对表达量之和分别占mrjps总相对表达量的99.94%、99.94%和98.60%。与对照组相比,饲喂油菜花粉和土连翘花粉显著提高了mrjp1、mrjp2、mrjp3、mrjp4、mrjp5、mrjp7和yellow⁃e3的相对表达量(P<0.05),且油菜花粉组上述基因的相对表达量显著高于土连翘花粉组(P<0.05);饲喂油菜花粉和土连翘花粉显著降低了mrjp6、mrjp8、mrjp9的相对表达量(P<0.05)。油菜花粉组蜂王浆产量最高,其次为土连翘花粉组,对照组最低,各组之间差异显著(P<0.05)。油菜花粉组和土连翘花粉组蜂王浆的质量与对照组相比无显著差异(P>0.05)。3组蜜蜂所产蜂王浆水溶性蛋白和氨基酸组成基本一致。综上所述,不同粗蛋白质含量的蜂花粉对西方蜜蜂mrjps基因的表达及蜂王浆产量的影响不同,对蜂王浆质量和组成的影响不大。3组蜂群相比,采食油菜花粉组具有营养功能的mrjps基因的相对表达量和蜂王浆产量最高。由此可见,对于西方蜜蜂繁育或蜂王浆生产,油菜花粉可作为一种优质的营养饲料。     

维生素B_2对中华蜜蜂工蜂寿命及学习记忆能力的影响

本试验旨在研究维生素B_2对中华蜜蜂工蜂寿命及学习记忆能力的影响。试验分为工蜂饲养试验和学习记忆试验2部分。工蜂饲养试验:将1日龄中华蜜蜂工蜂分成3组,每组5个重复,每个重复约200只。对照组(Ⅰ组)饲喂1∶1的糖水,2个试验组在1∶1糖水的基础上分别添加100(Ⅱ组)、400 mg/kg(Ⅲ组)的维生素B_2,每天记录各组工蜂的死亡情况,直到全部死亡。工蜂学习记忆试验:分组方法同工蜂饲养试验,并按照工蜂饲养方法对1日龄工蜂喂养7 d后,利用吻伸反应方法测定工蜂短时学习记忆及长时学习记忆能力,并通过荧光定量PCR检测学习成功后工蜂学习记忆相关基因的相对表达量。结果表明:工蜂的平均寿命随维生素B_2添加量的升高而延长,而且试验组(Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组)的平均寿命显著高于对照组(P0.05),但Ⅱ组与Ⅲ组间差异不显著(P0.05)。Ⅲ组工蜂的长时学习记忆及短时学习记忆能力均显著高于对照组和Ⅱ组(P0.05),而且Ⅱ组工蜂的长时学习记忆能力也显著高于对照组(P0.05)。Ⅲ组工蜂的多巴胺受体基因2(Acdop3)、c AMP反应元件结合蛋白(Ac CREB)相对表达量均显著高于对照组和Ⅱ组(P0.05),而且Ⅱ组工蜂的Acdop3相对表达量也显著高于对照组(P0.05)。由此得出,维生素B_2影响中华蜜蜂工蜂的寿命及学习记忆能力,在人工饲喂蜂群时需要提供适量的维生素B_2。     

不同配比花粉与黄豆粉饲料对意蜂工蜂幼虫体重的影响

本文就5种不同配比油菜花粉与黄豆粉蛋白质饲料对3和6日龄蜜蜂幼虫体重的影响进行了探讨。研究结果显示:饲喂不同配比油菜花粉与黄豆粉的混合饲料时,3日龄意大利蜂工蜂幼虫的体重之间无显著差异(P0.05);对于6日龄工蜂幼虫,饲喂1号饲料(100%油菜花粉)工蜂幼虫的体重与饲喂2号饲料(75%花粉+25%黄豆粉)的无显著差异(P0.05),但它们与饲喂3、4、5号饲料的相比差异显著(P0.05),而饲喂3、4、5号饲料的工蜂幼虫体重之间无显著差异(P0.05)。     

茶花粉水提物对意大利蜂幼虫体重和卵巢发育的影响

意蜂幼虫期的营养是导致级型分化的重要因素,特别是营养中的花粉对级型分化影响很大。本研究主要探讨茶花粉中的水溶性物质对意蜂幼虫体重与卵巢发育的影响,研究结果,发现茶花粉水提物能够显著影响意蜂幼虫体重和卵巢的发育。     

转基因水稻对蜜蜂及其产品潜在性影响研究初探

本文以蜂花粉团重量差别研究蜜蜂采集的偏爱性,以阵列杂交技术比较混合蜂花粉和水稻蜂花粉中的蛋白种类,并探讨可食性稻花粉开发利用的可能性和蜂花粉作为检测转基因蜂蜜的可行性,根据转基因水稻对蜜蜂及其产品存在潜在影响的必然性,强调建立检疫转基因蜂产品体系的紧迫性.     

花粉、蜂胶对糖尿病SD大鼠的影响

以花粉、蜂胶水提液、蜂胶醇提液为材料，测定和比较了花粉和不同提取方法的蜂胶对糖尿病SD大鼠血糖的影响以及给药4周后对果糖胺、甘油三酯、总胆固醇、肌酐、丙二醛、白蛋白、总蛋白的影响，以及各组动物的肾重／体重。结果表明。花粉、蜂胶能在一定时间内控制血糖；花粉对肾脏具有一定的保护作用。花粉、蜂胶均能降低果糖胺、甘油三酯、总胆固醇、肌酐、丙二醛水平；减少总蛋白，白蛋白的消耗，说明花粉、蜂胶能改善糖尿病大鼠体内糖、蛋白质、脂肪代谢，减少糖尿病并发症的危害。     

Basic data on food intake, nutrient digestibility and energy requirements of lorikeets

Although knowledge of the nutrient requirements of pet birds has increased a lot over the last few years, basic data on food and water intake and the energy requirements of nectarivorous species, such as lorikeets, are scarce. Thus, the aim of this study was to try to generate some of these data for lorikeets kept at maintenance. Determination of the daily maintenance energy requirement enables calculation of the daily ration and thus, the appropriate nutrient concentrations in order to maintain body weight. Investigations were carried out with six Goldie's lorikeets (GL; Trichoglossus goldiei: 40-50 g BW; 1-4 years) and six rainbow lorikeets (RL; Trichoglossus haematodus haematodus: 120-140 g BW; 1-12 years). Three of the most commonly used diets/foods (commercial 'lory soup'/apples/pollen: crude ash - 52.9/17.8/18.8; crude protein - 178/32.5/191; crude fat - 52.8/0.89/73.1; crude fibre - 17.9/40.5/30.4; starch - 139/not detectable/127; sugar - 522/859/418 g/kg DM; ME - 13.9/14.6/10.9 MJ/kg DM) were individually offered ad libitum. The measured dry matter (DM) intake (g/100 g BW) corresponded well to the values reported for granivorous bird species of similar body mass. Both lorikeet species achieved an apparent digestibility of organic matter of more than 90% for apples, approximately 82% for 'lory soup' and approximately 55% for pollen. The water content of the food affected the DM content of the excreta; 8% when fed 'lory soup', 2% for apples and approximately 30% when fed pollen. Regression analysis of body weight change relative to energy intake demonstrated constant body mass (assuming no change in body composition) when the daily energy intakes were 860 (GL) or 650 (RL) kJ ME/kg BW(0.75).     

五皮口服液对小鼠的利尿作用

研究五皮口服液的利尿作用,通过给水负荷模型小鼠灌服不同剂量的五皮口服液,观察给药后的排尿量,以评价五皮口服液的利尿效果。给药后4 h内,与阴性对照组排尿量1.18 g±0.42 g比较,五皮口服液高、中剂量组(13.5 g生药/kg、6.75 g生药/kg体重)排尿量分别为1.78 g±0.42 g、1.73 g±0.60 g,均极显著增加(P<0.01),低剂量组(3.375 g生药/kg体重)的排尿量为1.34 g±0.91 g,显著增加(P<0.05)。结果表明,五皮口服液具有显著利尿作用。     

Effect of bee pollen levels on productive, reproductive and blood traits of NZW rabbits

Forty New Zealand White (NZW) rabbit does were equally divided among four groups feeding the same commercial diet and receiving a water solution containing, respectively, 0 (control), 100, 200 and 300 mg bee pollen/kg body weight (BW), 1 week before and after mating during moderate (October-February) and hot seasons (May-September) for three consecutive mating in each season. Does were mated with non-treated adult NZW male rabbits 11 days after kindling. Body weight of does, number of service per conception, conception rate, feed intake, litter size, milk production, blood constituents, weight of kits from birth up to weaning and survival rate were determined. For each season, 80 weaned rabbits originated from the does of the control group (untreated does) were equally divided into four groups (0, 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg BW) of bee pollen, given as a water solution twice per week from 4 to 12 weeks of age. The kit of the does given 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg BW did not receive bee pollen during the growing period (4-12 weeks of age). The effect of bee pollen on growing rabbit's performance was studied from 4 to 12 week of age. Bee pollen at 200 mg significantly (p < 0.01) increased body weight of does, conception rate, milk yield, litter size; improved biochemical profiles of blood and helps outstanding of does during both seasons. The same dose of bee pollen significantly increased kit growth and their survival rate until weaning. Growth and feed conversion ratio (FCR) of kits from the treated does during 4-8 weeks of age were significantly better than growth of kits from the untreated does that administrated bee pollen during 4-12 weeks of age. Meanwhile, during the following period (8-12 weeks of age) growth and FCR of kits given bee pollen from the untreated does were significantly better than that of treated does.     

Prognostic indicators of post partum viability of kids born to Escherichia coli-vaccinated or unvaccinated does

This study was undertaken to determine some blood and other physiological parameters with potential for use as prognostic indicators of viability of newborn goat kids. Of the 143 kids born during the on-farm study, 97 were crosses of Galla x Small East African (SEA) and 46 were pure SEA. The SEA x Galla kids were 46 single males, with a mean body weight at birth of 2.77 +/- 0.22 kg, 43 females with a mean body weight at birth of 2.36 +/- 0.76 kg and 5 and 3 sets of female and male twins (mean body weight at birth of 1.8 +/- 0.19 kg and 2.05 +/- 0.07 kg for the female and male kids, respectively). The SEA kids comprised 36 single male and female kids (mean body weight at birth of 2.48 +/- 0.04 kg and 10 sets of twins (both male and female) (mean body weight at birth of 1.50 +/- 0.04 kg ). Pre-suckling sera obtained on-station from kids born of does vaccinated against Escherichia coli (n = 8) and unvaccinated does (n = 7) had a total protein content of <40.0 g/l and no detectable levels of IgG and A or E. coli antibodies. Sera obtained 12 hours post partum) from kids that survived in both groups contained about 19-22 g of Ig g/l, 50-80 g total protein/l, blood glucose of >5 mmol/l and had an E. coli antibody titre of between 1/160 and 1/640. On the other hand, kids that died within 48 hours of birth (parturient deaths) and had been classified in categories 3 and 4 righting reaction had low (<40 g/l) total protein, low white blood cell count (4,000/ml) and low blood glucose concentration (<4.9 mmol/l). It is concluded that kids with delayed righting reaction (>45 minutes), low rectal temperature (<36 degrees C), low birth weights (<1.5 kg for singles and <1.0 kg for twins), low white blood cells (<4,000/ml), low (<2 mmol/l) blood glucose levels, low total protein (<40.0 g/l), low (<1:160) E. coli antibody titre and IgG (< or =3,350 mg/l) in sera obtained 12 hours after birth have a poor prognosis for survival.     

不同配比油菜花粉与黄豆粉饲料对意蜂工蜂适口性影响的研究

本文采用5种不同配比油菜花粉与黄豆粉饲料,进行不同配比花粉与豆粉混合饲料对意大利蜜蜂工蜂适口性影响的研究。研究结果显示：不同配比的油菜花粉与黄豆粉混合饲料对蜜蜂的取食量影响极大（P〈0.01）,而且呈现油菜花粉与黄豆粉混合饲料中油菜花粉含量越高,蜜蜂的取食量就越大的趋势。     

仔猪初生重对育肥期生长性状及采食性状的影响

本试验旨在研究杜洛克种公猪初生重对其育肥期生长性状和采食性状的影响。选取230头杜洛克仔猪,按初生重分为高初生重组和低初生重组,在同一饲养标准下饲养至(100±5)kg体重,记录生长性状和采食性状表型数据,用于后续分析。结果表明:高初生重组的30～100 kg日增重、达到100 kg体重时眼肌面积、瘦肉率、体长、体高和管围等生长性状均显著高于低初生重组(P<0.05);而低初生重组的体重达100 kg所用时间显著长于高初生重组(P<0.01);而高初生重组的100 kg体重背膘厚和100 kg体重肌内脂肪含量与低初生重组无显著差异(P>0.05);高、低初生重组的平均日采食量、日采食时间、日采食次数、平均每次采食时间、平均每次采食量和平均采食速率等采食性状无显著差异(P>0.05);低初生重组在30～100 kg的耗料增重比极显著高于高初生重组(P<0.01)。高初生重的杜洛克仔猪相较于低初生重仔猪在育肥期表现出更快的生长速度和更低的耗料增重比,且体尺特征更加优秀。     

蛋形指数对拉萨白鸡种蛋孵化效果的影响及相关分析

为了研究蛋形指数对拉萨白鸡种蛋孵化效果的影响,在相同孵化条件下,选用3世代47周龄拉萨白鸡种蛋,按蛋形指数分组进行孵化,并对蛋形指数与孵化效果的相关性进行了分析。结果表明,蛋形指数(横径/纵径)在0.68~0.72时,0胚龄蛋重、纵径均值、头照(第11日胚龄)蛋重、二照(第20日胚龄)蛋重最大,分别为:(51.92±5.27)g、(57.71±1.97)mm、(48.95±4.67)g、(45.47±3.97)g;蛋形指数(横径/纵径)在0.73~0.77时,入孵蛋孵化率、受精蛋孵化率和雏鸡的初生重最大,分别为:82.65%、86.60%、(36.31±4.71)g;蛋形指数(横径/纵径)在0.78~0.82时,头照(第11日胚龄)失重、头照(第11日胚龄)失重率、二照(第20日胚龄)失重、二照(第20日胚龄)失重率最大,分别为:(3.35±0.93)g、(6.64±1.54)%、(6.70±1.47)g、(13.47±2.56)%;蛋形指数(横径/纵径)在0.83~0.87时,橫径均值、受精率、健雏率、雏鸡初生重占入孵蛋重的百分比最大,分别为:(42.82±1.23)mm、97.26%、95.96%、(70.23±3.58)%;雏鸡初生重与雏鸡初生重占入孵蛋重的百分比呈极显著正相关(P<0.01)。该研究为拉萨白鸡今后的选育提供了理论依据。