Canonical correlation analysis of soil nutrients, microorganisms and enzyme activities in vegetation restoration areas of degraded and eroded soils in northwestern Hunan Province, China

With the aid of canonical correlation analysis, the relations among soil nutrients, soil microorganisms, and soil enzyme activities were studied in vegetation restoration areas of degraded and eroded soils in the Nverzhai watershed in northwestern Hunan. The main results were as follows: the key factors in soil nutrients, microorganisms, and enzyme activities were N and P elements, number of bacteria, carbon and nitrogen in soil microbial biomass and the activities of urease, polyphenol oxidase, phosphatase, and invertase. The activities of urease and polyphenol oxidase are related to the inversion of N and P elements that had important impact on the accumulation of carbon and nitrogen in soil microbial biomass. Moreover, the activities of urease, polyphenol oxidase, and phosphatase could promote carbon accumulation in microbial biomass; however, invertase activities inhibited the accumulation of microbial biomass nitrogen. On the other hand, urease activities were beneficial to the N element content in soils but unfavorable for P elements. There is a negative relation between polyphenol oxidase activity and N element content. For every canonical variable group, the tendencies of soil nutrients, microorganisms, and enzyme activities to accumulate in different soil layers in different vegetation restoration communities could offer some scientific basis for the diagnosis of the health of the soil and the site type division in the process of vegetation restoration.     

桂西南喀斯特植被群落特征研究

采用"空间代替时间"方法建立退化群落自然恢复演替系列,以"最优分割法"划分群落演替阶段,对广西西南部喀斯特植被群落特征进行了研究。研究表明森林群落在群落结构上分为乔木层、灌木层和草本层3个层次,乔木层树木高度多在20 m以下,胸径在12 cm以下个体可达89.85%;灌木层个体高度一般不超过2 m,以乔木层幼苗幼树居多;草本层高度在0.5 m以下。草本、灌木群落所处生境比较恶劣,多为耐旱耐瘠薄单优群落,物种组成单一,群落高度3 m以下。群落生物多样性总体呈上升趋势,而均匀度呈下降趋势。Simpson指数在演替初期为0.76左右;演替中期上升为0.81~0.94;而演替后期下降为0.73~0.94。Shannon-Wiener指数由演替初期的1.59上升到演替中期的2.01~3.47,到演替后期下降为1.31~2.67。群落均匀度指数JD在演替初期为0.029~0.095;到演替中期下降为0.016~0.059;在演替后期群落均匀度上升到0.06以上。研究区域植被群落特征与经典演替理论群落特征变化有所不同,但与生态系统在适度干扰下多样性较高的适度干扰理论相一致,说明桂西南喀斯特生态系统经常受到外界干扰。     

Edge effects on soil seed banks and understory vegetation in subtropical and tropical forests in Yunnan,SW China

Human-induced forest edges are common in many forest landscapes throughout the world. Forest management requires an understanding of their ecological consequences. This study addressed the responses of three ecological groups (non-forest species, secondary forest species and primary forest species) in edge soil seed banks and edge understory vegetation, and explored the relationship between the invasion of non-forest species in edge understory vegetation and the accumulation of their seeds in edge soil seed banks. The soil seed banks and understory vegetation were sampled along transects established at the edges of a continuous subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest tract (Lithocarpus xylocarpus forest) bordering anthropogenic grasslands and three tropical seasonal rain forest fragments (Shorea wantianshuea forest) bordering fallows. Species composition in both soil seed banks and understory vegetation showed great difference among edge sites. In soil seed banks, the dominance (relative abundance and relative richness) of each ecological group did not change significantly along the edge to interior gradient. In understory vegetation, the invasion of non-forest species concentrated on the first several meters along the edge to interior gradient. The dominance of secondary forest species decreased with distance from the edge, while the dominance of primary forest species increased with distance from the edge. In forest edge zones, the invasion of a majority of non-forest species in understory vegetation lags behind the accumulation of their seeds in soil seed banks. Forest edges do not act as a good barrier for the penetration of non-forest species seeds. The lack of non-forest species in understory vegetation must then be due to conditions that are not appropriate for their establishment. Therefore, to prevent germination and survival of non-forest species further into the forest, management should focus on maintaining interior forest conditions.     

沙地人工植被恢复及其对土壤改良作用的研究

通过对科尔沁沙地流动沙丘人工固沙植被恢复过程及对土壤改良作用的研究表明,在流动沙丘进行人工固沙时采用1.0 m×1.0 m草方格,播种小叶锦鸡儿具有较好的固沙效果,经过3～4 a可使沙丘表面得到固定。在围栏封育条件下实施适宜的植被恢复措施,可在2～3 a获得明显的固沙效果。小叶锦鸡儿人工固沙群落内土壤养分随群落的生长发育而发生变化,在0～30 cm土层中,有机质、速效钾、全氮、水解性氮、全磷、有效磷含量都表现为：11年生群落〉6年生群落〉流动沙丘。     

坡耕地不同植被恢复对土壤理化性质的影响

通过对女儿寨小流域5种不同植被类型坡面的土壤物理、化学性质的测定,结果表明:①随着退耕还林后植物群落的演替,土壤容重呈变小之势,而总孔隙度、非毛管孔隙度、通气度则呈变大之势,土壤物理性质得到不断改善。②在5个类型中以自然恢复植被全量养分含量最高,枫香 扁柏最低;速效养分以柑桔为最高,其它几种类型没有规律性的差异。随着退耕还林后时间的延续,土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、水解氮的含量不断增加,土壤保肥、供肥能力随着群落演替而加强,土壤自肥能力也越强。     

Effects of different vegetation restoration models on soil microbial biomass in eroded hilly Loess Plateau, China

Vegetation restoration is a key measure to improve the eco-environment in Loess Plateau, China. In order to find the effect of soil microbial biomass under different vegetation restoration models in this region, six trial sites located in Zhifanggou watershed were selected in this study. Results showed that soil microbial biomass, microbial respiration and physical and chemical properties increased apparently. After 30 years of vegetation restoration, soil microbial biomass C, N, P (SMBC, SMBN, SMBP) and microbial respiration, increased by 109.01%–144.22%, 34.17%–117.09%, 31.79%–79.94% and 26.78%–87.59% respectively, as compared with the farmland. However, metabolic quotient declined dramatically by 57.45%–77.49%. Effects of different models of vegetation restoration are different on improving the properties of soil. In general, mixed stands of Pinus tabulaeformis-Amorpha fruticosa and Robinia pseudoacacia-A. fruticosa had the most remarkable effect, followed by R. pseudoacacia and Caragana korshinkii, fallow land and P. tabulaeformis was the lowest. Restoration of mixed forest had greater effective than pure forest in eroded Hilly Loess Plateau. The significant relationships were observed among SMBC, SMBP, microbial respiration, and physical and chemical properties of soil. It was concluded that microbial biomass can be used as indicators of soil quality. __________ Translated from Journal of Natural Resources, 2007, 22(1): 20–27 [译自: 自然资源学报]     

转基因Bt棉对根际土壤营养元素及酶活性的不同影响（英文）

在根际箱中种植2个转基因Bt棉品系99BC-4,99BC-8及其非Bt受体泗棉3(SM3)后,于花期采集其根际土壤,进行化学分析、微生物生物量测量、Bt毒蛋白检测和酶活性测定。结果显示,2品系的根际土壤内能检测出Bt毒蛋白。相比于受体,99BC-4或99BC-8根际土壤中N,Ca,Zn,Co和Cu元素含量高,而K,Mg元素的含量低,C/N,P和Mn的含量无显著差异;Fe元素,99BC-4根际土壤内含量低,99BC-8根际土壤内含量高。2个转基因Bt棉品系根际土壤内微生物生物量碳显著高于其受体,但微生物生物量碳与总碳量的比值,99BC-4与受体相比,有显著差异。不同根际土壤内磷酸酶活性无显著差异,但相比于受体,FDA水解酶活性99BC-4根际土壤内显著升高,而99BC-8显著降低。推断Bt毒蛋白的存在可能通过改变某些微生物的代谢模式来刺激它们的生长,而已变的代谢模式似乎主宰着土壤中微生物的反应,虽然其反应在2转基因Bt棉品系的根际土壤内可能会不一致。     

Review and proposals on vegetation restoration in the Loess Plateau, Northwest China

A group of scientists conducted a comprehensive investigation on ecological safety and water and soil erosion in the Northwest Loess Plateau, Northwest China. The data gathered was analyzed in terms of achievement, existing problems, and strategy and measures on vegetation restoration in the area. Since the policies of conversion from cropland to forest (CCF) and forbid grazing and cutting (FGC) were carried out, vegetation quality and coverage rate increased quickly in the Loess Plateau area, strengthening the concept of eco-environment protection. Environment harness measurements were optimized. The multiform investments on eco-environment and urbanization development in China will benefit vegetation restoration. However, there have been some persisting problems, such as the shortage of investment, instability of government policy, expectation of extravagant economic benefit, larger rate of plantation, and scarce technologies supporting vegetation restoration. Many key theories and practice problems require an urgent resolution. In the future, short-, mid-, and long-term goals for vegetation restoration should be clear, achievement should be expanded, and the natural restoration area should be increased. The benefit for the contractor on vegetation restoration should be ensured. Investment on vegetation building research work should be increased. __________ Translated from Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2007, 43(1): 102–106 [译自: 林业科学]     

Effects of the vegetation restoration years on soil microbial community composition and biomass in degraded lands in Changting County,China

We evaluated the effects of the number of years of restoration of vegetation on soil microbial community structure and biomass in degraded ecosystems.We investigated the microbial community structure by analyzing their phospholipid fatty acids then examined microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen by chloroform fumigation extraction of restoration soils over several years.The data were compared with those of highly degraded lands and native vegetation sites.The results show that the duration of vegetation on the sites substantially increased microbial biomass and shifted the microbial community structure even after only 4 years.However,microbial communities and biomass did not recover to the status of native vegetation even after 35 years of vegetation cover.A redundancy analysis and Pearson correlation analysis indicated that soil organic carbon,total nitrogen,available potassium,soil water content,silt content and soil hardness explained 98.4% of total variability in the microbial community composition.Soil organic carbon,total nitrogen,available potassium and soil water content were positively correlated with microbial community structure and biomass,whereas,soil hardness and silt content were negatively related to microbial community structure and biomass.This study provides new insights into microbial community structure and biomass that influence organic carbon,nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium accumulation,and clay content in soils at different stages of restoration.     

Features of soil enzyme activities and the number of microorganisms in plantations and their relationships with soil nutrients in the Qinling Mountains, China

We studied the distribution of soil nutrients, the number of soil microorganisms, soil enzyme activities, and their relationships in pure and mixed plantations. Soil enzyme activities, the number of soil microorganisms, and soil nutrients were measured in plantations of Chinese pine (Pinustabulaeformis), larch (Larix kaempferi), sharp tooth oak (Quercus aliena var. acuteserrata), Manchurian catalpa (Catalpa fargesii), and mixed plantations in the Qinling Mountains, China. Compared with pure plantations, the conifer-broad-leaved broadleaf mixed plantations increased total N, available N, total P, available K, and organic matter in the forest soil; promoted the activities of invertase and urease by 16.7% and 53.8%; and increased the total amount of soil microorganisms by 95.9% and the number of bacteria by 104.5% (p<0.05). The correlations between soil enzymes, number of microorganisms, and soil nutrients were significant (p<0.05), and the correlations between the number of soil bacteria and basic nutrient prosperities (total N, available N, available K, and organic matter (OM)) were significant or highly significant. The correlations between the number of soil actinomycetes, and soil total N, available N, OM, and pH were also significant or highly significant. A suitable mixture of planted conifers and broad-leaved species improves the quality and amount of soil nutrients, increases the number of soil microorganisms and changes their redistribution. The change of soil enzymes and the number of soil microorganisms are indications of the change tendency of soil nutrients. __________ Translated from Journal of Northwest A&F University (Nat. Sci. Ed.), 2008, 36(10): 88–94 [译自: 西北农林科技大学学报]     

不同植被恢复模式对生物多样性及土壤有机质的影响

在陶瓷工业集中重酸污染区,设计不同空间配置格局"乔灌草、灌草、草本"三种植被恢复模式,研究分析不同植被恢复模式对提高生物多样性和改良土壤有机质的效应,试验结果表明,乔木、灌木和草本植物的合理配置格局,无论在增加地被覆盖、促进土壤动物类群的发展,还是在改善土壤质量方面都优于灌木-草本群落和草本群落。       

沙地植被恢复不同结构湿地松林分土壤养分效应及综合评价

由于历史原因、自然因素和人为干扰,鄱阳湖区土地风沙化问题成为南方生态环境突出问题之一,为揭示湿地松在沙地植被恢复中的土壤养分效应,在江西南昌县岗上镇风沙化综合治理示范区为试验点,以不同结构湿地松林分为研究对象,并以裸沙地为对照,分别在湿地松+灌+草、湿地松+草、湿地松纯林林分及裸沙对照地内各设立3个面积为20 m×20 m的样地,调查测定不同结构湿地松林主要养分含量,并通过灰色关联度分析,对不同结构湿地松林土壤养分进行综合评价。结果表明：湿地松+灌+草能够显著提高土壤的养分含量,灰色关联度为0.923,土壤肥力最高,湿地松+草除了对土壤全钾的含量没有显著影响,对其他养分含量均有显著提高,灰色关联度为0.612,土壤肥力一般。湿地松纯林土壤的有效磷、速效钾含量显著低于裸沙地,灰色关联度为0.485,土壤肥力较差。结果表明,湿地松林+灌+草土壤肥力最高,表明湿地松林+灌+草结构的配置对改善沙地土壤养分效果较其他两种林分结构最佳。     

Impact of vegetation restoration on hydrological processes in the middle reaches of the Yellow River, China

Sediment discharge from the Yellow River originates mainly from the drainage area between Hekouzhen and Longmen, i.e., the Helong area. Spatial-temporal variations of the vegetation cover in this area during the 1981–2007 period have been investigated using GIMMS and SPOT VGT NDVI data. We have also analyzed the interannual variations in vegetation cover and changes in annual runoff and sediment discharge, the consequences from precipitation change and the Grain for Green Project (GGP). The results show that vegetation cover of the Helong area has increased during the 1981–2007 period. The northwestern part the Helong area, where the flat sandy lands are covered by grass, has experienced the largest increase. The region where the vegetation cover has declined is largely found in the southern and southeastern Helong area, which is a gullied hilly area or forested. Although precipita-tion was relatively low during the 1999–2007 period, the vegetation cover showed a significant increase in the Helong area, due to the implementation of the GGP. During this period, the most significant improvement in the vegetation cover occurred mainly in the gullied hilly areas of the Loess Plateau, such as the drainage basins of the Kuyehe and Tuweihe rivers and the middle and lower reaches of the Wudinghe and Yanhe rivers. A comparison of the average annual maximum NDVI between the earlier (1998–2002) stage and the next five years (2003–2007) of the GGP indicates that the areas with increases of 10% and 20% in NDVI account for 72.5% and 36.4% of the total area, respectively. Interannual variation of annual runoff and sediment discharge shows a declining trend, especially since the 1980s, when the decrease became very obvious. Compared with the 1950–1969 period, the average runoff during the 1980–2007 period was reduced by 34.8×108 m3 and the sediment discharge by 6.4×108 t, accounting for 49.4% and 64.9% of that in the 1950–1969 period, respectively. There is a positive correlation between the annual maximum NDVI and annual runoff and sediment discharge. This correlation was reversed since the implementation of the GGP in 1999 and vegetation cover in the He-long area has increased, associated with the decrease in runoff and sediment discharge. Less precipitation has been an important fac-tor driving the decrease in runoff and sediment discharge during 1999–2007. However, restoration and improvement of the vegetation cover may also have played a significant role in accelerating the decrease in annual runoff and sediment discharge by enhancing evapotranspiration and alleviating soil erosion.     

Scale effects of vegetation and topography on burn severity under prevailing fire weather conditions in boreal forest landscapes of Northeastern China

Understanding the controlling factors of burn severity requires consideration of the scale at which these factors work. This investigation explored how well topography and vegetation factors can explain variation of burn severity in a boreal forest landscape of northern China under prevailing fire weather conditions. Eight grain sizes were examined that ranged from 30 to 2500 m. A burn severity map was derived from calculating the difference between pre- and post-fire Normalized Difference Vegetation Index of two Landsat Thematic Mapper images. Results indicate that (1) burn severity in the boreal forest landscape of northern China was mainly controlled by vegetation at grain sizes smaller than 500 m. At grain sizes larger than 1000 m, topography accounted for more variation in burn severity; (2) the relative importance of topography factors was stable with increasing grain sizes and generally ranked in order of aspect, slope, and elevation; (3) stand age appeared to be more important where canopy cover and understory cover substantially fluctuated with increasing grain sizes; and (4) the linear relationships between burn severity and specific factors of topography and vegetation decreased with increasing grain sizes. Our study can help managers to design fire management plans according to vegetation characteristics that are found important in controlling burn severity and prioritize management locations based on the relative importance of vegetation and topography.     

Rhizosphere and bulk soil enzyme activities in a Nothotsuga longibracteata forest in the Tianbaoyan National Nature Reserve,Fujian Province,China

The rhizosphere, distinct from bulk soil, is defined as the volume of soil around living roots and influenced by root activities. We investigated protease,invertase, cellulase, urease, and acid phosphatase activities in rhizosphere and bulk soils of six Nothotsuga longibracteata forest communities within Tianbaoyan National Nature Reserve, including N. longibracteata + either Phyllostachys pubescens, Schima superba, Rhododendron simiarum, Cunninghamia lanceolata, or Cyclobalanopsis glauca, and N. longibracteata pure forest. Rhizosphere soils possessed higher protease, invertase, cellulase, urease,and acid phosphatase activities than bulk soils. The highest invertase, urease, and acid phosphatase activities were observed in rhizosphere samples of N. longibracteata+ S.superba. Protease was highest in the N. longibracteata + R. simiarum rhizosphere, while cellulase was highest in the pure N. longibracteata forest rhizosphere.All samples exhibited obvious rhizosphere effects on enzyme activities with a significant linear correlation between acid phosphatase and cellulase activities(p \ 0.05) in rhizosphere soils and between protease and acid phosphatase activities(p \ 0.05) in bulk soils. A principal component analysis, correlating 13 soil chemical properties indices relevant to enzyme activities, showed that protease, invertase, acid phosphatase, total N, and cellulase were the most important variables impacting rhizosphere soil quality.     

生草对山核桃林地土壤养分及土壤酶活性的影响

[目的]采用人工生草和清耕的方法,对比分析了油菜、绵枣儿、野豌豆3种不同生草处理对山核桃林地土壤养分及土壤酶活性的影响,以期为山核桃生态栽培管理中林下生草提供理论依据.[方法]山核桃林下设置3种人工生草及清耕4个处理,4年后对林下各生草处理土壤酶及土壤养分进行方差分析及相关性分析.[结果]山核桃林下不同生草处理后,0～...     

徐州石灰岩山地不同植被恢复模式对土壤健康的影响

在对徐州石灰岩山地不同植被恢复类型土壤理化性质研究的基础上,综合分析了不同植被恢复类型对土壤健康影响,结果表明：石灰岩山地不同植被恢复模式土壤健康存在明显差异。其中：针阔混交林中土壤物理性质较好,说明混交林在一定程度上改善了土壤物理性质;土壤有机质和各养分含量上层明显高于下层,且各养分含量均以针阔混交林最高,进一步说明混交林在一定程度上改善了土壤化学性质。应用主成分分析方法对3种植被类型林分土壤健康状况综合评价指标主成分得分,针叶林为-8.309,针阔混交林为6.876,阔叶林为1.433。各类型林分土壤健康状况排序为：针阔混交林〉阔叶林〉针叶林,表明针阔混交林能够改善土壤健康状况。建议在徐州石灰岩山地上应以针阔混交林为主要恢复模式,从而提高该地区土壤的健康水平。     

不同海拔毛竹土壤酶活性与土壤理化性质关系的研究

以江西省大岗山地区的毛竹林为研究对象,利用相关分析和主成分分析对不同海拔(300、400、500、600、700m)土壤纤维素酶、蔗糖酶、淀粉酶、β-葡糖苷酶和多酚氧化酶活性的变化特征进行了分析,探讨了其与土壤理化性质的关系。结果表明:土壤化学指标表现出随海拔的升高而增加的变化特征,除碱解氮外,其他各指标均处于较低水平,但物理指标的变化各不相同;随海拔升高,β-葡糖苷酶与多酚氧化酶活性呈现出增加的趋势,而纤维素酶、蔗糖酶和淀粉酶活性无明显变化规律;几种土壤酶对土壤肥力的指示效果不同,β-葡糖苷酶在评价毛竹林土壤肥力上具有重要指示效果,其后依次为蔗糖酶和多酚氧化酶、纤维素酶,但淀粉酶不适宜用来评价土壤肥力状况;通过主成分分析计算综合得分,不同海拔毛竹土壤肥力随海拔的升高而增加。     

银杏-茶间作模式对土壤养分和酶活性的影响

为了揭示银杏-茶间作模式对土壤养分和土壤酶活性的影响,对不同种植模式的土壤酶活性与土壤养分进行采样分析。结果表明,与纯茶园相比,银杏茶间作模式土壤养分和酶活性高于单作模式,土壤酶活性均随着土层垂直深度的增加逐渐降低。土壤酶活性与土壤养分的相关分析结果显示:土壤酶活性与土壤养分含量具有较高的相关性,因此土壤酶活性可以作为土壤养分评价的一个重要指标。