林火干扰对森林生态系统碳库的影响研究进展

森林生态系统是重要的碳库,在减缓全球气候变暖中具有独特的功能。林火干扰作为非连续的生态因子,是全球生物地球化学循环的驱动因子,可显著改变生态系统的结构和功能以及养分循环和能量传递,引起森林碳库和碳分配格局的变化,进而影响森林演替进程及固碳能力。本文阐述林火干扰对森林生态系统碳库影响的国内外研究方法进展,重点论述林火干扰导致的直接碳损失以及通过森林净初级生产力和土壤呼吸的改变间接影响森林碳循环和碳平衡;并分别阐明林火干扰对植被碳库、凋落物碳库和土壤有机碳库的影响,林火干扰通过直接改变植被覆盖度进而影响植被碳库和营养元素周转,最终影响植被的碳固定及碳从植被向土壤的转移,导致不同碳库之间的重新分配。通过探讨净初级生产力变化对林火干扰的响应,揭示林火干扰对植被碳库循环的间接且长期影响的机制;在林火干扰对生态系统凋落物碳库的影响方面,主要探讨林火干扰后凋落物生产量在不同林火强度和环境梯度下的变化;在林火干扰对土壤有机碳库的影响方面,通常在小尺度范围内影响土壤有机碳库垂直分布变化的主要原因可能是地形条件的变化,而在相对大的区域尺度下,气候、土壤质地、地形、植被及人类活动和管理水平及其交互作用均可影响土壤有机碳库的空间迁移和形态转化,从而导致不同区域范围的土壤有机碳库分异。在此基础上,指出目前研究存在的问题,并提出林火干扰对森林碳库影响的定量化研究路径:1)深入开展林火干扰对森林生态系统碳库循环的影响机制研究; 2)加强"植被-土壤-水-微生物-气候"的系统研究; 3)完善不同时空尺度下林火干扰对森林碳库周转过程的定量化研究; 4)深入探讨林火干扰与森林生态系统碳元素的相互作用关系及影响机制。     

杉木人工林伐后2种恢复模式碳储量的比较

[目的]为了探讨恢复模式对森林生态系统碳库的影响,[方法]利用定位研究方法,对比分析了湖南会同杉木人工林皆伐后2种恢复模式(自然恢复和人工恢复)20年时森林生态系统碳储量及其空间分布。[结果]表明:(1)自然恢复植被层碳储量明显大于人工恢复,自然恢复的乔木层碳储量比人工恢复的高22.56%。自然恢复的乔木层各器官碳储量的分配比为干﹥枝﹥根﹥叶﹥皮,而人工恢复为干﹥根﹥枝﹥皮﹥叶。林下植被层和凋落物层碳储量所占比例非常小,自然恢复的灌木层、草本层和凋落物层碳储量分别为人工恢复的3.99、5.94、1.14倍。(2)自然恢复的土壤层碳储量比人工恢复的小;自然恢复表层(0 10 cm)土壤碳含量和碳储量均比人工恢复的大,但其它土层则相反;2种恢复模式的土壤碳含量、碳储量均随土层深度的增加而减少,不同恢复土壤各层碳储量所占分配比差异明显。(3)自然恢复各组分碳储量为乔木层﹥土壤层﹥凋落物层﹥灌木层﹥草本层,而人工恢复为土壤层﹥乔木层﹥凋落物层﹥灌木层﹥草本层。[结论]自然恢复模式更有利于伐后林地植被层碳储量的恢复,而人工恢复模式更有利于伐后林地土壤层碳储量的恢复。从整个森林生态系统看,杉木人工林皆伐后林地自然恢复模式固碳能力高于人工恢复模式,恢复模式对碳储量在生态系统各组分的分配也产生了一些影响。     

林火干扰对森林植被碳库影响的研究进展

林火干扰是全球森林生态系统发展的主要动力之一。从研究方法现状、森林植被碳储量、景观尺度等3个方面综合论述了林火干扰对森林植被碳库的影响,以及景观尺度上林火干扰因子对森林碳储量的耦合作用。指出当前林火干扰对森林植被碳储量影响在景观尺度上研究较少、研究因子单一和在不同火烧烈度上对森林碳储量的影响研究不充分等问题,提出为准确量化林火干扰对森林碳储量的影响,需要揭示林火干扰特征对森林碳库的影响机制及碳分布格局的变化特征。     

青岛市三标山林火迹地早期恢复植被特征研究

以青岛市三标山林火迹地为例,对该地区林火迹地和未过火样地进行对比调查,同时分析火干扰后群落乔木树种个体密度变化情况;火干扰对木本植物幼苗更新的影响;火干扰后群落草本植物的恢复情况。结果表明,火干扰后:大径阶立木的成活率普遍高于小径阶立木;乔木树种个体密度随着火烧强度的增强而降低;豆科、阳性木本植物重要值增加,其在未过火样地、轻度火烧样地、中度火烧样地和重度火烧样地内的重要值分别为0.26、0.28、0.87和0.78。在过火样地内,草本层植物的种类数增加,在重度过火样地内禾本科植物成为群落中的优势类型。     

采伐对天然云冷杉针阔混交林半分解层凋落物现存量、含水率及林分郁闭度空间异质性的影响

[目的]以吉林省汪清林业局金沟岭林场4块天然云冷杉针阔混交林为研究对象,探究不同采伐强度下[重度(采伐强度21. 21%),中度(采伐强度11. 22%),轻度(采伐强度6. 29%)和对照(未采伐)]凋落物半分解层现存量、含水率与林分郁闭度的空间异质性。[方法]采用地统计学方法,对各样地凋落物半分解层现存量、含水率与林分郁闭度数据进行普通克里金插值,得到3个指标的空间分布格局图。[结果]表明:在10 100 m的尺度上,采伐使得凋落物现存量由离散型分布转变为聚集型分布,而对凋落物含水率的空间格局影响不大;所有样地的郁闭度均表现为聚集型分布,采伐一定程度上影响了其在中度采伐与重度采伐样地的空间异质性;凋落物现存量与林分郁闭度之间不存在相关性,而在对照样地,凋落物现存量与含水率存在显著的负相关,但相关程度较弱(r 0. 3)。[结论]采伐对凋落物半分解层含水率空间异质性影响不大;中度采伐与重度采伐样地的郁闭度异质性可能是由于采伐不均匀所导致;采伐使凋落物现存量空间异质性程度降低。     

火干扰对大兴安岭兴安落叶松瘤囊苔草湿地生态系统碳储量的短期影响

对比分析大兴安岭未火烧、轻度火烧与重度火烧兴安落叶松瘤囊苔草湿地的植被碳储量、凋落物碳储量及土壤碳储量,揭示火烧干扰对寒温带森林湿地生态系统碳储量的短期影响规律.结果表明:兴安落叶松瘤囊苔草湿地轻度与重度火烧样地的植被碳储量(6.35和0.26 kg·m-2)较未火烧样地(7.12 kg·m-2)降低了10.8％和96.3％,重度火烧使其显著降低(P＜0.05);轻度与重度火烧样地的凋落物碳储量(0.23和0.15 kg.m-2)较未火烧样地(0.34 kg·m-2)降低了32.4％和55.9％,仅重度火烧使其显著降低(P＜0.05);轻度与重度火烧样地的土壤碳储量(15.46和16.33 kg·m-2)较未火烧样地(23.07 kg· rn-2)降低了33.0％和29.2％,二者均使其显著降低(P＜0.05)且影响程度相近;轻度与重度火烧样地的生态系统碳储量(22.04和16.74 kg·m-2)较未火烧样地(30.53 kg·m-2)降低了27.8％和45.2％(8.49～13.79 kg·m-2),但仅有重度火烧使其显著降低(P＜0.05),即随着火烧干扰强度增加其影响随之增大.因此,从维持寒温带森林湿地生态系统碳汇功能考虑,应避免重度火灾造成的碳汇损失.     

林火干扰对森林土壤活性有机碳影响的研究

土壤活性有机碳作为森林土壤有机碳的活跃成分,在凋落物分解和土壤碳循环中发挥着重要作用。林火干扰通过改变土壤底物的数量和理化性质进而影响土壤活性有机碳,因而阐明林火干扰对土壤活性有机碳的影响是开展森林碳循环研究的基础。文中以6种土壤活性有机碳为研究对象,分别阐述林火干扰对土壤活性有机碳影响的研究进展。针对目前研究现状及存在问题,认为应进一步深化探究林火干扰后土壤微生物活性变化机制对土壤活性有机碳的影响,揭示土壤碳库平衡的影响机理;加强林火干扰后C-N耦合循环特征的研究;深入研究林火干扰后影响土壤活性有机碳的内在因素和外在因素的相互作用,综合评价林火干扰对土壤活性有机碳的短期与长期影响;加强林火干扰—土壤碳库—全球气候变化的交互关系研究,深入探讨林火干扰与土壤活性有机碳的相互作用关系及影响机理。     

间伐对杉木人工林不同组分碳、氮、磷含量及其生态化学计量关系的影响

[目的]研究间伐后杉木人工林碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)生态化学计量关系变化,为杉木人工林养分循环研究提供参考。[方法]在浙江开化县林场17年生杉木人工纯林内,建立9块20 m×20 m的固定样地,测定分析了未间伐、中度间伐(20%间伐强度)和强度间伐(37%间伐强度)处理地表凋落物、林下植被、杉木细根和土壤C、N、P含量及其计量关系。[结果]间伐2 a后,强度间伐处理地表凋落物和杉木细根生物量显著降低,林下植被生物量显著增加。强度间伐处理下地表凋落物总氮(TN)含量显著降低,林下植被总氮(TN)含量则显著增加,土壤有机碳(SOC)和总氮(TN)含量也显著增加,杉木细根C、N、P含量在未间伐、中度间伐和强度间伐之间无显著差异。地表凋落物C/N和C/P随着间伐强度增加而增大;林下植被C/N随着间伐强度增加而减小,N/P比随着间伐强度增加而增大;杉木细根和土壤C/N、C/P和N/P在不同间伐处理之间差异不显著。土壤与林下植被C、N、P含量及其比值具有显著相关性。[结论]间伐后短期内杉木人工林地表凋落物、林下植被和土壤C、N含量受间伐强度显著影响,间伐改变了地表凋落物和林下植被C、N、P生态化学计量关系,但对杉木细根和土壤C、N、P生态化学计量关系无显著影响。     

不同强度火烧对恢复植被生态系统碳储量的影响

通过对不同强度春季火烧后当年恢复植被地上部分、枯落物、根系及土壤碳储量进行调查分析,结果表明:轻度火烧恢复植被和对照地上部分碳储量、根系碳储量和枯落物碳储量均高于重度火烧,对照枯落物碳储量高于两种火烧处理;不同强度地表火烧土壤碳储量在垂直空间的分布与对照一致,土壤碳储量随着土壤深度增加逐渐降低,其中,0~10 cm土层碳储量约占40%以上,该土壤深度碳储量轻度火烧对照重度火烧,10~20 cm和20~30 cm土壤碳储量重度火烧轻度火烧对照。研究不同强度火烧对于植被和土壤各碳库组分碳储量的影响,对于认识火干扰后植被生态系统碳储量时空变化及森林资源科学管理具有重要意义。     

采伐对大兴安岭落叶松-苔草沼泽土壤有机碳储量的影响

对比分析了大兴安岭不同采伐强度(未采伐—对照、轻度择伐—25%、中度择伐—35%、强度择伐—50%)下落叶松-苔草沼泽土壤密度、土壤有机碳含量与土壤有机碳储量的变化,揭示了采伐干扰对森林湿地土壤有机碳储量的影响规律。结果表明:①中度择伐与强度择伐显著提高了其土壤密度,轻度择伐则对土壤密度无显著影响;②轻度择伐显著提高了其表层和深层土壤的有机碳含量,中度择伐与强度择伐显著降低了其各土壤层和中上部土壤层的有机碳含量;③轻度择伐显著提高了其深层土壤有机碳储量,中度择伐和强度择伐则分别显著降低了中下部和中部土壤层的有机碳储量;④轻度择伐样地土壤有机碳储量较对照提高了16.2%(P>0.05),中度择伐和强度择伐样地土壤有机碳储量分别较对照降低了48.5%和30.1%(P<0.05)。     

Patterns of litterfall and return of nutrients across anthropogenic disturbance gradients in three subalpine forests of west Himalaya, India

The study was conducted to improve our understanding of the effects of forest disturbance on litterfall and patterns of nutrient return in three subalpine forest ecosystems (i.e. Betula utilis-dominated, Abies pindrow-dominated, and Acer mixed broadleaf) of Indian west Himalaya. Total litterfall (t ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹) ranged between 2.6–3.6 and 2.1–2.6 for pristine and degraded stands, respectively. Whereas total litterfall decrease from pristine to degraded stand was about 25–30% in B. utilis and Acer mixed-broadleaf forests, the level of disturbance did not affect total litterfall in A. pindrow (coniferous) forest. Nutrient (N, P, and K) concentrations in litter components of the forests studied also varied across forest types and disturbance intensities. For pristine stands, among all the forests, return of total nutrients via litterfall was higher. The study revealed that patterns of litterfall and nutrient return in the forests studied were sensitive to intensity of disturbance, although sensitivity varied among forest types and nutrient contents. Increased intensity of disturbance greatly affected the total annual amount of nutrient return in broadleaf forests. Maximum impact was recorded in B. utilis forest with a significant decline in nutrient return from pristine to degraded stands (i.e. 64% for N, 38% for P, and 67% for K). Corresponding values for decline in Acer mixed forest were 17, 13, and 33% for N, P, and K, respectively, whereas in A. Pindrow forest N return was 15% higher and P return was 33% lower. This study indicates that the litterfall and litter nutrient concentrations in these forests are sensitive to the intensity of disturbance, which affects the amount of nutrient return. This will have a strong bearing on forest nutrient cycling.     

Active organic carbon pool of coniferous and broad-leaved forest soils in the mountainous areas of Beijing

In order to explore the effects of different forest types on active soil carbon pool, the amounts and density of soil organic carbon (SOC) were studied at different soil horizons under typical coniferous and broad-leaved forests in the mountainous area of Beijing. The results showed that the amount of total SOC, readily oxidizable carbon and particulate organic carbon decreased with increasing depths of soil horizons and the amounts at depths of 0–10 cm and 10–20 cm in broad-leaved forest was clearly higher than that in coniferous forests. The trend of a decrease in SOC density with increasing depth of the soil horizon was similar to that of the amount of SOC. However, no regular trend was found for SOC density at different depths between coniferous forest and broad-leaved forests. The ratio of readily oxidizable carbon to total amount of SOC ranged from 0.36–0.45 and the ratio of particulate organic carbon to total amount of SOC from 0.28–0.73; the ratios decreased with increasing depths of soil horizons. Active SOC was significantly correlated with total SOC; the relationship between readily oxidizable carbon and particulate organic carbon was significant. A broad-leaved forest may produce more SOC than a coniferous forest.     

喀斯特森林植被自然恢复中凋落物现存量 及其碳库特征演化

采用空间代替时间的方法,研究了茂兰退化喀斯特森林自然恢复中凋落物现存量及其碳库特征.结果表明:随群落恢复凋落物现存量呈减少趋势,早期减幅大,中后期减幅小;随群落恢复凋落物现存量演化受地貌因子、群落生活史、土壤微生物的影响较大,受水热条件的影响较小;凋落物现存量生物量与其分解失重率、表层土壤微生物量碳有较强的负相关关系;凋落物分解失重率与表层土壤微生物量碳呈极强的正相关关系;随群落恢复凋落物现存量含碳率变化不显著,凋落物现存量碳密度变化规律与凋落物现存量变化规律一致,单位面积凋落物碳储量表现为碳源效应,且早期碳源效应较强、固碳能力不稳定,中后期碳源效应较弱、固碳能力稳定;凋落物碳密度(Y)与其现存生物量(x)的关系:Y=b.+b1x(b0、b1为常数).     

柞蚕场封山育林对植被恢复的影响

对柞蚕场、柞蚕场封山育林6a、9a的植被调查数据进行了分析,结果表明:柞蚕场封山育林可明显促进蒙古栎等乔木的生长和郁闭,但由于萌生,林木的水平分布多呈现聚集于母树的丛状分布;封育后由于林分郁闭,林内光照降低,灌木和草本植物的盖度有所减少;通过多样性指数测度,封育后乔木层、灌木层、草本层的多样性指数均高于柞蚕场;封育后由于森林凋落物的增加使枯落物存储量不断增加,可改善土壤肥力、提高林地涵养水分的功能.     

景谷县森林枯落物水文作用研究

指出了森林枯落物是森林生态系统的重要组成部分,枯落物层是森林拦蓄降水的重要环节。为了调查景谷县森林枯落物水文作用,选取了具有代表性的6个大样区和18个标准样地进行调查取样,结果表明：（1）景谷县3种植被类型中枯落物蓄积量最大的是季雨林,最小的是暖性针叶林,常绿阔叶林和李雨林林下枯落物半分解层所占比例要比未分解层大,而暖性针叶林林下枯落物未分解层所占比例要比半分解层大;（2）景谷县3种植被类型中,常绿阔叶林枯落物自然含水率最高,季雨林最小,暖性针叶林介于二者中间;（3）自然状态下,阔叶林枯落物的最大持水率大于针叶林,但由于针叶林枯落物数量较多,不易分解糜烂,因此仍有很强的拦蓄能力,3种植被类型中,暖性针叶林的拦蓄能力是最强的。     

Distribution patterns of tree,understorey, and detritus biomass in coniferous and broad-leaved forests of Western Himalaya,India

Forest biomass pools are the major reservoirs of atmospheric carbon in both coniferous and broad-leaved forest ecosystems and thus play an important role in regulating the regional and global carbon cycle. In this study, we measured the biomass of trees, understorey, and detritus in temperate (coniferous and broad-leaved) forests of Kashmir Himalaya. Total ecosystem dry biomass averaged 234.2 t/ha (ranging from 99.5 to 305.2 t/ha) across all the forest stands, of which 223 t/ha (91.9–283.2 t/ha) were stored in above- and below-ground biomass of trees, 1.3 t/ha (0.18–3.3 t/ha) in understorey vegetation (shrubs and herbaceous), and 9.9 t/ha (4.8–20.9 t/ha) in detritus (including standing and fallen dead trees, and forest floor litter). Among all the forests, the highest tree, understorey, and detritus biomass were observed in mid-altitude Abies pindrow and Pinus wallichiana coniferous forests, whereas the lowest were observed in high-altitude Betula utilis broad-leaved forests. Basal area has showed significant positive relationship with biomass (R² = 0.84–0.97, P < 0.001) and density (R² = 0.49–0.87). The present study will improve our understanding of distribution of biomass (trees, understorey, and detritus) in coniferous and broad-leaved forests and can be used in forest management activities to enhance C sequestration.     

Biomass and carbon pools of disturbed riparian forests

Quantification of carbon pools as affected by forest age/development can facilitate riparian restoration and increase awareness of the potential for forests to sequester global carbon. Riparian forest biomass and carbon pools were quantified for four riparian forests representing different seral stages in the South Carolina Upper Coastal Plain. Three of the riparian forests were recovering from disturbance (thermal pollution), whereas the fourth represents a mature, relatively undisturbed riparian forest. Above and belowground carbon pools were determined from linear transects established perpendicular to the main stream channels and spanning the width of the riparian area. The objective of this study was to quantify the biomass and carbon pools in severely disturbed, early successional bottomland hardwood riparian forests and to compare these values to those of a less disturbed, mature riparian forest.

Aboveground biomass in all four riparian forests increased during the 2.5-year investigation period. The total carbon pool in these South Carolina Coastal Plain riparian forests increased with forest age/development due to greater tree and soil carbon pools. The mature riparian forest stored approximately four times more carbon than the younger stands. The importance of the herbaceous biomass layer and carbon pool declined relative to total aboveground biomass with increasing forest age. As stands grew older fine root biomass increased, but an inverse relationship existed between percentages of fine root biomass to total biomass. The root carbon pool increased with forest age/development due to a combination of greater fine root biomass and higher root percent carbon.

Aboveground net primary production (NPP) in young riparian forests rapidly approached and exceeded NPP of the more mature riparian forest. As a woody overstory became established (after 8–10 years) annual litterfall rate as a function of NPP was independent of forest age and litterfall amount in the young riparian forests was comparable to mature riparian forests. Biomass in the riparian forest floor and carbon pool declined with increasing riparian forest development. Woody debris in these riparian forests comprised a relatively small carbon pool. An understanding of bottomland hardwood riparian forest carbon pools at different stages of succession allows us to assess how time since disturbance influences these pools, leading to a better understanding of the recovery processes.     

上海城市化地区孤岛状山体残存半自然森林植被土壤特征

通过对上海辰山植物园辰山山体残存半自然森林群落土壤理化因子的测定,结合凋落物和岩石裸露等相关分析,探讨城市化地区孤岛状山体残存植被土壤特征。结果表明,辰山山体残存半自然植被的土壤容重、密度、毛管孔隙度多低于人工植被土壤,土壤呈弱酸性,与上海普遍的中性偏碱森林土壤明显不同,残存半自然植被土壤有机质含量与总氮、总磷等养分含量较高。辰山孤岛状山体土壤理化性质不仅与残存植被协同变化,也与群落凋落物显著相关,且与地形和人为干扰有关。     

不同干扰强度下马尾松林土壤碳储量特征

摘要：以三峡库区秭归县3种不同干扰强度下的马尾松天然林为研究对象,分析了不同马尾松林类型土壤碳储量特征,以及土壤碳储量与乔木层平均胸径、林分密度与郁闭度等因子的关系。结果表明：3种类型马尾松林O～60cm土壤总碳储量分别为103．42。70．26t·hm。和54．81t·hm,轻度干扰下的马尾松林土壤总碳储量比中度和重度干扰林分分别高47．20％和88．68％,且3种类型之间差异达到显著性水平（P〈0．05）。马尾松天然林土壤碳储量与平均胸径、林分郁闭度均具有显著的正相关关系（P〈0.05）,而与林分密度相关性不显著（P≥0．05）。