废弃矿山生态植被恢复技术与实践——以菱镁矿矿山植被恢复为例

文章以菱镁矿矿山生态植被恢复为例,简要介绍了矿山生态治理的技术与方法,如土地平整、土壤改良、树种选择的原则、苗木栽植及后期养护等,以期为辽宁省矿山废弃地的植被恢复与重建提供借鉴。     

黄土高原植被生态恢复评价、问题与对策

以中国水土流失与生态安全综合科学考察西北黄土区考察组获得的资料为依据,对黄土高原植被恢复方面取得的成就、存在的问题和未来的发展策略进行综合评价分析.退耕还林和禁伐禁牧措施实施以来,黄土高原地区植被覆盖率、质量已经呈现稳定提升的势态,民众生态环境保护意识增强,植被恢复措施优化,多元化投资与城镇化发展使黄土高原植被恢复前景较好.目前存在的主要问题是:植被恢复投资力度不够;政策不稳定使农户无远期规划,政策不配套,使大户承包治理停滞;过分注重经济效益,人工经济林比例过大,生态功能不强;禁伐禁牧封禁措施缺乏技术支撑,许多重大理论问题亟待解决.未来植被恢复策略包括:明确不同时期植被恢复目标和完善恢复途径;保护现有成果,增加自然恢复和生态修复比例;用政策保护承包大户植被建设的积极性;加大植被建设和科研投资力度,培育黄土区植被恢复方面的科技创新能力.     

矿区植被生态恢复的技术模式探讨

基于矿区生态问题突出的现状,应用生物学和生态学原理,以植被恢复为技术主线,针对矿区不同的生态破坏类型、立地条件类型和环境条件,探析了矿区树种选择、造林技术、抚育管理、封育技术等方面植被恢复的适用条件、施工工艺、技术要求和目标方向,归纳总结了矿区造林技术和封育技术的多种模式,为矿区植被生态恢复和全省全面实施“811”生态...     

辽西半干旱地区困难立地植被恢复技术措施

辽西地区十年九旱,恶劣的生态环境已成为制约当地社会经济发展的首要因素。采用科学的方法恢复植被,是摆脱生态困境的根本选择。在详尽分析困难立地植被恢复中存在的主要问题的基础上,就本地区植被恢复模式、抗旱保水技术措施、加强抚育管理和科技支撑等方面做出系统阐述,特别强调以自然之力恢复自然的重要性。     

三峡库区低山丘陵区水土保持型植被建设模式研究

作者针对三峡库区植被建设中存在的突出问题,以库区水土保持型植被恢复与建设的重点区域——低山丘陵区为例,在现有植被建设模式基础上,从生态规划、树种选择、群落结构配置等方面加以提高和改进,筛选和配置出对各区适应性强的植被建设模式,为该区植被恢复与建设提供科学依据。     

宁南地区植被恢复途径分析

在分析宁南地区植被建设现状、植被恢复建设存在问题基础上,提出了自然、人为、环境及经济社会因素是制约宁南地区植被恢复的关键,建议根据不同立地条件选择相应的人工造林模式,加强生物灾害防治,以提高生态治理效果,重建稳定、健康的植被生态系统.     

尖山磷矿植被恢复区植物种类构成及应用研究

指出了近年来,矿山植被恢复中植物种类选择与应用成为研究热点。以极具代表性的云南省尖山磷矿植被恢复区为调研对象,运用典型调查法调查了研究区植物种类构成与应用现状,分析了各园林、园艺类植物在矿山植被恢复区中的生长势及应用价值,总结了目前该矿山在植被恢复中存在的问题,并提出了以园林、园艺结合农牧业,充分利用矿山废弃地资源创建兼具经济、生态、社会、企业效益的生态植被恢复模式。     

甘肃黄土高原生态修复与重建战略思考

通过对甘肃黄土高原地区社会—经济—生态系统的科学考察,以实地调查资料和文献资料为依据,对甘肃黄土高原植被修复与重建的环境和理论基础综合分析,提出了物种选择及搭配、模式布局、植被建植和促进恢复等技术策略,以及生态规划尺度、社会运行机制、资源协调配置等政策导向,从而为甘肃黄土高原地区生态持续恢复,消除区域甚至全国生态退化提供帮助.     

高速公路边坡植被恢复存在问题及对策建议

高速公路边坡植被恢复有利于高速公路边坡生态系统结构的稳定及景观的改善。但是当前高速公路边坡植被恢复中存在诸如理念落后、植物选择和配置不合理、规范和标准不健全、技术人员水平不高、养护管理困难等问题。因此,在高速公路边坡恢复过程中应借鉴国外成功经验、优化植物的选择与配置、编制和实施边坡植被恢复技术方案,培养专业人才、加大对植被恢复的重视以及加强理论研究等,这将有利于边坡植被恢复技术的迅速推广及完善,对边坡生态系统结构的恢复有很好的促进作用。     

废弃石灰岩矿山植被恢复方法探讨

废弃采石场的植被重建是废弃矿山植被恢复的重要组成部分。围绕创造植物生长所需环境、改善土壤条件、选择适合的植物、重建植物群落等方面对废弃采石场的植被恢复方法进行了探讨。提出建群树种补植法以促进矿山植被恢复演替的进程,从而构建生态功能稳定的森林群落。     

桂西南岩溶区不同恢复模式群落生物量及林下植物多样性

[目的]研究桂西南岩溶区不同恢复模式群落的生物量及其林下植物多样性的特点,为该区域的生物多样性保护、生态功能恢复效果评价积累基础数据。[方法]以桂西南岩溶区4种不同恢复模式为研究对象,采用样方法对林下植物多样性进行研究;采用收获法研究灌木层与草本层的地上、地下生物量及凋落物层现存量;采用异速生长模型来估算乔木层的地上生物量,并参考IPCC根茎比来量化乔木的地下生物量。[结果]表明:共调查记录林下植物85种,隶属于46科,81属,其中,灌木植物25科,46属,50种;草本植物21科,35属,35种;不同恢复模式群落生物量的变化趋势为自然恢复林(166.66 t·hm-2)任豆林(48.61 t·hm-2)吊丝竹林(36.54 t·hm-2)灌草坡(0.96 t·hm-2)。[结论]不同恢复模式灌木层物种丰富度差异不显著,最高的为灌草坡(16种),其次为任豆林(15种),最低为自然恢复林(12种);草本层物种丰富度最高的为任豆林(12种),其次为灌草坡(10种),最低为自然恢复林(4种)。自然恢复林乔木不同组分生物量与任豆林、吊丝竹林之间差异显著(P0.05);灌草坡的灌木、草本地上生物量与吊丝竹林、任豆林、自然恢复林之间差异显著(P0.05)。吊丝竹林、任豆林的灌草生物量表现为草本层灌木层,而灌草坡与自然恢复林的灌草生物量则表现为灌木层草本层。     

杉木人工林伐后2种恢复模式碳储量的比较

[目的]为了探讨恢复模式对森林生态系统碳库的影响,[方法]利用定位研究方法,对比分析了湖南会同杉木人工林皆伐后2种恢复模式(自然恢复和人工恢复)20年时森林生态系统碳储量及其空间分布。[结果]表明:(1)自然恢复植被层碳储量明显大于人工恢复,自然恢复的乔木层碳储量比人工恢复的高22.56%。自然恢复的乔木层各器官碳储量的分配比为干﹥枝﹥根﹥叶﹥皮,而人工恢复为干﹥根﹥枝﹥皮﹥叶。林下植被层和凋落物层碳储量所占比例非常小,自然恢复的灌木层、草本层和凋落物层碳储量分别为人工恢复的3.99、5.94、1.14倍。(2)自然恢复的土壤层碳储量比人工恢复的小;自然恢复表层(0 10 cm)土壤碳含量和碳储量均比人工恢复的大,但其它土层则相反;2种恢复模式的土壤碳含量、碳储量均随土层深度的增加而减少,不同恢复土壤各层碳储量所占分配比差异明显。(3)自然恢复各组分碳储量为乔木层﹥土壤层﹥凋落物层﹥灌木层﹥草本层,而人工恢复为土壤层﹥乔木层﹥凋落物层﹥灌木层﹥草本层。[结论]自然恢复模式更有利于伐后林地植被层碳储量的恢复,而人工恢复模式更有利于伐后林地土壤层碳储量的恢复。从整个森林生态系统看,杉木人工林皆伐后林地自然恢复模式固碳能力高于人工恢复模式,恢复模式对碳储量在生态系统各组分的分配也产生了一些影响。     

大兴安岭火烧迹地植被天然恢复效果的评价

通过对大兴安岭新林林业局宏图林场3个不同火烧恢复时期森林植被恢复的调查,以火烧迹地内生物多样性为研究对象,应用主成分分析方法,对各调查区恢复情况进行分析。研究结果表明：火烧迹地各层物种数随火烧后恢复时间的推移,乔木层与灌木层的变化不是很明显,而草本层变化较大,随着时间的推移物种数逐渐降低;各层的物种多样性随火后恢复时间的推移先增加后减少,之后逐渐处于平稳;各层的物种均匀度随火后恢复时间的推移也是先增加后下降,之后逐渐处于平稳,其中波动变化最大的是灌木层,说明火干扰对灌木层空间分布影响较大。     

Influence of herbaceous ground cover on forest restoration of eastern US coal surface mines

Competitive effects of dense herbaceous vegetation (ground cover) can inhibit forest restoration on mine sites. Here we review the evidence of ground cover interactions with planted tree seedlings on coal surface mines of the eastern US, discuss recent research into these interactions, and draw conclusions concerning ground cover management when restoring forests on reclaimed coal mines. Reclaimed mine sites have a high potential to support productive forests, however forest establishment is inhibited by reclamation practices that included soil compaction, and the seeding of competitive ground covers. In the first few years after tree planting, a dense ground cover of grass and legume species commonly seeded on mine sites often affect growth and survival negatively. Herbaceous vegetation providing less extensive and competitive ground coverage may either facilitate or inhibit tree establishment, depending on site conditions. The use of quality planting stock promotes the competitive ability of seedlings by improving nutrient status and the ability to capture available resources. Herbaceous species have contrasting functional characteristics, and thus compete differently with trees for available resources. Negative interactions with trees are more frequently reported for non-native cool-season grasses than for native warm-season grasses, while the effects of legumes change over time. Further research is needed to fully understand the mechanisms of tree/ground cover interactions. The development of seeding mixes that can control erosion, facilitate survival and growth of planted trees, and allow establishment by unplanted native species would aid forest restoration on eastern US, coal mines.

     

浙江海宁鼠尾山露采废弃矿山植被修复的群落结构和持水效应研究

采用客土喷播、植生袋围堰造坑植树和基质型容器苗种植等技术对浙江海宁鼠尾山露采废弃矿山进行植被修复,3 a后形成乔木盖度31％、灌木盖度52％、草本盖度59％的森林植物群落,物种多样性较丰富,与周边山体自然植被的相似度为0.127 6.地上部分灌木和草本的生物干质量为657.16 g·m-2,地下部分生物干质量为254.82 g·m-2,枯落物干质量148.82 g·m-2.地上灌草植被和枯落物及土壤三者合计的蓄持水量为15.5 kg·m-22.研究结果为矿山生态环境治理的生态效益评价提供了基础数据和科学依据.     

亚热带不同植被恢复林地凋落物层碳、氮、磷化学计量特征

【目的】探究不同植被恢复阶段林地凋落物层现存量及其碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)化学计量的差异,为亚热带地区退化林地的植被恢复和管理提供科学依据。【方法】采用空间代替时间的方法,在位于亚热带丘陵区的湖南省长沙县选取地域相邻、环境条件基本一致的4种处于不同植被恢复阶段林地:檵木-南烛-杜鹃灌草丛(LVR)、檵木-杉木-白栎灌木林(LCQ)、马尾松-柯(又名石栎)-檵木针阔混交林(PLL)、柯-红淡比-青冈常绿阔叶林(LAG)作为一个恢复序列,设置固定样地,按未分解层、半分解层和已分解层采集凋落物层分析样品,测定凋落物层现存量以及不同分解层凋落物C、N、P含量及其化学计量比。【结果】1)凋落物层及其各分解层凋落物的现存量总体上随着植被恢复而增加,同一林地不同分解层表现为:已分解层>半分解层>未分解层,不同分解层之间的差异随着植被恢复而增大。2)凋落物层C含量以PLL最高,LCQ最低,而N、P含量总体上随着植被恢复而增高;C、N、P含量随着凋落物的分解而下降。3)无论是整个凋落物层C储量还是各分解层凋落物C储量,均以PLL最高,其次是LAG,LVR最低,而N、P储量随着植被恢复而增高。4)整个凋落物层以及各分解层凋落物的C/N比值均表现为:PLL>LVR>LCQ>LAG,而C/P、N/P比值总体上随着植被恢复呈下降趋势;C/N、C/P、N/P比值基本上随着凋落物的分解而下降。【结论】随着植被恢复,凋落物层现存量及其N、P含量增加,C/N、C/P、N/P比值下降,体现了生态系统物质循环随着植被恢复逐渐优化。     

喀斯特森林植被自然恢复中土壤团聚体有机碳含量与团聚体分形特征

采用空间代替时间的方法,研究了茂兰喀斯特森林自然恢复中土壤团聚体有机碳含量与团聚体分形特征。结果表明:同一恢复阶段的同一土层中1 2 mm、0.5 1 mm团聚体质量百分比(4.74%52.37%)与其质量百分比有机碳贡献率(2.87%59.98%)均高于0.25 0.5 mm、<0.25 mm团聚体;相同土层中的相同粒级团聚体土壤有机碳含量(0 10 cm土层23.47 55.82 g·kg-1,>20 cm土层14.36 36.80 g·kg-1)与其质量百分比有机碳含量(0 10 cm土层1.34 22.12 g·kg-1,>20 cm土层0.57 11.93 g·kg-1)均随植被自然恢复呈增加趋势;同一恢复阶段的相同粒级团聚体土壤有机碳含量(0 10 cm土层23.47 55.82 g·kg-1,>20 cm土层14.36 36.80 g·kg-1)与其质量百分比有机碳含量(0 10 cm土层1.34 22.12 g·kg-1,>20 cm土层0.5711.93 g·kg-1)随土层加深呈减少趋势;同一恢复阶段的同一土层团聚体中1 2 mm团聚体中有机碳含量(16.9053.43 g·kg-1)最低但其质量百分比有机碳含量(5.24 22.12 g·kg-1)最高;随植被自然恢复土壤团聚体分形维数在0 10 cm土层(2.01 2.16)呈增加趋势、在>20 cm土层(2.04 2.24)呈减小趋势;喀斯特森林植被自然恢复中土壤结构演化的核心可能是上层土壤细化和下层土壤粗化;喀斯特森林植被自然恢复中土壤结构有所改善;土壤团聚体分形维数可以作为喀斯特植被自然恢复中土壤有机碳质量评价的指标;加强保护喀斯特森林使其自然恢复,既有利于土壤结构的改善与减少侵蚀,也有利于土壤有机碳循环和累积。     

Changes in species composition and diversity in the restoration process of sub-alpine dark brown coniferous forests in western Sichuan Province, China

By adopting the concept of space as a substitute for time, we analyzed the dynamics of species composition and diversity of different restoration sequences (20, 30, 40, 50 years) in two secondary forest types in western Sichuan Province, distributed in a northerly or northwesterly direction. The analysis was based on the results of measurements of 50 plots located at elevations between 3100–3600 m. The forests originated from natural regeneration in combination with reforestation of spruce when the old-growth bamboo-dark brown coniferous forests and moss-dark brown coniferous old growth forests were harvested. Similar old-growth dark brown coniferous forests at ages ranging between 160 and 200 years were selected as the reference forests for comparisons. We recorded 167 species of vascular plants from 44 families and 117 genera. There was no significant difference in terms of the number of species among secondary forests. But the importance values of dominant species varied during the restoration processes. The dominant species in the secondary forests is Betula albo-sinensis, while Abies faxoniana is the dominant species in old-growth dark brown coniferous forests. Species richness increased significantly with restoration processes. It increased quickly in secondary forests during the period from 30 to 40 years, but decreased significantly in the old-growth dark brown coniferous forests. The species richness among growth forms decreased in the following order: herb layer > shrub layer > tree layer. The maximum value of the evenness index occurred in secondary forests at age 40 and remained relatively stable in the bamboo-birch forests, but the evenness index tended to decrease in moss-birch forests and slightly increased in the old-growth mossdark brown coniferous forests. There was a statistically significant difference in the eveness index between the tree and shrub layers as well as between the tree layer and the herb layer, but there was no significant difference between the shrub layer and the herb layer. The value of the Shannon index increased over restoration time. In bamboo-birch forests, the maximum value of the Shannon index was 3.80, recorded at age 50. In moss-birch forests, the maximal value was 3.65, reached in this forest at age 30. The value of the Shannon index of old-growth dark brown coniferous forests was recorded between younger secondary and older secondary forests. The value of the dominance index of communities varied. At the first stage of restoration, it increased, and at the end it was decreased. The dominance index of the tree layer had a similar trend as that of the community dominance index, but was more variable. The minimum value of the dominance index of the tree layer in the moss-birch forests reached 20 years earlier than that of the bamboo-birch forests. There was a significant difference among restoration sequences in the α diversity indices except for the dominance index. No significant differences between the two secondary forest types were detected. Over age, the value of the Bray-Curtis index between secondary forest and old-growth dark brown coniferous forest increased. __________ Translated from Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2007, 43(5): 17–23 [译自: 林业科学]     

太统-崆峒山自然保护区山桃天然更新调查研究

在甘肃太统-崆峒山国家级自然保护区采用样地调查方式,设置临时样地,采集样地土壤、地形、坡向、灌木、活地被物等项因子数据对比分析研究了山桃天然更新情况。结果显示,山桃在其他乔灌木天然更新较差区域天然更新效果较好,灌木层盖度、坡向、海拔对山桃天然更新有明显影响。     

闽南福建柏人工林生物量结构的研究

在福建柏人工林生物量中 ,乔木层占主要部分 (90 %以上 ) ,其次是枯枝落叶层 ,下木活地被物层最小 ;林分总生物量、乔木层、凋落物层生物量随年龄的增大而增大 ,下木活地被物层随郁闭度的增加而减少。不同龄级的福建柏林分生产力差异明显 ,以Ⅵ龄级的林分生产力最大 ,生产力的总趋势随龄级的增加而增大 ,至Ⅵ龄级后又减少。福建柏人工林胸径与枝叶重、干重、枝重、叶重呈极显著相关 ,结合树高因子 ,可建立相关方程W =aDbHc。