银白杨叶绿体基因组密码子用法分析(英文)

通过计算银白杨叶绿体基因组中各基因的ENc值、RSCU值、CAI值和GC3s的含量,分析银白杨叶绿体基因组密码子用法,并采用目前普遍使用的多变量统计分析方法(对应分析)和ENc.plot方法探讨了若干重要因子对银白杨叶绿体基因组密码子用法的效应。对应分析结果显示在影响最大的第一条向量轴上,基因的坐标位置与GC3s(r=349)极显著相关,而与该基因的表达水平(CAI)无显著相关性,但是在第二、三向量轴上基因的坐标位置与该基因的表达水平(CAI)呈极显著相关(r=-0.348和r=0.602,),说明碱基突变是影响密码子发挥作用的主要因素,而少数基因密码子用法受到翻译选择的作用;ENC-plot分析结果也证明了这一点。图2表2参34。     

Phylogenetic relationship and genetic differentiation of Populus caspica and Populus alba using cpDNA and ITS noncoding sequences

Populus caspica Bornm.(section Leuce and subsection Albida), one of the most endangered endemic tree species in the Hyrcanian Forest in Iran, has numerous morphological characteristics that are closely similar to Populus alba; to clarify their taxonomic relatedness and genetic differentiation and thus inform conservation strategies, we used the noncoding regions of chloroplast DNA(cpDNA; trnL-F and trnH-psbA) and the internal transcribed spacer(ITS). Leaf samples were collected from six populations across northern Iran. cpDNA and ITS fragments were amplified by universal primers using the PCR technique and directed sequencing. The results showed that P. caspica is genetically differentiated from P.alba, and two ITS variants were detected within some P.caspica individuals. Conflicts between topologies from ITS and plastid genomes were observed. High differentiation of P. caspica from the other Populus species shown in this study confirmed the diverging taxonomic status of this endangered species. We recommend in situ conservation measures(e.g., protected areas) for at least several populations of this species, especially in the plain regions of the Hyrcanian forest.     

Analysis of synonymous codon usage in chloroplast genome of Populus alba

The pattern of codon usage in the chloroplast genome of Populus alba was investigated. Correspondence analysis （a commonly used multivariate statistical approach） and method of effective number of codons （ENc）-plot were conducted to analyze synonymous codon usage. The results of correspondence analysis showed that the distribution of genes on the major axis was significantly correlated with the frequency of use of G＋C in synonymously variable third position of sense codon （GC3S）, （r=0.349）, and the positions of genes on the axis 2 and axis 3 were significantly correlated with CAI （r=-0.348, p〈0.01 and r=0.602, p〈0.01）. The ENc for most genes was similar to that for the expected ENc based on the GC3s, but several genes with low ENc values were lying below the expected curve. All of these data indicated that codon usage was dominated by a mutational bias in chloroplast gcnome ofP. alba. The selection in nature for translational efficiency only played a minor role in shaping codon usage in the chloroplast genome ofP alba.     

Patterns of synonymous codon usage bias in chloroplast genomes of seed plants

Codon usage in chloroplast genome of six seed plants （Arabidopsis thaliana, Populus alba, Zea mays, Triticum aestivum, Pinus koraiensis and Cycas taitungensis） was analyzed to find general patterns of codon usage in chloroplast genomes of seed plants. The results show that chloroplast genomes of the six seed plants had similar codon usage patterns, with a strong bias towards a high representation of NNA and NNT codons. In chloroplast genomes of the six seed plants, the effective number of codons （ENC） for most genes was similar to that of the expected ENC based on the GC content at the third codon position, but several genes with low ENC values were laying below the expected curve. All of these data indicate that codon usage was dominated by a mutational bias in chloroplast genomes of seed plants and that selection appeared to be limited to a subset of genes and to only subtly affect codon usage. Meantime, four, six, eight, nine, ten and 12 codons were defined as the optimal codons in chloroplast genomes of the six seed plants.     

Structural characterization and comparative analysis of the chloroplast genome of Ginkgo biloba and other gymnosperms

Ginkgo biloba is a famous living "fossil" and has played an important role in the evolution of the Plant Kingdom.Here,the complete chloroplast genome of G.biloba was sequenced and analysed.The chloroplast genome was156,990 bp long and predicted to encode 134 genes including 85 protein-coding genes,41 tRNA genes and 8 rRNA genes.The chloroplast genome has a typical quadripartite structure with a pair of inverted repeat regions(IRa and IRb,17,732 bp),a large(LSC,99,259 bp) and small single(SSC,22,267 bp) copy region.After an extensive comparison to previously published gymnosperm plastomes,the gene content and organisation of G.biloba showed high divergence,although part was relatively conserved.The two typical IR regions in the G.biloba chloroplast genome were relatively shorter because it the ycf2 gene.In addition,it was obvious that the IR regions and gene loss were responsible for changes in chloroplast genome size and structure stability,which influenced plastome evolution in different gymnosperms.Phylogenetic analysis revealed that G.biloba is sister to cycads rather than to gnetophytes,cupressophytes,and Pinaceae.Overall,the study showed that the genomic characteristics of G.biloba would be of great help in the further research on the taxonomy,species identification and evolutionary history of gymnosperms,especially for their position in plant systematics and evolution.     

用水量平衡法确定风沙草原区造林密度

通过对嫩江流域风沙草原区中小黑杨、樟子松、落叶松、银中杨等4个造林树种蒸腾速率观测,并结合各区域降水量,采用水量平衡法初步确定了这4个树种的合理造林密度。     

银中杨生长特性的研究

通过对银中杨生长特性研究表明 ,银中杨在生长方面超过当地推广树种小黑杨 ,其中材积生长超过小黑杨 73.4 %～ 2 6 9.2 % ;在本地区生长超过目前东北、内蒙及华北地区的优良杨树品种。探讨了银中杨生长规律及适宜栽植密度 ,并对银中杨生长划分 5个时期 ,为合理经营银中杨提供科学依据。     

Analysis and characterization of the Salix suchowensis chloroplast genome

By screening sequence reads from the Salix suchowensis chloroplast(cp) genome that were generated by next-generation sequencing platforms, we assembled a complete circular pseudomolecule for the cp genome.This pseudomolecule is 155,508 bp long and has a typical quadripartite structure that contains two single copy regions, a large single copy region(LSC, 84,385 bp), and a small single copy region(SSC, 16,209 bp) separated by inverted repeat regions(IRs, 27,457 bp).Gene annotation revealed that the S.suchowensis cp genome encoded 119 unique genes, including four ribosome RNA genes, 30 transfer RNA genes, 82 protein-coding genes, and three pseudogenes.Analysis of the repetitive sequences revealed31 tandem repeats, 16 forward repeats, and five palindromic repeats.In addition, a total of 148 perfect microsatellites, which were characterized as A/T dominant in nucleotide composition, were detected.Significant shifting of the IR/SSC boundaries was revealed by comparing this cp genome with those of other rosid plants.We also constructed phylogenetic trees to demonstrate the phylogenetic position of S.suchowensis in Rosidae based on 66 orthologous protein-coding genes present in the cp genomes of 32 species.Sequencing 30 amplicons based on the pseudomolecule for experimental verification revealed99.88% accuracy for the S.suchowensis cp genome assembly.Therefore, we assembled a high-quality pseudomolecule of the S.suchowensis cp genome, which is a useful resource for facilitating development of this shrub willow into a more productive bioenergy crop.     

沈阳市6种行道树对紫外辐射屏蔽效应的研究

应用便携式紫外辐照计测定银杏、银中杨、垂柳、垂榆、梓树和京桃6种行道树树冠及其单叶对紫外辐射的屏蔽效应。结果表明：各树种紫外线辐射强度的日变化呈倒＂U＂字型,绿叶屏蔽紫外辐射的效果要好于黄叶。6个树种均表现出良好的紫外辐射屏蔽功能,67%以上的紫外辐射被屏蔽,屏蔽效应大小依次为：京桃〉垂榆〉梓树〉银杏〉垂柳〉银中杨。     

樟子松人工林混交改造后土壤养分综合评价

为探明不同混交模式对土壤养分的影响机制,以38 a生的樟子松人工林为研究对象,对其进行带状间伐后,在间伐带内栽植樟子松、银中杨、色木槭幼苗形成混交林。应用典范对应和主成分分析方法,比较混交林土壤化学性质、酶活性的差异及对应关系,结果表明:混交改造后土壤化学性质均高于对照,其中有机质、碱解氮含量在樟×槭(PAM2)、樟×杨(PPM2)样地达到最高,分别为14.74 g/kg和49.63 mg/kg,但有效磷含量则低于樟×樟样地;与对照相比,各样地土壤酶活性均出现了不同程度的升高,其中樟×杨样地土壤酶活性表现最好。总的来说,混交样地的土壤养分因子综合得分高于对照,针阔混交林普遍高于樟子松异龄林。因此,营建混交林是促进科尔沁沙地樟子松人工林土壤生态改善,延长防护林生命周期的行之有效的办法。     

2个引进杨树无性系的硬枝扦插试验

以宁夏仁存渡护岸林场引进的截叶毛白杨、毛新×毛白73两个无性系的1年生硬枝为材料,以新疆杨为对照进行硬枝扦插试验,采用ABT-1号生根粉对插穗进行处理,比较其扦插生根情况。结果表明:2个无性系的杨树及新疆杨采用不同处理时,插穗生根情况不同;ABT-1生根粉处理的截叶毛白杨插穗在500 mg·L^-1浓度时愈伤组织形成率最大,达58.33%;毛新×毛白73枝条在600 mg·L^-1浓度时愈伤组织形成率最大,为41.67%。未用ABT-1生根粉处理的截叶毛白杨、毛新×毛白73和新疆杨的生根率高于处理过的。不同品种的杨树扦插生根率存在极显著差异,新疆杨生根率高达82.14%,高于截叶毛白杨与毛新×毛白73的,更适合进行扦插扩繁。     

黑龙江省西部半干旱区8种阔叶乔木主要生理参数的特征分析

采用Li-6400便携式光合测定系统对黑龙江省西部半干旱区8种阔叶乔木主要生理参数进行了观测（盆栽试验）与比较分析。结果表明：随着光强的梯度变化,各树种的主要生理参数表现出不同程度的差异;通过对这些参数的平均值进行系统聚类分析,结果为：银中杨、349柳、DN113杨属于高光合、中蒸腾、高水分利用效率树种,山新杨、109...     

金白杨伐桩嫁接林木生物量及材性分析

金白杨是山西省杨树丰产林实验局和山西省林业科学研究院于2013年从银白杨×新疆杨杂交组合中选育的抗逆性和适应性强、速生的优良无性系。笔者以生物量和木材性质为检测指标,对金白杨伐桩嫁接林木的不同器官组织进行剖析研究,结果表明,金白杨伐桩造林6年生林木平均单株生物量鲜重85.45 kg,地下34.6%,地上器官占65.4%,其中,树干45.1%,自生根仅占11.16%,说明林木生物量主要受原有砧木根系的调控;随着树龄增加,从第5年起生物量进入快速增长期;枝叶生物量从4年生起下降,说明金白杨具有侧枝细而树冠窄、主干生物量大、自然整枝好的优点。金白杨木材抗弯强度76.3 MPa,超过新疆杨、小叶杨以及48个杨树树种的平均值;木材抗弯弹性模量比毛白杨小、比新疆杨和小叶杨大,说明木材抗弯性能较好;金白杨木材纤维的长宽比值超过新疆杨、毛白杨和大青杨,且纤维长度均超过1 000μm,综纤维素含量超过毛白杨、小叶杨和大青杨59%以上,所以,其木材是制浆造纸和生产"三板"的优质原料。     

章古台沙地彰武小钻杨造林试验

为了营造生态经济型固沙林,以银中杨、小美旱杨、黑林-1杨和樟子松等树种为对照,选择彰武小钻杨在不同沙丘部位进行造林试验。试验表明:在平缓沙地彰武小钻杨生长量比较高,树高和胸径分别为银中杨的91.8%和104.2%,为黑林-1杨的105.9%和120.6%,为小美旱杨的112.5%和195.2%;在沙丘下部彰武小钻杨比樟子松生长量显著增加;而在沙丘上部比樟子松生长降低,并发生干枯。     

哈尔滨市绿化树种生态功能研究(1)

文章以哈尔滨市绿化树种为研究点,从绿化树种的叶面积指数、固碳释氧、降温增湿等方面研究了49种生长良好的绿化树种的生态功能,通过研究得到银中杨、榆树、糖槭、杜松、野梨是平均叶面积指数前5位的乔木树种,珍珠梅、接骨木、绣线菊、金银忍冬、天目琼花是平均叶面积指数前5位的灌木树种;榆树、文冠果、火炬树、糖槭、银中杨为年固碳释氧量前5位的乔木树种,黄刺玫、紫丁香、接骨木、树锦鸡儿、榆叶梅为年固碳释氧量前5位的灌木树种;年释水量前5位的乔木树种是文冠果、银中杨、火炬树、榆树、山丁子,年释水量前5位的灌木树种是绣线菊、黄刺玫、毛樱桃、珍珠梅、榆叶梅。       

Analysis and characterization of the <Emphasis Type="Italic">Salix suchowensis</Emphasis> chloroplast genome

By screening sequence reads from the Salix suchowensis chloroplast (cp) genome that were generated by next-generation sequencing platforms, we assembled a complete circular pseudomolecule for the cp genome. This pseudomolecule is 155,508 bp long and has a typical quadripartite structure that contains two single copy regions, a large single copy region (LSC, 84,385 bp), and a small single copy region (SSC, 16,209 bp) separated by inverted repeat regions (IRs, 27,457 bp). Gene annotation revealed that the S. suchowensis cp genome encoded 119 unique genes, including four ribosome RNA genes, 30 transfer RNA genes, 82 protein-coding genes, and three pseudogenes. Analysis of the repetitive sequences revealed 31 tandem repeats, 16 forward repeats, and five palindromic repeats. In addition, a total of 148 perfect microsatellites, which were characterized as A/T dominant in nucleotide composition, were detected. Significant shifting of the IR/SSC boundaries was revealed by comparing this cp genome with those of other rosid plants. We also constructed phylogenetic trees to demonstrate the phylogenetic position of S. suchowensis in Rosidae based on 66 orthologous protein-coding genes present in the cp genomes of 32 species. Sequencing 30 amplicons based on the pseudomolecule for experimental verification revealed 99.88% accuracy for the S. suchowensis cp genome assembly. Therefore, we assembled a high-quality pseudomolecule of the S. suchowensis cp genome, which is a useful resource for facilitating development of this shrub willow into a more productive bioenergy crop.     

不同结构农田防护林蒸腾耗水与节水潜力的研究

通过对黑龙江省西部地区不同结构农田防护林蒸腾耗水与节水潜力的试验研究,结果表明,黑龙江省西部地区不同结构农田防护林蒸腾耗水量的月变化有明显的差异性,其中落叶松纯林在8月的蒸腾耗水量最大,理论值为1319.67mm,实际值为723.75mm,而樟子松纯林6月的蒸腾耗水量最小,理论值为29.4mm,实际值为15.64mm;对生长季不同结构农田防护林的蒸腾耗水量进行了排序,其实际蒸腾耗水量排序为:落叶松纯林樟子松和小黑杨混交林落叶松和小黑杨混交林银中杨成林小黑杨纯林樟子松纯林银中杨幼林;给出了不同结构农田防护林的节水潜力,其差异很大,其中落叶松纯林节水潜力最大,理论上节水2586.9kg·hm-2,实际上可节水1284.69kg·hm-2,且樟子松与小黑杨混交林的实际节水量与之相当。