β防御素126在成年公山羊组织中的表达特性

为研究成年公山羊不同组织中β防御素126(gDB126)的表达特点,采集健康公山羊睾丸、附辜头、附睾体、附睾尾等生殖器官,以及心、肝、脾、肺、肾等组织器官,采用qRT-PCR探究gDB126mRNA的表达情况。结果显示:gDB126在公山羊生殖器官(输精管、附睾体、附睾尾)中大量表达,尤其在附睾尾1的表达量最高,而在泌尿器官(膀胱、肾上腺、肾脏)和消化器官(肠淋巴、回肠、甲状腺、空肠、十二指肠、食管、腮腺、皱胃)中微量表达另外gDB126在肺中也有较高表达。推测gDB126不仅与动物的抗菌作用相关,还可能与精子发生、运输、贮存、成熟有关。     

Carbamate poisoning in a dairy goat herd: Clinicopathological findings and therapeutic approach

Abstract

CASE HISTORY: Approximately 1 hour after the consumption of carnations from a nearby glasshouse 55 animals from a dairy goat herd exhibited signs of possible poisoning.

CLINICAL FINDINGS: Upon clinical examination affected animals exhibited signs of salivation, tympany, tachypnoea, polydipsia, urination, diarrhoea, bradycardia, miosis, tremor and convulsions. As poisoning from an acetylcholinesterase-inhibiting insecticide was suspected, treatment with atropine sulphate was initiated at a dose of 0.3 mg/kg bodyweight. The treatment was repeated for some animals that relapsed, and was effective in all cases, with the exception of one goat kid that died.

DIAGNOSIS: Necropsy of the goat kid showed pulmonary oedema and congestion of internal organs. Toxicological analysis of stomach contents and liver of the dead animal, as well as of the carnations, revealed high concentrations of carbamates.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Carbamate poisoning after consumption of polluted feedstuffs or glasshouse products can be fatal for dairy goats. Atropine sulphate, at 0.3 mg/kg, can be useful in treating this condition.     

Granulomatous encephalitis in a neurologically impaired goat kid associated with degeneration of Neospora caninum tissue cysts.

Congenital Neospora caninum infection was diagnosed in a Saanen goat from a farm in southern Brazil. The kid was unable to nurse and had difficulty rising, ataxia, and opistothotonos. The neurologic signs became more severe 3 days after birth, when it was euthanized. No gross lesions were observed at necropsy. Multifocal infiltrates primarily of mononuclear cells, nodular microgliosis, and perivascular cuffs of lymphocytes, plasma cells, and few neutrophils were observed in the brain, mostly in the cortex and adjacent to ventricles. Rare multinucleate giant cells were observed adjacent to inflammatory foci. Several tissue cysts with a thick wall that reacted strongly with polyclonal antiserum to N. caninum were in the cerebral cortex and medulla oblongata. Lesions were also present in heart, lungs, and liver, but N. caninum tachyzoites were not found. Distinguishing features in this goat kid included neurologic impairment resulting from congenital infection with N. caninum and the presence of granulomatous inflammation with rare giant cells associated with degeneration of tissue cysts.     

Mycoplasma infections in sheep, goats and yaks

Mycoplasmas were isolated from yak calves in Mongolia, the 1st experience worldwide with this species. They were also isolated from pathologically affected sheep and goat lambs. The disease was experimentally reproduced in yak calves as well as in sheep and goat lambs. Clinical manifestations were identical with those recordable from animals with spontaneous outbreak of the disease. This had been for the 1 time ever that a therapy was tested on animals with mycoplasmosis, using water with addition of oligodynamic silver. Something between 95 and 100% of all patients were clinically cured. The experimental vaccine involved was found to offer protection against mycoplasmosis to sheep and goat lambs. Damage association with mycoplasmosis was found to occur 1st in liver, spleen, and lymph nodes and to be subsequently proliferated to lung and other organs. Respiratory mycoplasmosis is the common definition used at present but is not in conformity with the pathological processes involved, as the major role is played by liver damage. Mycoplasmosis in these 3 species, therefore, should better be named mycoplasmosis bovi hepatica.     

Enzootic ataxia and caprine arthritis/encephalitis virus infection in a New England goat herd [corrected

Ataxia was diagnosed in kids from a New England goat herd. Concurrent infection with the caprine arthritis/encephalitis (CAE) virus contributed to the development of hind limb ataxia and weakness in one of the kids. Six kids from this herd had signs of hind limb ataxia and paralysis. Detailed evaluation of 2 of the affected kids revealed low liver and serum copper concentrations and spinal cord demyelination. One kid also had histologic changes in the CNS and lungs, compatible with a diagnosis of CAE. Serum copper concentration was determined in affected goat kids and their dams and was compared with serum copper concentration in clinically normal kids and their dams from the same herd. Serum copper concentration also was measured in dams and kids in a control herd that had no history of ataxia. The mean serum copper concentration in affected kids was 0.125 microgram/ml, compared with 0.45 microgram/ml in unaffected kid herdmates. Kids from the control herd had mean serum copper concentration of 0.6 microgram/ml. Mean serum copper concentration in dams of kids with neurologic signs also was low (0.25 microgram/ml), compared with that (0.5 microgram/ml) in dams of clinically normal kids of the affected herd and that (0.95 microgram/ml) in dams of kids of the control herd. Results of a serologic survey (by use of agar gel immunodiffusion) of the affected herd for CAE indicated that 69.5% of the goats were seropositive. Dietary copper intake was determined to be adequate in this goat herd; therefore, copper deficiency appeared to be conditioned by an interfering substance. However, a search for interfering substances was unrewarding.     

Experimental Infection of Sheep and Goats with Caprine Arthritis-Encephalitis Virus

Sir, — The isolation of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (CAEV) from the carpal joint of a yearling goat with chronic interstitial pneumonia is reported in this issue of the Journal.⁽³⁾ We wish to report on the experimental infection of sheep and goats with this isolate of CAEV. Two 20-month-old Romney lambs (483, 485) and two 2-month-old feral goat kids (43, 45) were inoculated with CAEV suspension (10^4.0 median tissue culture infective doses [TCID₅₀ml]). Each animal was inoculated with 1.0 ml of virus suspension by each of the following routes: intravenous, intracerebral into the right cerebral hemisphere and intra-articularly into the right radio-carpal joint.⁽⁴⁾ An additional control lamb (490) and goat kid (44) were inoculated in identical fashion with cell culture fluid from uninfected goat synovial membrane cells.     

Floppy kid syndrome caused by D-lactic acidosis in goat kids

BACKGROUND: Goat kids with floppy kid syndrome have metabolic acidosis, muscle weakness, and depression but no dehydration. HYPOTHESIS: D-Lactate is the major component of acidemia in goat kids with floppy kid syndrome. ANIMALS: Fifty-five goat kids with floppy kid syndrome (group F) and 35 clinically healthy goat kids (group C). METHODS: Clinical, biochemical, microbiologic, virologic, parasitologic, and pathologic examinations. RESULTS: The animals in group F had a blood pH of 7.13 +/- 0.11 and a base excess of -17.8 +/- 3.8 mM, which were both lower than the values in the control animals (pH, 7.32 +/- 0.31; base excess, -0.1 +/- 2.7 mM; P < .001). Floppy kids had a significantly larger anion gap than healthy kids (31.2 +/- 3.7 versus 21.5 +/- 8.5 mM; P < .001). The concentration of L-lactate was lower in floppy kids than in healthy kids (0.67 +/- 0.49 versus 1.60 +/- 1.02 mM), but the concentration of D-lactate was higher in floppy kids (7.43 +/- 2.71 versus 0.26 +/- 0.24 mM; P < .001). Intravenous and oral administration of sodium bicarbonate in floppy kids resulted in a significant increase in blood pH and base excess and a decrease in the anion gap (P < .001). In addition, the concentration of L-lactate increased (P = .039). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: Metabolic acidosis in goat kids with floppy kid syndrome is caused by an increase in the plasma concentration of D-lactate.     

Pathology of experimental chlamydiosis in chicks

Twelve one-day-old chicks were experimentally inoculated with Chlamydia psittaci derived from turkeys. Acute chlamydial septicemic lesions were induced by the inoculation into the air sac and trachea. No lesions were produced by the esophageal injection. Clinically, the affected chicks showed emaciation and mouth breathing, and were inactive while some birds died. Grossly, they had hepatomegaly, splenomegaly and airsacculitis. Histopathologically, fibrinopurulent airsacculitis, pneumonia and bronchitis, multiple fibrinous serositis in the hepatic and splenic capsules, peri- and epicardium, and mesenterium, focal endoarteritis in the aortae, activation of reticuloendothelial cells in the spleen, and hepatic necrosis were noted. Immunohistochemically, chlamydial antigen granules were present in the cytoplasm of epithelial cells of the respiratory system, hepatocytes, macrophages in the air sac, lung, serous membrane, liver, spleen, aortae, reticuloendothelial cells in the spleen, and mesothelial cells in various organs or tissues. Chlamydial multiplication in the cells of the organs or tissues involved was preceded to form the lesions.     

Effect of colostrum deprivation of goat kids on the natural transmission of caprine retrovirus infection

An investigation was conducted to determine if depriving goat kids of colostrum and rearing them away from the herd would prevent transmission of caprine retrovirus infection. Twenty-four newborn goat kids were deprived of colostrum and reared on cow's milk away from their dams from an endemically infected goat herd. Twenty-three colostrum-deprived kids had no evidence of retrovirus infection at birth. One kid had sucked briefly and obtained some colostrum resulting in passive transfer of antibody but it did not develop evidence of infection. Nineteen showed no serological evidence of infection over the 370 days of the study. One colostrum-deprived, segregated goat was subsequently found to be infected and developed arthritis-synovitis. Three had doubtful positive response in one or 2 serological tests during the period but no evidence of infection in leucocyte co-cultures. Cells centrifuged from colostrum of infected goats were co-cultivated with foetal goat synovial membrane cultures. Caprine retrovirus was isolated from cells in the colostrum from the 3 goats examined.     

Infectivity of Cryptosporidium parvum isolated from asymptomatic adult goats to mice and goat kids.

An experimental study was carried out in neonatal goat kids to examine the infectivity of Cryptosporidium oocysts, pattern of oocyst shedding and morphological changes in the intestine during the infection. Cryptosporidium oocysts isolated from adult asymptomatic goats, and identified as C. parvum by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were used in this study. Of three 4-day-old goat kids, two were orally infected with C. parvum oocysts (10(5) oocysts in 10 ml PBS/kid). One goat kid given 10 ml PBS only by the oral route served as a control. Cryptosporidium oocysts were detected in the faeces of one infected kid on day 3 post-inoculation (pi) whereas in the other 6 days pi. The faecal oocyst counts gradually increased and the peak counts in the two kids were 2 x 10(6)g(-1) (on day 12 pi) and 3.2 x 10(6)g(-1) (on day 14 pi). The increase in faecal oocyst output coincided with diarrhoea in an infected kid from days 10-17 pi. Although the oocyst excretion declined gradually after the peak, both infected kids excreted oocysts until euthanized on days 20 and 22 pi. Light and scanning electron microscopic investigations of the ileum revealed the endogenous stages on the brush border of the enterocytes, infiltration of neutrophils and mononuclear cells into the lamina propria, atrophy, stunting and fusion of villi. For purposes of comparison, goat Cryptosporidium oocysts were inoculated orally (10(3) oocysts/mouse) to eight, 1-week-old mice. All experimental mice excreted oocysts from day 3 pi, and four infected mice continued to excrete oocysts up to day 42 pi. The experimental infection described in goat kids resembled the natural disease in terms of oocyst excretion, clinical signs and intestinal pathology. The ability of oocysts excreted by asymptomatic goats, to infect goat kids and mice is likely to have a major impact on the epidemiology of cryptosporidiosis in livestock and man.     

Isolation of M. pneumoniae from monkeys (Presbitus cristata)

Monkeys of the species Presbitus cristata died of severe interstitial pneumonia 20-60 days after their transportation. The carcases were examined for the presence of mycoplasmas. Thirty-six out of 65 samples obtained from the liver, spleen, kidney, lung, lymph nodes, pharynx, bronchi and blood of 13 monkeys contained mycoplasmas biochemically and serologically identical with M. pneumoniae. The isolated strains were able to elicit a rise in body temperature and an elevation in the number of leucocytes in blood as well as development of interstitial pneumonia, colonization of the inner organs by the mycoplasmas and a serological response in the experimentally infected guinea-pigs.     

肉碱棕榈酰转移酶基因在绵羊和山羊不同肌肉组织中的表达分析

采用实时荧光定量PCR方法比较分析了肉碱棕榈酰转移酶(carnitine palmitoyl transferase,CPT)基因在绵羊和山羊不同组织中的表达差异。研究结果表明,CPT1A mRNA在绵羊肝脏、脾脏中表达明显高于CPT1B、CPT2,CPT1B mRNA在绵羊腹外斜肌中的表达明显高于CPT1A、CPT2。CPT1A mRNA在山羊脾脏中表达明显高于CPT1B、CPT2 mRNA在山羊脾脏中的表达,CPT1B mRNA在山羊后腿股二头肌、腹外斜肌中的表达明显高于CPT1A、CPT2 mRNA在山羊后腿股二头肌中的表达。CPT1A mRNA在绵羊肝脏中的表达显著高于山羊中CPT1A mRNA的表达(P＜0.05)。CPT1A、CPT1B、CPT2基因在绵羊心脏、脾脏、腰大肌中的表达显著高于在山羊中的表达(P＜0.05),CPT1A、CPT1B、CPT2基因在山羊后腿股二头肌中的表达显著高于在绵羊中的表达(P＜0.05)。CPT1A、CPT1B、CPT2基因在绵羊、山羊各组织中的表达存在差异,可能与各基因表达模式、肌肉组织纤维类型、脂肪沉积含量不同等因素有关。     

1株羊源溶血性曼氏杆菌的分离鉴定、药敏试验及致病性研究

[目的] 对某养殖场由呼吸道症状引发的山羊死亡病例进行病原学诊断,并对分离到的病原进行药敏试验及致病性分析。[方法] 无菌条件下剖检并采集死亡羊只肺脏及气管组织,接种于TSA固体培养基,37 ℃培养22~24 h;挑取疑似菌落,纯化后进行革兰染色镜检和生化鉴定;对经表型鉴定的分离菌株进行16S rDNA PCR扩增、测序,并进行遗传进化树构建和同源性分析;采用微量肉汤稀释法对分离菌株进行药敏试验;利用动物攻毒试验确定分离菌株对羔羊的致病性。[结果] 从临床样本中分离到1株细菌,命名为DMQ-Y-Mh。纯化后的分离菌株镜检为革兰阴性短杆菌,经生化鉴定以及16S rDNA PCR扩增、测序、同源性分析,将分离菌株鉴定为溶血性曼氏杆菌（Mannheimia haemolytica）。分离菌株对环丙沙星、阿奇霉素、庆大霉素敏感,对左氧氟沙星、土霉素、氟苯尼考中度敏感,对替米考星、恩诺沙星、泰乐菌素耐药。攻毒羔羊于72 h内死亡,剖检眼观气管及肺脏支气管内有黏性分泌物;肺脏组织有深红色病灶,与正常肺脏组织界限明显,可再次从死亡羔羊肺脏及气管组织分离到溶血性曼氏杆菌。[结论] 溶血性曼氏杆菌是造成该养殖场发生羊只死亡的病原菌,药敏试验结果为指导临床用药提供了参考。     

The chronic toxicity of inorganic mercury in goats: clinical signs,toxicopathological changes and residual concentrations

Chronic mercury toxicity was induced in goats by administering mercuric chloride at 100 µg/ml in deionized drinking water offered ad libitum for 90 days. Toxic signs of gastrointestinal disturbances and renal dysfunction developed from 43 days onwards without any mortality. The toxicity also induced nephrosis and tubular nephritis; centrilobular necrosis of liver; mild to moderate necrosis in spleen, intestine and lymph node; Zenker's degeneration of cardiac muscles; exudative pneumonia; and pial congestion, oedema and vacuolation in the brain. In addition, hyperaemia, oedema and tissue haemorrhages were evident in most of the organs. The kidneys contained the largest residues of mercury, followed by liver, spleen, intestine, lymph node, skeletal muscles, lungs, heart, brain and the omental fat. The intensity of the cytotoxic changes in the various organs was proportional to the amount of mercury accumulated.     

Partial facial duplication (diprosopus) in a goat kid

The anatomical and clinical features of a live-born diprosopic goat kid are described. The kid had two faces with two eyes each, two complete oral cavities and nostrils and two ears. Caudal to the neck, the kid grossly appeared normal. Both mouths of the kid showed synchronous suckling motions. Elevated respiratory and heart rates were recorded and the temperature was subnormal. Radiological examination showed a single trunk and vertebral column, normal limbs, two sets of jaws, three orbits, and contrast radiography revealed a single patent oesophagus. There was maxillary and mandibular duplication resulting in two faces. There was a cleft palate. The oropharyngeal regions of each face merged to form a single laryngopharynx and oesophagus. There was a single brain with hypoplasia of the cerebellum. The left and right cerebral hemispheres were fused rostrally, and there was duplication of the optic chiasma and the pituitary gland. The olfactory tract was absent and the superficial origins of most of the cranial nerves were not discernible.     

用绵羊进行性肺炎病毒实验感染山羊的研究

用绵羊进行肺炎病毒接种４只山羊３－４个月后，可观察到接毒山羊都出现了发育迟缓和消瘦现象，并有１只山羊山现了明显的临床病症。而未接毒的对照山羊则发育正常。接毒２８ｄ后，可以从接毒山羊的外周血单核细胞中分离到病毒。病理剖检发现４只接毒山羊中有１只山羊的多种器官出现了较为严重的病变，组织学检查则可看到典型的间质性肺炎、中度的脑炎和较为严重的脾炎的症变。以上的结果表明ＯＰＰＶ可以感染山羊，并对山羊有较强的     

CHRONIC INTERSTITIAL PNEUMONIA IN ASSOCIATION WITH A GRANULOMATOUS ENCEPHALITIS IN A GOAT

SUMMARY A 30-month-old British Alpine goat had clinical and pathological findings consistent with the diagnosis of a chronic interstitial pneumonia. The goat also had lesions in the brain similar to those described for granulomatous encephalomyelitis (GE) of goats. Lesions similar to GE were reproduced experimentally in feral goats following intracerebral inoculation of a lung homogenate from the naturally occurring case. The differential diagnosis of chronic interstitial pneumonia in goats, the differentiation of GE from viral leucoencephalomyelitis, and the possible aetiological role of retroviruses in these diseases is discussed.     

Cerebral infarction and meningoencephalitis following hot-iron disbudding of goat kids

CASE HISTORY: Twelve of 150 goat kids, 4–10 days old, died 3 days after disbudding with a hot iron. Another 18 kids had been ill the previous day but survived following antibiotic therapy. Five of the dead kids were necropsied.

PATHOLOGICAL FINDINGS: There was necrosis and haemorrhage of the skin, subcutaneous tissues and frontal bone at disbudding sites in all five kids examined post mortem. Beneath disbudding sites in 4/5 kids there were bilateral, dark red, often cavitated areas of necrosis extending deep into the frontal cortex of the brain. Histologically, these areas consisted of coagulation necrosis, haemorrhage, vascular thrombosis and suppurative inflammation. Numerous bacteria, predominantly large Grampositive rods, were present in the necrotic brain tissue. In the remaining kid, bilateral areas of yellow discolouration and flattening of gyri in frontal lobes corresponded histologically to extensive polioencephalomalacia. A mixed growth of aerobes and anaerobes was cultured from the brain of one kid with suppurative lesions.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Thermal disbudding of neonatal kids is widely practised in dairy goat herds and is considered the method of choice for disbudding in New Zealand. However, the skull of goat kids is much thinner than that of calves and the safety margin for thermal injury to the brain is markedly reduced. This report highlights the risks associated with the technique and its potential as a welfare issue.     

An outbreak of sarcocystosis in a cattle herd.

In a cattle herd, 3 steers had anorexia and variable emaciation; 1 showed additional muscle stiffness, pyrexia, became recumbent and was killed in extremis. Gross changes in tissue specimens from this steer included grey-white foci in the skeletal muscle and a thickened, fibrous pleura. By histology interstitial pneumonia, myocarditis and necrotizing myositis were seen. There were wide-spread vascular lesions with endothelial damage, thrombosis and periarterial infiltrations. Sarcocystis-like schizonts were found in several organs, and different stages of thin-walled sarcocysts were seen in the myocardium. Examination of organs of 6 other steers in the same herd slaughtered 2 months later showed myocarditis, myositis, interstitial pneumonia and occasional vascular occlusions. There were a few schizonts in the spleen and lungs, and thin-walled sarcocysts were seen in the myocardium and skeletal muscle. It is concluded that development of vascular lesions probably represents an important step in the pathogenesis of sarcocystosis.     

Transplacental BVD virus transmission after experimental inoculation of goats in different pregnancy stages

Eight groups of altogether 25 goats without neutralizing antibodies against BVD virus, were inoculated either intranasally or intranasally and subcutaneously with two different BVD virus isolates during different stages of gestation. In all 18 goats inoculated within the first 78 days of gestation an abortion and foetal death rate of approximately 100% occurred. Only one goat gave birth to a clinically healthy kid. The other seven goats which were inoculated after the 78th day of gestation showed also a high foetal death rate. Only two of them gave birth to clinically healthy kids. Neutralizing antibodies against BVD virus could be detected in blood samples drawn from 14 kids born at normal term including stillborn and non-viable offsprings. BVD virus was reisolated from different organs taken from seven foetuses. It was not possible to isolate BVD virus from any of the normal offsprings.