大黄鱼海藻酸钠涂膜保鲜效果研究

采用3%的海藻酸钠溶液对大黄鱼进行涂膜后冰藏保鲜，以感官指标、细菌总数、TVB-N值、pH值等作为鲜度指标，并与普通冰藏保鲜进行对比，探索大黄鱼在冰藏条件下采用涂膜保鲜方法的可行性。试验结果表明：涂膜保鲜可以明显抑制细菌总数的增长，维持较低的TVB-N值，延长大黄鱼保鲜期3～4 d，保鲜效果明显优于普通冰藏保鲜法。     

贮藏温度对三疣梭子蟹蟹肉风味的影响

为延缓三疣梭子蟹品质劣变,延长其货架期,本试验研究了冰温贮藏、冷藏、冰藏对蟹肉挥发性风味、腺苷三磷酸(ATP)关联物及游离氨基酸含量的影响,并对其呈味物滋味强度值(TAV)及味精当量(EUC)进行分析。结果表明,冰温组蟹肉挥发性风味在贮藏前6 d 无明显变化,而冷藏和冰藏组蟹肉挥发性风味分别在贮藏第2和第4 天开始出现明显变化。冰温组蟹肉肌苷酸(IMP)和腺苷酸(AMP)的滋味强度值、游离氨基酸总量、鲜味氨基酸、甜味氨基酸和甜苦味氨基酸占总游离氨基酸的百分比、EUC均高于同期冰藏、冷藏。组综上所述,冰温贮藏能有效保持蟹肉良好风味,缓解蟹肉风味劣变。本研究结果为冰温贮藏技术在梭子蟹保鲜中的应用提供了一定的理论依据。     

伽马辐照对冰藏大黄鱼品质和货架期的影响

为探索伽马辐照处理对冰藏鲜鱼的保鲜效果,试验分析了大黄鱼冰藏期间微生物、生化指标和感官指标的变化,探讨了低剂量辐照处理（1 kGy和2 kGy）对大黄鱼品质和货架期的影响。结果表明,辐照处理后大黄鱼的菌落总数、假单胞菌和产硫化氢细菌数量显著减少;在贮藏期间辐照处理的大黄鱼各种菌数量始终比对照组少;辐照处理可显著减缓大黄鱼挥发性盐基氮和三甲胺的增加;但会促进脂肪的氧化,2 kGy组大黄鱼在贮藏后期能闻到脂肪酸败的味道,而 1 kGy组和对照组大黄鱼始终没有闻到这种味道。辐照处理可增加大黄鱼的货架期,对照组货架期为17 d,而辐照剂量为1 kGy和2 kGy的货架期可延长至30 d和26 d。本试验为辐照商业化应用提供了技术依据。     

低温贮藏对桃果实冷害和能量水平的影响

为探索桃果实低温贮藏时冷害发生与能量水平的关系,该研究将桃果实分别置于0、5、10℃下贮藏,定期测定果实褐变指数、硬度和出汁率等冷害指标以及H+-ATPase、Ca2+-ATPase、琥珀酸脱氢酶(SDH)、细胞色素氧化酶(CCO)等线粒体呼吸代谢相关酶活性及能量相关物质三磷酸腺苷(ATP)、二磷酸腺苷(ADP)、磷酸腺苷(AMP)含量和能荷变化。结果表明,桃果实在不同贮藏温度下冷害发生程度不同,5℃贮藏的桃果实褐变指数最高,冷害最严重,0℃贮藏次之,10℃贮藏无冷害发生。同时发现5℃贮藏果实的ATP和ADP含量、能荷水平、H+-ATPase、SDH和CCO活性最低。这些结果表明,桃果实冷害发生可能与能量供应不足有关。     

马鲛鱼冷链流通过程中感官和鲜度变化的相关性分析

为研究4℃冷链马鲛鱼在流通和贮藏中感官与鲜度指标及各指标相关性随时间变化的情况,本试验采用理化指标(包括挥发性盐基氮、pH值、硫代巴比妥酸值、组胺的含量变化)、微生物指标(菌落总数)和感官评价相结合的综合评价方法对马鲛鱼冷链流通过程的品质进行分析,并进一步探讨马鲛鱼冷链贮藏期间感官和品质变化的相关性。结果表明,随着流通、贮藏时间的延长,冷链马鲛鱼各鲜度指标相关的各物质含量均呈递增趋势,感官品质下降,菌落总数增加,其货架期约168 h。此外,除硫代巴比妥酸值(TBA)外,其余鲜度指标和微生物指标以及感官评价之间具有显著相关性(P<0.05)。本研究为马鲛鱼冷链条件的优化及选取合适的新鲜度评价指标提供了一定的参考依据和理论基础。     

6-苄基腺嘌呤对鲜莲子活性氧代谢及能量水平的影响

为探讨6-苄基腺嘌呤(6-BA)对鲜莲子活性氧代谢及能量水平的影响,以清水浸泡为对照,在25±1℃条件下,用20 mg·L-16-BA对莲蓬太空莲36号进行处理,研究其贮藏期间感官品质变化及呼吸作用强度,并分析莲子活性氧水平,抗氧化酶活性,丙二醛(MDA)、三磷酸腺苷(ATP)、二磷酸腺苷(ADP)、磷酸腺苷(AMP)含量以及能荷水平的变化。结果表明,与对照相比,6-BA处理可有效抑制莲蓬呼吸作用、莲子活性氧水平上升及MDA的积累,且保持抗氧化酶活性的同时,维持了莲子较高的能荷水平,从而延缓了鲜莲蓬和莲子品质的下降,使其贮藏期延长了3~4 d。综上,6-BA处理对减缓莲蓬和莲子采后衰老具有显著效果,本研究为鲜莲蓬和莲子采后保鲜提供了理论及技术支持。     

宰后羊肉中环腺苷酸依赖蛋白激酶活性变化和影响因子研究

为解析不同品质肉中环腺苷酸依赖蛋白激酶（PKA）活性随宰后时间的变化，以羊背最长肌为试验材料，根据宰后1 d的剪切力、a*值和蒸煮损失将样品分为高、低品质组，每组9个样本。研究不同品质组在宰后1 h、12 h、1 d、3 d、5 d时PKA活性、钠离子含量、环磷酸腺苷（cAMP）含量、三磷酸腺苷（ATP）含量和肌浆蛋白磷酸化水平的变化。结果表明，宰后1 h和12 h低品质组PKA活性显著高于高品质组；宰后12 h和3 d高品质组的ATP含量显著高于低品质组；宰后1 d低品质组ATP含量显著高于高品质组；高品质组cAMP含量显著高于低品质组；宰后1、3、5 d低品质组肌浆蛋白磷酸化水平显著低于高品质组（P<0.05）。PKA活性在宰后1 h、12 h、1 d时显著低于5 d(P<0.05)。相关性分析结果表明，PKA活性与钠离子含量、肌浆蛋白磷酸化水平呈正相关，与cAMP、ATP含量呈显著负相关。以上结果表明，PKA活性受肉品质和宰后时间影响，PKA活性随宰后时间延长而增强，低品质组肉样PKA活性较高，PKA活性与钠离子含量呈显著正相关。本研究结果为肉品加工过程中通过改变钠离...     

生物保鲜剂对海鲈鱼冰藏保鲜效果的影响

为延长冰藏海鲈鱼肉的保鲜期,以新鲜海鲈鱼为材料,研究冰藏条件下竹叶抗氧化物(AOB)、茶多酚(TP)、乳酸链球菌素(Nisin)对海鲈鱼肉的保鲜效果;通过单因素和正交试验,以感官评分结合海鲈鱼肉的挥发性盐基氮(TVB-N)值、pH值和菌落总数(TBC)等指标表征其新鲜度,确定复合保鲜剂的最佳配比。结果表明,单一竹叶抗氧化物、茶多酚和Nisin的最佳保鲜浓度分别为0.3、0.4、0.7 g·L~(-1);海鲈鱼复合生物保鲜剂的最佳复配比为竹叶抗氧化物0.3 g·L~(-1)、茶多酚0.4 g·L~(-1)、Nisin 0.7 g·L~(-1),经此复合生物保鲜剂处理,海鲈鱼肉分别在冰藏第13、第19和第23天超出TVB-N一级、二级和三级鲜度范围,比未进行保鲜处理的空白组分别延长了6、4和6 d。该复合生物保鲜剂对海鲈鱼肉有较好的保鲜效果,为海鲈鱼肉的生物保鲜提供了一定的科学依据。     

基于电子鼻的三疣梭子蟹鲜度评价方法研究

为建立三疣梭子蟹鲜度的快速评价方法,采用电子鼻获取不同贮藏时间三疣梭子蟹肌肉的气味信息,通过主成分分析(PCA)、线性判别分析(LDA),并结合p H值、TVB-N含量和菌落总数分析三疣梭子蟹蟹肉贮藏不同时间的鲜度变化情况。结果表明,随着贮藏时间的延长,电子鼻传感器的响应强度逐渐增大,PCA和LDA均能有效区分不同贮藏时间的蟹肉,且LDA在以均值体现分类信息方面区分效果更好。基于电子鼻传感器响应值与p H、TVB-N含量和细菌菌落总数的偏最小二乘回归模型(PLSR)的相对分析误差(RPD)分别为2.73、2.50、3.06,说明PLSR分析方法适于对p H值、TVB-N含量和细菌菌落总数进行定量预测;该方法的校正决定系数、预测决定系数均大于0.85,表明电子鼻传感器响应值与p H值、TVB-N含量、细菌菌落总数的相关性较好。本研究为利用电子鼻评价水产品鲜度及保鲜技术效果提供了技术手段及科学依据。     

荧光特征分子表征冷鲜羊肉新鲜度

为明确羊肉中荧光物质与新鲜度指标的关系,筛选能够表征羊肉新鲜度的荧光特征标志物,以羊背最长肌为研究对象,在0℃条件下,测定羊肉中潜在荧光标志物酪氨酸（Tyrosine,Tyr）、核黄素（Riboflavin,VB2）、三磷酸腺苷（Adenosine Triphosphate,ATP）、色氨酸（Tryptophan,Trp）、烟酰胺腺嘌呤二苷酸（Nicotinamide Adenine Dicylate,NADH）、原卟啉（Protoporphyrin,PPIX）的含量,研究其与挥发性盐基氮（VolatileBaseNitrogen,TVB-N）、硫代巴比妥酸值（Thiobarbituric Acid Value,TBARS）、菌落总数（Total Colony Count,TVC）的关系。结果表明：在贮藏期间羊肉发生酸败,肉色劣变,当TVB-N超过15 mg/(100g),羊肉在17 d时已腐败,其中TVB-N、TBARS、TVC与Tyr、Trp、PPIX均呈显著上升趋势,而NADH、ATP均呈下降趋势,VB2在贮藏期间呈现先上升后下降趋势;通过相关性分析,证实ATP、NADH、Tyr...     

Agricultural potential of Mediterranean grain and forage legumes: Key differences between and within Vicia species in terms of phenology, yield, and agronomy give insight into plant adaptation to semi-arid environments

In order to identify key adaptive traits which affect productivity in Mediterranean grain and forage legumes and simultaneously determine the agricultural potential of a wide range of Vicia species, germplasm collected from the wild throughout the eastern Mediterranean was grown under semi-arid conditions in Tel Hadya, Syria (313 mm growing season rainfall). These included species currently in use in Mediterranean agriculture, such as V. sativa L., as well as those more widely used in the past-such as V. ervilia L., but also a broad selection from Section Narbonensis (B. Fedtsch. ex Radzhi) Maxted, including V. narbonensis L, V. johannis Tamamsch., V. hyaeniscyamus Mout., V. serratifolia Jacq., and V. kalakhensis Khattab et al. V. faba, a near relative of the taxa in Section Narbonensis, was included as a domesticated control. Where applicable, a representative range of subspecies was used. Accessions were chosen from a wide range of habitats in terms of latitude (31.02–40.72 decimal^o), longitude (27.1–43.17 decimal^o), altitude (20–1510 m), rainfall (180–1700 mm/yr) and soil depth (5–50 cm) in order to maximise diversity within species. Agricultural potential was determined by measuring seed, hay and biological yield, as well as agronomic traits such as harvest index, standing crop height, and seed size. The comparative influence of phenology and key agronomic traits such as plant habit and seed size on productivity varied tremendously between species, depending on their reproductive strategies. In V. sativa and V. ervilia, the smaller seed species which rely on long vegetative phases and growing seasons to accumulate sufficient biomass to set seed, and in which there was comparatively little agronomic variation, phenology had a large impact on yield. In early emerging taxa such as V. ervilia and V. s. subsp. sativa, with built-in long vegetative phases and growing seasons, seed yield was negatively correlated with flower ing (r = –0.86 to –0.88), whereas the opposite was the case for later emerging taxa such as V. s. subsp. nigra (L.) Ehrh. (r = 0.95). Within V. narbonensis and relatives, the larger seeded Vicia species which rely on more conservative reproductive strategies where high seedling vigour associated with large seeds enables the species to enter reproductive phases relatively early, phenology had a much smaller impact on yield than did variation of key traits such as seed weight, plant habit and pod shattering. Among the undomesticated germplasm harvest indices ranged from 0.09–0.31, hay yields from 0.1–3.4 t/ha, seed yield from 0–2.0 t/ha, and dry matter at maturity from 1.6–6.5 t/ha. Sub-specific taxonomy was crucial in determining agronomic potential. V. narbonensis var. aegyptiaca Kornhuber ex Asch. et Schweinf. showed the most potential, combining an upright habit, large seeds (212 mg) and tendency to retain intact pods after maturity, with the highest yield, harvest index and crop height of all the wild Vicia species. V. sativa subsp. sativa, V. ervilia and V. narbonensis var. narbonensis were less productive, but still showed agricultural potential. The smaller seeded V. narbonensis, var. affinis, var. jordanica H. Schäf. and var. salmonea (Mout.) H. Schäf., and their close relatives V. johannis, V. hyaeniscyamus, V. serratifolia and V. kalakhensis have little to offer Mediterranean agriculture on the basis of poor agronomy.     

On the Taxonomy of the Members of ‘Saccharum Complex’

The difficulty and problems encountered in the study of cultivated plants, in general and sugarcane, in particular has been indicated. In order to understand these problems, a brief review on the taxonomy of Saccharum and closely related taxa, namely, Erianthus, Sclerostachya, Narenga and Miscanthus (generally known as ‘Saccharum complex’) has been given. A short account on the important morphological features that are specific to sugarcane has also been stated as classification is commonly based on such morphological characters. A note has been added on the chromosome number, origin, and distribution of the species of ‘Saccharum complex’ members. Taxonomic keys have been devised for identification of the genera of Saccharinae and for the species of Saccharum and Erianthus occurring in India. A new combination, Sclerostachya fallax (Balansa) Amalraj et Balasundaram, has also been proposed.     

Polymorphism of high molecular weight glutenin subunits in three species of Aegilops

A collection of 136 accessions of Aegilops umbellulata (39), Ae. comosa (75) and Ae. markgrafii (22) was analysed for high-molecular-weight (HMW) glutenin subunits composition. The homogeneity of the accessions was studied and 55.1% of the collection was homogeneous for HMW glutenin subunits (29 Ae. umbellulata, 33 Ae. comosa and 14 Ae. markgrafii). The HMW glutenin subunits of Ae. umbellulata are encoded by the Glu-U1 locus; in Ae. comosa results showed that this proteins are encoded at the 1M chromosome, and the locus was named Glu-M1. In Ae. markgrafii it was assumed that HMW glutenin subunits were encoded by an homoeologous locus and it was named Glu-C1. All the accessions of Ae. umbellulata and Ae. markgrafii expressed both, x-type and y-type subunits. Among the Ae. comosa accessions, only one expressed an x-type subunit alone. All the accessions of Ae. umbellulata and some of Ae. comosa had x-type glutenins of higher molecular weights than those commonly present in bread wheat. A total of 8 alleles were detected at the Glu-U1 locus, 11 at the Glu-M1 and 4 at the Glu-C1. The new HMW glutenin variation found in this work suggests their possible utilisation in breeding for wheat quality.     

Effect of agroforestry woody species on earthworm activity and physicochemical properties of worm casts

The effects of five agroforestry woody species (Dactyladenia barteri, Gliricidia sepium, Leucaena leucocephala, Senna siamea andTreculia africana) on the surface aasting activity ofHyperiodrilus africanus were studied in an Alfisol (Oxic Paleustalf) in southwestern Nigeria. Casting activity under the woody species decreased in the following order:Dactyladenia sp. (26.4 Mg ha^-1 year^-1)>Gliricidia sp. (24.4 Mg ha^-1 year^-1)>Treculia sp. (22.9 Mg ha^-1 year^-1)>Leucaena sp. (18.6 Mg ha^-1 year^-1)>Senna sp. (18.3 Mg ha^-1 year^-1). These differences in casting activity were partly explained by microclimatic effects. Irrespective of the woody species, the worm casts were higher in clay and silt contents, bulk density, water-stable aggregates, pH, organic C, exchangeable cations, effective cation exchange capacity, and extractable P levels than the corresponding surface soils. The woody species did affect the physicochemical properties and P sorption of the worm casts. The content of water-stable aggregates of worm casts decreased in the following order:Dactyladenia sp.>Treculia sp.>Senna sp.>Leucaena sp.>Gliricidia sp. Large differences in extractable P levels were observed.Senna sp. was associated with the highest extractable P level (11.5 mg kg^-1) andTreculia sp. the lowest (4.9 mg kg^-1). P sorption was highest on worm casts underDactyladenia sp. and lowest on those underTreculia sp. Without fertilizer application, there were no significant differences in the dry weight of maize grown in the different worm casts. With NPK applications, the dry weight of maize grown in worm casts associated withTreculia sp. was significantly lower than that of maize grown in the other worm casts, mainly due to the low extractable P level. Despite a high organic C and exchangeable K status, maize grown in the worm casts still responded significantly to N and K applications. The N uptake by maize grown in worm casts associated withTreculia sp. was lower than that in the other treatments.     

Diversity of native rice (Oryza Poaceae:) species of Costa Rica

We found several populations of wild Oryza species in the lowlands of Costa Rica. The plants showed extensive morphological variation, suggesting the presence of several species. In the morphologic study, 33 traits were scored for plants of all the species. A principal component analysis revealed the significant morphological separation of the different species. The analyses indicated that there are three species, O. grandi­glumis, O. latifolia and O. glumaepatula. Two putative hybrid types were found, both significantly differing in their morphology from the known species and intermediate at several traits. O. grandi­glumis is a new record for Costa Rican flora. Its main population is located in Caño Negro Wildlife Refuge, Los Chiles, Alajuela. O. latifolia is distributed throughout the lowlands of the country and the plants of the Atlantic slope are significantly bigger in general habit than those of the Guanacaste area. During this study a population of O. glumaepatula of hundreds of thousands of plants was discovered in the Medio Queso River wetland, Los Chiles, Alajuela. This population is the most important source of genes for cultivar's improvement from the primary gene pool of rice in Costa Rica. The small ligule and the wide flag leaf characteristic of the two CCDD species separated them from the AA diploid O. glumaepatula. Seed size, ligule size, number of branches in the panicle, plant height and sterile lemma length are all bigger in O. grandi­glumis, and influenced the second factor that separated the CCDD species in two discrete clusters. The species found offer great possibilities for the improvement of rice cultivars and they should be thoroughly studied and appropriately protected.     

Phylogenetic relationships of Actinidia and related genera based on micromorphological characters of foliar trichomes

The phylogenetic relationships within the genus Actinidia and among 3 allied genera Clematoclethra, Saurauia, and Sladenia have been very controversial. In order to understand the systematic implication of foliar trichomes in those genera, the micromorphological characteristics of foliar trichomes from 34 taxa were examined by means of light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The observed micromorphological characteristics were classified into eight main types. A phylogenetic analysis of Actinidia and related genera based on 15 micromorphological characters of foliar trichomes was conducted using Wagner parsimony method and Sladenia celastrifolia, Rhododendron hybridum and R. simsii as a complex outgroup. In the resulting phylogenetic tree, Actinidia is shown to be a monophyletic group, and Clematoclethra and Saurauia form another monophyletic group. This study also presents the phylogenetic relationships among 4 sections within the genus Actinidia: the monophyly of sect. Leiocarpae and of sect. Strigosae, and polyphyly of sect. Maculatae and of sect. Stellatae.     

Genetic diversity of rhizobia associated with indigenous legumes in different regions of Flanders (Belgium)

We investigated the diversity of rhizobia isolated from different indigenous legumes in Flanders (Belgium). A total of 3810 bacterial strains were analysed originating from 43 plant species. Based on rep-PCR clustering, 16S rRNA gene and recA gene sequence analysis, these isolates belonged to Bradyrhizobium, Ensifer (Sinorhizobium), Mesorhizobium and Rhizobium. Of the genera encountered, Rhizobium was the most abundant (62%) and especially the species Rhizobiumleguminosarum, followed by Ensifer (19%), Bradyrhizobium (14%) and finally Mesorhizobium (5%). For two rep-clusters only low similarity values with other genera were found for both the 16S rRNA and recA genes, suggesting that these may represent a new genus with close relationship to Rhodopseudomonas and Bradyrhizobium. Primers for the symbiotic genes nodC and nifH were optimized and a phylogenetic sequence analysis revealed the presence of different symbiovars including genistearum, glycinearum, loti, meliloti, officinalis, trifolii and viciae. Moreover, three new nodC types were assigned to strains originating from Ononis, Robinia and Wisteria, respectively. Discriminant and MANOVA analysis confirmed the correlation of symbiosis genes with certain bacterial genera and less with the host plant. Multiple symbiovars can be present within the same host plant, suggesting the promiscuity of these plants. Moreover, the ecoregion did not contribute to the separation of the bacterial endosymbionts. Our results reveal a large diversity of rhizobia associated with indigenous legumes in Flanders. Most of the legumes harboured more than one rhizobial endosymbiont in their root nodules indicating the importance of including sufficient isolates per plant in diversity studies.     

Effect of passage through the intestinal tract of detritivore earthworms (Lumbricus spp.) on the number of selected Gram-negative and total bacteria

Laboratory experiments were carried out to investigate the fate of bacteria during and after passage through the intestinal tract of detritivore earthworms. Earthworms (Lumbricus spp.) were fed with cattle dung inoculated 7 days previously with one of five different Gram-negative bacteria. Bacterial concentrations were determined 2 days later in dung and soil, and in gut material from different parts of the earthworm intestinal tract. A high percentage (28–82%) of the total bacteria (epifluorescence direct counts) in the earthworm gut content was culturable. The concentration of total heterotrophic aerobic bacteria did not vary significantly among the five different bacterial additions and the non-inoculated control. In earthworm casts the number of total heterotrophs per gram dry matter (2.1×10⁹) was higher than in soil (1.7×10⁸), but lower than in the dung (1.5×10¹⁰). The test-bacteria, however, showed different survival patterns along the earthworm intestinal tract. The concentrations of Escherichia coli BJ 18 and Pseudomonas putida MM 1 and MM 11 in earthworm casts were lower than in the ingested dung, while concentrations of Enterobacter cloacae A 107 and Aeromonas hydrophila DMU 115 in dung and casts were similar. Ent. cloacae, and to aminor extent E. coli, were reduced in numbers by several orders of magnitude in the pharynx and/or crop. In the hind gut, however, the concentration of Ent. cloacae had increased to the same level as in the ingested dung, while the concentration of E. coli remained low. Our observations indicate that the bacterial flora of ingested food materials changes qualitatively and quantitatively during gut transit.