气象条件对济南市济阳区夏玉米生长发育的影响 ——以2020年为例

利用2020年度山东省济南市济阳区夏玉米全生育期的观测资料,与常年、上年相应气象指标进行比较,分析夏玉米生育期间有利和不利的气象条件,评价气象条件对夏玉米生长发育和产量的影响.结果表明:在播种—拔节期,光温适宜,降水偏少,造墒播种弥补了降水的不足,夏玉米出苗良好,苗期降水偏少利于夏玉米蹲苗和根系下扎;在拔节—开花期,气象条件更对夏玉米生长利大于弊;在开花—成熟期,光温适宜,降水适中,对夏玉米灌浆非常有利.总体而言,济阳区2020年夏玉米全生育期气象条件对产量的影响利大于弊,气候年景属于平偏丰年.对2021年夏玉米整个生长期的气候进行了预测:济阳区2021年夏玉米生长期间,降水较常年偏多1～2成,气温较常年偏高0.5℃左右,光、温、水匹配较好,预测气候年景为平偏丰年.     

济阳冬小麦减产相关气象因素的分析

济南市济阳区2017—2018年度冬小麦减产较多,主要从气象角度分析济阳区冬小麦减产的主要原因,对冬小麦主要发育期与积温、降水、日照等气象条件进行分析,评价气象条件对冬小麦生长和产量的影响。结果表明:2017年冬小麦受阴雨天气影响,播种较最适宜播期晚了1周左右,越冬前积温不足,小于450℃,苗情弱,导致冬小麦抗冻能力差,受冻风险增加,不利于形成冬前壮苗;越冬前降水较常年偏少13.2 mm,导致部分麦田受旱,麦苗群体小、分蘖少,苗情差;小麦越冬期间,低温日数较多,≤-10℃的时间为11 d,降水量较常年偏少10.6 mm,造成小麦晚播弱苗受旱受冻;返青—抽穗期出现低温天气,影响小麦生长,4月上旬的日最低气温0.4℃,处于拔节—孕穗期的冬小麦幼苗和叶片受冻;开花—灌浆期出现了高温、干热风和多雷阵雨天气,不利于冬小麦开花、灌浆和产量的提高。以上因素综合作用使得2018年度冬小麦穗粒数、千粒质量、平均单位面积产量等均较2017年降低。对相关气象因素的分析对于做好防灾减灾、趋利避害、更好地指导当地农业生产具有重要意义。     

新疆早熟机采棉膜下滴灌等行距密植栽培技术

2016年春季(3-5月),阿拉尔市气温偏高,降水偏少,阶段性光照略显不足.棉花春耕春播期间主要时段热量条件较好,总的农业气象条件有利于棉花播种和出苗.在棉花幼苗生长发育期间,气温高,热量好,对棉花生产有利.但春季局部地区沙尘暴、大风、冰雹等不利天气对棉花生产有一定的影响.     

2013年新疆塔里木灌区夏季气象因素对棉花生产的影响

2013年夏季（6—8月），塔里木灌区气温平均为23．9℃，较常年同期偏低0．1℃；降水量为25．3mm，较常年同期偏少8．4mm；日照时数为887．4h，较常年同期偏多29．3h。从综合农业气象要素分析，这个夏季总的农业气候条件对棉花生长发育有利。但连续性高温热害和阶段性中量降水以及局部地区强对流等天气对棉花开花受粉结铃及产量形成有一定影响。     

2016年新疆石河子垦区影响棉花产量的气象因子分析

2016年北疆石河子垦区棉花产量和品质出现明显下降。对垦区4个棉花主栽区棉花全生育期及各生育阶段的气象条件分析和指标判断结果表明，阶段性低温冷害是影响垦区棉花生产的主要气象因子。春季及6―7月降水过程频繁，降水量偏多，棉花苗期、花铃期的持续阶段低温冷害，致使垦区棉花各生育时期普遍偏晚，造成垦区棉花大面积减产。建议垦区种植农户以后根据不同气候年份调整棉花品种，趋利避害，确保垦区棉花增产增效。     

2011年豫东地区小麦返青前黄苗现象分析

2011年小麦返青前豫东地区小麦黄苗现象表现明显，并有其自身特点。中国气象局监测显示．2010年10月1日至2011年2月28日．中国北方冬麦区降水量比常年同期偏少3。8成．其中黄淮等地偏少6～8成。黄淮区域平均降水量仅61．7mm，较常年同期少约5成。由于持续降水偏少．中国北方冬麦区遭遇本世纪以来历史同期最严重的气象干旱,     

淮北地区夏玉米生育期气候资源的配置与提高单产的措施

从生物学角度阐述夏玉米生育阶段对温度、土壤水分含量、降雨和光照的要求。通过对气象资料的分析认为,安徽淮北地区温度和光照能够满足夏玉米生育的需要。耕层土壤水分含量受该时段降雨量的影响,而降雨的时空分布与大小与夏玉米不同生育阶段对水分的需求不相吻合,是影响夏玉米生育和产量的主要气候因子。根据淮北地区气候特点和夏玉米生产存在的问题,提出了提高淮北地区夏玉米单产的技术措施。     

新疆大田玉米物候与气候研究

本文利用1980年以来新疆气象局所属的26个农业气象观测站所获得的玉米物候资料及相应的气候资料,研究了玉米物侯期及其分布规律、玉米物候期间隔日数和玉米生长发育的农业气象条件.结果表明:纬度愈高,物候期愈晚;海拔高度愈高,物候期愈晚.春玉米各物候期间隔日数比夏玉米多.整个生长发育期间所需积温南疆春玉米最多,其次为北疆春玉米,夏玉米为最少.从播种到成熟,夏玉米经历了高于最适平均气温、处于最适平均气温、低于最适平均气温三个阶段,春玉米经历了偏低、适宜略偏低、适宜、适宜略偏低、偏低于最适平均气温.     

影响琯溪蜜柚生长发育的气象条件分析

利用福建省平和县国家一级气象观测站2016-2018年的气象观测资料,包括温度、降水、日照等气象要素,结合同时期的琯溪蜜柚产量数据及物候观测生长发育资料进行统计分析,探讨平和县2016-2018年的气候特征下,气象条件变化对琯溪蜜柚生长发育的影响。结果表明:在一定的温度、降水、日照与蜜柚产量有较好的正相关性,但不同生长发育期的异常降水是蜜柚产量降低的主要影响因子;通过对于气候特征的研究与分析,结合特定的气象条件,建议果农采取相应的防护措施,具有积极的指导意义。     

湖南省春玉米生育气候条件分析及种植区划

根据湖南春玉米及复种制生产的气象条件、气象灾害观测、调查及连续几年的田间试验,分析研究得出湖南省春玉米生育状况及产量形成的关键气象因子是:3月下旬至4月、7月上旬的气温和6月至7月上旬的降水,光照影响较小.关键时期是苗期和抽雄至乳熟阶段.主要气象灾害有:春季低温阴雨,春夏之交的大到暴雨,初夏的高温、干旱.在充分保证后续作物生产,合理利用气候资源的基础上对湖南春玉米进行了种植区划.     

Factors in the Reduction in Grain Number in Winter Wheat by Early-Sowing in Yamaguchi

Abstract

Grain number per spike of wheat is lower in early sowing than in the conventional standard cultivation in Yamaguchi, Prefecture, Japan. Components of the grain number per spike in five cultivars were analyzed with respect to temperature during the spike development period throughout three growing seasons 2001/2002, 2002/2003 and 2003/2004 to find the cause of the problem of early sowing cultivation. The plants sown in early-October and late-November were called the early sown group and the standard group, respectively, in the following. Three of the five cultivars, Hokushin, Akitakko and Nanbukomugi, showed a strong winter habit, which requires very cold temperatures for spike differentiation. The other two cultivars, Iwainodaichi and Airakomugi, had a moderate winter habit. Grain number per spike and grain yield were decreased by early-sowing (compare with the standard group) in almost all cultivars throughout the three growing seasons. The three cultivars which had a strong winter habit had fewer spikelets per spike in the early-sown group than in the standard group. The other two cultivars which had a moderate winter habit had fewer grains per spikelet in the early-sown group. The higher the temperature during the spikelet formation phase, which is from flag leaf initiation to terminal spikelet initiation, the higher the number of spikelets per spike in the standard group. The spikelet number per spike in the early-sown group increased with the increase in productive tillers under fertile conditions. Such conditions also increased the grain number per spike.     

Allelopathy in Agroecosystems in Spain

Summary

This paper reviews the effects of allelopathic interactions in agroecosystems in Spain on plant physiological activity and their ecological advantages. The phenological stage of growth of donor plants and the effective allelochemicals in the soil solution while studying the role of phenolic compounds were highlighting. Finally possible future prospects and conclusions regarding weed control by allelochemi-cals under integrated crop management strategies are discussed.     

2009年中国稻米市场分析及2010年展望

以翔实的资料对2009年中国稻米生产、消费、进出口、供求平衡、库存、价格走势、购销政策和国际稻米供求等情况进行了全面地分析,对影响2010年稻米市场价格走势的各种因素进行了深入研究,并在此基础上对2010年我国稻米市场价格走势进行了预测,结论是我国稻米价格仍呈上行趋势。     

Advances in Variable Rate Technology Application in Potato in The Netherlands

Precision agriculture is a farming management concept based on observing, measuring and responding to inter- and intra-field variability in crops. In this paper, we focus on responding to intra-field variability in potato crops and analyse variable rate applications (VRAs). We made an overview of potential VRAs in potato crop management in The Netherlands. We identified 13 potential VRAs in potato, ranging from soil tillage to planting to crop care to selective harvest. We ranked them on availability of ‘proof of concept’ and on-farm test results. For five VRAs, we found test results allowing to make a cost-benefit assessment. These five VRAs were as follows: planting, soil herbicide weed control, N side dress, late blight control and haulm killing. They use one of two types of spatial data: soil maps or biomass index maps. Data on costs and savings of the VRAs showed that the investments in VRAs will pay off under practical conditions in The Netherlands. Savings on pesticide use and N-fertilizer use with the VRAs were on average about 25%, which benefits the environment too. We foresee a slow but gradual adoption of VRAs in potato production. More VRAs will become available given ongoing R&D. The perspectives of VRAs in potatoes are discussed.     

我国高粱育种研究进展

对我国高粱育种的主要途径和研究方向进行了概述,针对目前高粱产量徘徊现象,提出了高粱超高产育种设想,并对其技术路线进行了探讨。     

Diurnal changes in net photosynthetic rate in potato in two environments

Summary Diurnal changes in net photosynthetic rate were measured in a furrow-irrigated potato crop and in a riverbed crop where the water table was always maintained at 20–28 cm from the soil surface. In the irrigated crop, the photosynthetic rate during mid-afternoon was about half the peak rate observed at noon. This reduction was accompanied by a near tripling of stomatal resistance, a 45% reduction in transpiration, and a 5-fold increase in the difference between leaf and air temperatures. No such changes were observed in the riverbed crop where the photosynthetic rate remained nearly constant at about 0.9 mg m⁻² s⁻¹ between 9 a.m. and 4 p.m. Tuber yield in the riverbed crop was about 30% higher than in the irrigated crop.     

我国干热区甘蔗抗旱植蔗主要问题研讨

我国干热蔗区是我国甘蔗糖业的重要生产基地,蔗区光热资源丰富,唯降水分布不均成为植蔗生产的主要限制因子;根据蔗区植蔗特点和甘蔗需水规律,苗期抗旱是干热蔗区抗旱植蔗的关键,保证较多的总苗数和足够的生长量是苗期抗旱植蔗需解决的关键技术难题,制定相应的苗期抗旱植蔗栽培技术措施是解决该难题的重要保障;该观点为我国干热蔗区植蔗生产、甘蔗引育种提供理论和技术支持。     

棉花体细胞无性系变异的研究进展

体细胞无性系变异是一种重要的细胞工程育种技术,其应用于棉花育种的前提是建立高效的组织培养诱导再生植株体系.本文简要综述了棉花离体诱导植株再生研究的现状,重点讨论了棉花体细胞无性系变异的表现、利用方法及机理,提出了当前研究存在的问题并对今后的研究进行了展望.