杨梅果核中油脂抗氧化成分的研究

从杨梅果核中首次分离得到了三个黄酮类化合物，经ＵＶ、ＩＲ、＾１ＨＭＲ、＾１３Ｃ ＮＭＲ、ＥＩ－ＭＳ和ＦＡＢ－ＭＳ等波谱分离，鉴定为槲皮素（１）、杨梅素（２）和槲皮素－３－Ｏ－α－Ｄ－吡喃葡萄糖－（６→１）－Ｏ－α－Ｌ－吡喃鼠李糖苷（３）。用Ｒａｎｃｉｍａｔ法测定了它们的抗氧化性能，表明三个化合物对油脂都是优良的抗氧化剂，尤其是槲皮素和杨梅素对于猪油的抗氧化性比合成抗氧化剂ＢＨＴ（３，５－二叔丁基－     

异冰片基氧丙酮及4－异冰片基氧－2－丁酮的合成

将莰烯分别与１，２－丙二醇及１，３－丁二醇加成所得产物１－［（１，７，７－三甲基双环［２，２，１］庚－２－基）氧］２－丙醇及４－［（１，７，７－三甲基双环［２，２，１］庚－２－基）氧］－２－丁醇，氧化得到两只新型的可用作香料的萜醚酮，１－［（１，７，７－三甲基双环［２，２，１］庚－２－基）氧］丙酮，与４－［（１，７，７－三甲基双环［２，２，１］庚－２－基）氧］－２－丁酮。     

异冰片基氧丙酮及4—异冰片基氧—2—丁酮的合成

将莰烯分别与１，２－丙二醇及１，３－丁二醇加成所得产物１－［（１，７，７－三甲基双环［２，２，１］庚－２－基）氧］２－丙醇及４－［（１，７，７－三甲基双环［２，２，１］庚－２－基）氧］－２－丁醇，氧化得到两只新型的可用作香料的萜醚酮，１－［（１，７，７－三甲基双环［２，２，１］庚－２－基）氧］丙酮，与４－［（１，７，７－三甲基双环［２，２，１］庚－２－基）氧］－２－丁酮。     

九嶷香杉精油的化学成分

采用气相色谱－质谱－计算机（ＧＣ／ＭＳＤ）联用技术．首次研究了九嶷香杉精油的化学成分，鉴定出３８种化合物．主要成分为柏木脑（ｃｅｄｒｏｌ）２４．８％，α－蒎烯（α－ｐｉｎｅｎｅ）１７．５％，柏木烯（α－ｃｅｄｒｅｎｅ）１３．２５％，γ－荜澄茄烯（γ－ｃｅｄｉｎｅｎｅ）７．５％，柠檬烯（ｌｉｍｏｎｅｎｅ）３．５５％，榄香烯（ｅｌｅｍｅｎｅ）３．２％．其次是α－檀香烯（α－ｓａｎｔａｌｅｎｅ），β－檀香醇（β－ｓａｎｔｎｌｏｌ），月桂烯酸（ｍｙｒｃｅｎｏｌ），１．８－桉叶素（１．８－ｃｉｎｅｏｌｅ）等化合物．此外，本文还报道了在杉木精油中首次发现的２１种化合物．     

廊坊杨1、2、3号简介

３个廊坊杨（１号［山海关杨×（美杨＋Ⅰ－６３杨）］、２号［Ⅰ－６９杨×山海关杨］、３号［山海关杨＋（小美１２＋白榆）］是河北省廊坊市农林科学院刘月君、凌朝文等同志历经１６年，精选出的能在低产立地条件下速生、高产的工业用材美洲黑杨杂种新无性系。１９９７...     

塔拉豆多糖研究

对我国云南５ 个产地的塔拉豆多糖含量测定表明：内胚乳含多糖７９ ％ ～８６ ％ （ 干基计） ,带壳内胚乳含多糖３４ ％ ～４３ ％ （ 干基计） ,对提纯的多糖样品进行了ＧＣ、ＨＰＧＰＣ、ＩＲ 及１３ＣＮＭＲ 分析,结果表明塔拉豆多糖含Ｄ半乳糖、Ｄ葡萄糖、Ｄ甘露糖,其摩尔比为１－００∶０－３３∶３－０３ ,其数均分子量为Ｍｎ ＝ １ ．８２ ×１０４ ,分散度ｄ ＝ １ ．０５ 。ＩＲ、１３ＣＮＭＲ谱图测定推断：塔拉豆多糖主链由β（１ →４） 键连结的Ｄ吡喃型甘露糖单元及少量Ｄ吡喃型葡萄糖单元所组成。Ｄ半乳糖单元可能按（１ →６） 键附于主链中甘露糖单元上。     

魔芋甘露聚糖化学结构的研究

研究了从陕西花魔芋块茎中分离所得的魔芋甘露醇聚糖的化学结构与分子组成，经葡萄糖凝胶ＳｅｐｈａｄｅｘＧ－７５柱层析为一组均一性多糖，多相色谱检测由甘醇糖，葡萄糖组成，其摩尔比为１．７８：１平均分子量１１×１０＾５。经红外光谱，高碘酸氧化和Ｓｍｉｔｈ降解分析，魔芋甘露聚糖主要由β－（１→４）苷键和β－（１→３）苷键连接而成。     

绞股蓝加工技术

近年来，国内外一些单位开发利用绞股蓝，并研制成了可乐型饮料、健宝茶等几种产品，深受顾客喜爱。现将其加工方法简介如下： 绞股蓝可加工的产品有：饮料、保健茶、食品添加剂、清凉饮料、化妆品等。 饮料 取焙炒的绞股蓝叶５０ｇ，去离子水３ １００ ｍｌ，碳酸氢钠 ３．６ ｇ，维生素 Ｃ ３．３ｇ，将水加热到 ９９℃，加入碳酸氢钠充分搅拌，然后将焙炒的绞股蓝叶倒入热浸。３ｍｉｎ后，取滤液，冷却到 ２５℃时加水至 １万 ｍｌ，加入维生素Ｃ即成饮料。 保健茶 将叶、茎洗净，晾干，切成长１ｃｍ的小片叶，取２５０ ｇ放入围网容积为…     

本刊对参考文献著录格式的要求

为规范本刊作者投稿中参考文献的著录格式，按照ＧＢ ７７１４—８７《文后参考文献著录规则》的规定，特制订出本要求，希作者遵照执行。１ 文内引用参考文献的标注 本刊采用顺序编码制，文内标注按引用文献出现的先后顺序连续编码，将序号置于方括号中，并视具体情况把序号作为上角标或作为语句的组成部分。１．１ 正文 在正文中引用参考文献根据具体情况可按下述３种格式之一标注： （１）薛社普等［１］指出棉酚从体内排泄缓慢。 （２）棉酚对人类的抗生育效果达９９％［２］。 （３）间质细胞ｃＡＭＰ含量测定方法见文献［３］；按文献…     

去氢枞酸合成两性表面活性剂及其性质

从歧化松香中分离出去氢枞酸，并以此为原料合成了三种新型的两性表面活性剂，Ｎ－（３－去氢枞酰氧－２－羟）丙基－Ｎ－甲基氨基乙酸钠，Ｎ－｛Ｎ＇－［（３－去氢枞酰氧－２－羟）丙基］胺乙基｝氨基乙酸钠。Ｎ－｛Ｎ＇－［（３－去氢枞酰氧－２－羟）丙基］双胺乙基｝氨基乙酸钠。其结构通过波谱和元素分析得以证实，并测定了其表面物理化学性质如克拉夫特点，临界胶束浓度和分子横断面积。此外还根据相分离模型计算得出胶束化过     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.